『Original by HaiChuan Translation Team』Petroleum Glossary (Part 2)

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English title: Petroleum Glossary Original link: Click here for the original text Author: ankur2061 Translator ID: @Yaya_ITZK Those who wish to subscribe to the articles published by the “Haichuan Translation Group” are invited to leave a message below saying “I want to subscribe” or send me a message; I will notify everyone as soon as new articles are available. Gasoline: It is essentially a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points below 180°C, or at most below 200°C. In the range of boiling points, hydrocarbon molecules have molecular structures containing 4 to 12 carbon atoms. Generally, the hydrocarbons in gasoline can be paraffins (including naphthenes), olefins, and aromatics. Kerosene: It is a fraction of crude oil obtained through distillation, with a boiling range of approximately 205 to 260°C. It is also defined as a refined petroleum fraction with a flash point above 25°C, which can be ignited in a lamp and is therefore very suitable for use as a light source. Knocking: It is the tendency of the fuel/air mixture to detonate within an internal combustion engine. It is believed to be due to the automatic ignition of a portion of the highly compressed air/fuel mixture in front of the flame. Severe detonation can lead to power loss and damage to the engine’s pistons and bearings. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): It is a mixture of propane and butane, widely used as cooking gas, stored in cylinders or transported through pipelines. It can also be used as a vehicle fuel, and from the perspective of environmental emissions, it is a cleaner type of vehicle fuel. Due to its high-pressure state and high flammability, special handling measures are required for it. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG): This is the liquefied form of natural gas obtained at wellheads, consisting mainly of methane along with small amounts of ethane, propane, and butane. When used as a compressed gas (CNG), it is an excellent automotive fuel; compared to traditional gasoline or diesel, it burns more completely and results in less harmful environmental emissions. Lubricating oil: Lubricating oil is different from other crude oil fractions, as those other fractions usually have higher boiling points (> 400°C) as well as higher viscosity. Crude oil fractions suitable for producing lubricating oils, characterized by containing 25 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule. Another notable feature is that, compared to petroleum fractions with lower boiling points, lubricant molecules have a higher content of alkanes, including cyclic ones, in their main chains and side chains. Middle distillates: kerosene and light oil fractions, which are generally the last fractions separated by distillation under atmospheric pressure; they are collectively referred to as middle distillates. Naphtha: Naphtha is actually a general term used for refined, partially refined, or unrefined petroleum products. Strictly speaking, no less than 10% of the naphtha should distill at a temperature below 175°C, while no less than 95% of the naphtha should distill at a temperature below 240°C under standard distillation conditions (according to ASTM D86). Octane number (based on octane rating testers ASTM D2699 & ASTM D2723): It is defined as the proportion of isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) in a mixture with n-heptane; this mixture serves as a reference fuel that has similar knock characteristics to the gasoline being tested. Within the octane range, isooctane has an octane rating of 100, indicating excellent anti-knock properties, whereas n-heptane has an octane rating of zero, indicating poor anti-knock properties. Pour point: Under specified conditions, when the oil sample is cooled at a defined rate without interference, the lowest temperature at which the sample can still flow is known as the pour point (according to ASTM D-97). Reformation: Converting naphtha into more volatile, high-octane products by simultaneously polymerizing, cracking, dehydrogenating, and isomerizing it. Saybolt Universal Viscosity (according to ASTM D-88): At a constant temperature, the time it takes for 60 milliliters of oil in a container to flow out through a calibrated orifice. Smokeless flame height: This is a test developed by the Petroleum Society (UK) to determine the burning performance of fuels that can be burned in a lamp. Therefore, it is defined as the millimeter height of the flame produced in a specified lamp without smoking. Acidic oils: Petroleum fractions containing sulfur compounds (hydrogen sulfide and/or thiols), which have a readily recognizable odor and are referred to as \"acids\". Straight distillation: This term applies to most petroleum fractions; it refers to the fractions obtained directly after the distillation of crude oil, without undergoing any other processes. Desulfurization: The process of removing hydrogen sulfide and thiols from petroleum distillates is known as desulfurization. Petroleum free of sulfides is referred to as pure, or it is called \"desulfurized\" due to this treatment. However, a desulfurized fraction may contain odorless sulfur compounds.