Standards for washers and material selection!
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I would like to ask the experts: for bolts and nuts, ASTM 193 B7 & ASTM A194 GR 2H have been chosen, with manufacturing standards of B16.2.1 & B18.2.2. What manufacturing standard and material should be used for washers?
The standards for American-made flat washers include SAE and USS: SAE refers to ANSI/ASME B 18.22.1 (SAE), which denotes the SAE narrow-flat washer standard, while USS refers to ANSI B18.22.1 (USS), which denotes the USS wide-flat washer standard. American-made flat washers are typically used to reduce friction, prevent leaks, provide isolation, prevent loosening, or distribute pressure.