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I. Definitions 1. Industrial furnaces refer to thermal processing equipment used in industrial production, in which heat generated by the combustion of fuels or through electrical energy conversion is utilized to carry out processes such as smelting, roasting, sintering, melting, and heating of materials or workpieces. 2. A boiler is a device that uses the heat energy released by fuel combustion or other heat sources to heat water or other working fluids, in order to produce steam, hot water, or other working fluids with specified parameters (temperature, pressure) and quality. II. Classification 1. The main types of industrial furnaces commonly used include the following categories: melting furnaces, fusion furnaces, heating furnaces, furnaces for the petrochemical industry, heat treatment furnaces, sintering furnaces, chemical processing furnaces, firing furnaces, kilns for firing, drying furnaces (kilns), melting and calcining furnaces (kilns), arc furnaces, induction furnaces (for high-temperature smelting), coking furnaces, incineration furnaces, and other industrial furnaces. Industrial furnaces can be divided into two categories based on their heating method: one category is flame furnaces (or fuel furnaces), which use the heat generated by the combustion of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels inside the furnace to heat the workpieces ； The second type is electric kilns, in which electrical energy is converted into heat inside the kiln to achieve heating. 2. Classification of boilers: (1) Based on their purpose, they are mainly divided into the following categories: Power station boilers: These are boilers used in thermal power plants; they feature large capacity, high parameters, advanced technology, and strict requirements. Industrial boilers: Boilers that supply steam or hot water for various industrial processes such as textiles, printing and dyeing, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, oil refining, paper manufacturing, as well as for heating and cooling purposes. Domestic boilers: Boilers that supply low-parameter steam or hot water to various industrial plants, enterprises, and institutions. Special boilers: such as dual-working-fluid two-vapor-cycle boilers, nuclear fuel boilers, ship boilers, locomotive boilers, waste liquid boilers, waste heat boilers, direct-flow boilers, and so on. (2) Classification by pressure: Atmospheric pressure boilers (boilers that operate at normal atmospheric pressure); Low-pressure boilers (pressure less than or equal to 2.5 MPa); Medium-pressure boilers (pressure less than or equal to 3.9 MPa); High-pressure boilers (pressure less than or equal to 10.0 MPa); Ultra-high-pressure boilers (pressure less than or equal to 14.0 MPa); Sub-critical boilers (pressure between 17–18 MPa); Supercritical boilers (pressure between 22–25 MPa). III. Emission standards: 1. The “Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Industrial Furnaces” are part of the comprehensive air emission standards. The national standard was issued in 1996 and is still valid today. Hebei, Tianjin, Shanghai, etc. have landmarks. National standard: Emission standards for air pollutants from industrial furnaces and kilns (GB9078-1996). Hebei: Emission standards for air pollutants from industrial furnaces and kilns (DB131640-2012). Shanghai: Emission standards for air pollutants from industrial furnaces and kilns (DB31/860-2014). Tianjin: Emission standards for air pollutants from industrial furnaces and kilns (DB12556-2015). Chongqing: Emission standards for air pollutants from industrial furnaces and kilns (DB50659-2016). 2. Regarding the emission standards for boilers, the national standard classifies them into two categories based on capacity: Boilers with a capacity of 65 tons or less are subject to the “Emission standards for air pollutants from boilers” (GB13271-2014), while boilers with a capacity of over 65 tons, as well as power plant boilers, are subject to the “Emission standards for air pollutants from thermal power plants” (GB13223-2011). National standard: Emission standards for air pollutants from boilers (GB13271-2014). Shandong: Emission standards for air pollutants from boilers (DB372374-2013). Tianjin: Emission standards for air pollutants from boilers (DB12151-2016). Shanghai: Emission standards for air pollutants from boilers (DB31387-2018). National standard: Emission standards for air pollutants from thermal power plants (GB13223-2011). Shandong: Emission standards for air pollutants from thermal power plants (DB37664—2013). Tianjin: Emission standards for air pollutants from thermal power plants (DB12_810-2018)