『Original by HaiChuan Translation Team』Petroleum Glossary (Part 1)

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English title: Petroleum Glossary Original link: Click here Author of the original text: ankur2061 Translator’s ID: @ Beautiful times and dreams Those who wish to subscribe to the articles published by the “HaiChuan Translation Team” are invited to leave a message below the post saying “I want to subscribe”, or send me a message; I will notify everyone as soon as new articles are available. Often, we want to know some professional terms related to petrochemical products and process engineering. A long time ago, I compiled my own glossary of petroleum terms using the best available resources; here are the terms that come to mind: The aniline point refers to the lowest temperature at which a petroleum product can mix uniformly with an equal volume of aniline. Since various petroleum products are mixtures of different hydrocarbons, the aniline point can only qualitatively indicate the trend of structural changes. Although it is an arbitrary parameter (based on ASTM-611), the aniline point holds considerable value in the characterization of petroleum products. The aniline point provides a rough estimate of the content of aromatic compounds. This value has great practical significance; it serves the same purpose in indicating the solvency of naphthalene as well as the combustion properties of gasoline/diesel. API specific gravity: It is a method for classifying petroleum, measured using a hydrometer (refer to ASTM-D287/D-1298) or a specific gravity meter (refer to ASTM-941&D-1217). At a standard temperature of 60°F, it is related to the specific gravity, with the equation as follows: API = (141.5/specific gravity) – 131.5. The specific gravity of light crude oil is approximately 0.8 (45.3°API), while that of heavy crude oil is approximately 1.0 (10°API). Aviation gasoline: As the name suggests, this is the fuel for airplanes. However, it should be noted that aviation gasoline itself can be classified according to the characteristics of the aircraft, such as aviation gasoline for light civil aircraft, aviation gasoline for heavy civil aircraft, aviation gasoline for cargo aircraft, and aviation gasoline for supersonic military aircraft. Most aircraft manufacturers provide applicable standards for their respective aircraft. However, some general characteristics of aviation gasoline are as follows: A) Achieving the highest possible octane rating economically. B). Compared to conventional gasoline (automobile gasoline), it has a narrower boiling range, typically ranging from 38 to 170°C. C). Maximum heat content per unit mass (combination of hydrogen in high proportion). D). Resistant to storage, with high chemical stability. E). The olefin content is low or extremely low, and the aromatic content is small. Barrel: It is the volume of crude oil – one barrel equals 42 gallons (1 gallon = 3.7853 liters). Cetane number: A parameter used to evaluate the self-ignition property of fuel. The auto-ignition property of fuel affects both the starting performance and the combustion process of diesel engines; it is an important performance indicator for diesel. To determine the autoignition property of fuels, hexadecane (C16H34), which has an excellent ignition property, is assigned a cetane number of 100, while α-methylnaphthalene (C10H7CH3), which has a very poor ignition property, is given a cetane number of 0. Mixtures prepared by combining hexadecane and α-methylnaphthalene in various proportions are used as standard fuels. When the ignition performance of the fuel under test is comparable to that of a standard fuel in a certain ratio, and the volume percentage of hexane in this standard fuel is x%, then x is the octane number of the fuel under test. (Refer to ASTM D613). The higher the cetane number of diesel, the better the engine’s performance, and emissions are also reduced. Cloud point: It is very useful for estimating the relative amount of wax in oil. The cloud point is the highest temperature at which a clear and pure liquid petroleum product becomes hazy or turbid due to the formation of wax crystals during cooling, under specified test conditions. (Refer to ASTM D-2500/D-3117) From an oil perspective, coke is the residue left over from the destructive distillation of petroleum residues. The coke formed during catalytic cracking operations is usually unrecoverable because it is used in the cracking process. Although it has many end uses, its primary use is to manufacture carbon electrodes for aluminum refining. Other uses include manufacturing silicon carbide for carbon brushes, as a solder for acetylene, structural carbon (for pipes, Raschig rings, etc.), and calcium carbide. Freezing point: This is the temperature at which petroleum wax (a type of wax) stops flowing when cooled under specified conditions (refer to ASTM-938). Drop point: This term is used for petroleum-based greases. It is defined as the temperature at which the grease begins to flow, transitioning from a solid plastic state to a liquid state. (Refer to ASTM D-566, D-2265). Flash point: The flash point of petroleum or petroleum products is the lowest temperature at which the liquid vaporizes and catches fire under specified test conditions using a certain ignition source. An air mixture that can be ignited instantly by a specified flame. Flash ignition occurs when sufficient vapor is generated on the surface of a liquid and mixes with air to form a flammable gas; upon encountering a source of fire, this results in a brief flash of light followed by immediate combustion. The lowest temperature at which flash ignition occurs is called the flash point (refer to ASTM D-56, D-92, D-93). Ignition point: The ignition point of petroleum products refers to the lowest temperature at which a mixture of steam and air begins to burn and continues to burn when heated. (Refer to ASTM D-92). Freezing point: For pure hydrocarbons, the temperature at which a hydrocarbon changes from a liquid state to a solid state is the freezing point. (Refer to D-1015, D-1016). Gas oil: refers to a fraction obtained by distilling crude oil or other refined oils. The vast majority of feedstocks for cracking operations are gas oil.