【Daily Discussion】Utilities - Mechanical & Electrical - 20200917

Applications of Commonly Used Non-Metallic Materials in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (I) Masonry Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, common masonry materials include fire-resistant clay bricks, high-alumina bricks for general use, lightweight fire-resistant bricks, fire-resistant cement, diatomaceous earth insulation materials, lightweight clay bricks, high-quality asbestos fiber, asbestos-cement boards, slag wool, vermiculite, and pumice. These materials are typically used in the construction of various types of furnaces and kilns, such as the construction of boiler walls, various types of smelting furnaces, and various types of kilns. 　　(II) Insulating Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, there are many types of insulating materials in use, including expanded perlite, centrifugal glass wool, ultra-fine glass wool, microporous silicate shells, mineral wool, rock wool, and foam plastics. These materials are commonly used in insulation applications for various containers, pipes, as well as ventilation and air conditioning systems. 　　(III) Anti-corrosion materials and products Anti-corrosion materials can be roughly classified into polymer materials, inorganic non-metallic materials, composite materials, and coatings, etc., and are widely used in mechanical and electrical engineering. Common anti-corrosion materials include: 1. Ceramic products: fittings, valves, pipes, pump components, bearings, etc. 　　2. Paints and coatings: Zinc-rich paints without solvents and anti-rust primers are widely used in equipment and pipeline projects. For example, clear paint, cold-curing epoxy resin paint, epoxy furan resin paint, phenolic resin paint, etc. 　　3. Plastic products: polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc., used for building pipes, wire conduits, chemical-resistant components, and heat exchangers. 　　4. Rubber products: natural rubber, chlorinated rubber, neoprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, etc., used for seals, gaskets, linings, etc. 　　5. Fiberglass and its products: Composite materials made using glass fibers as reinforcing agents and synthetic resins as binders, primarily used for corrosion-resistant and pressure-resistant containers and pipes in the petrochemical industry. 　　(IV) Non-metallic air ducts 　　1. The materials used for air ducts include phenolic composite panels, polyurethane composite panels, glass fiber composite panels, inorganic glass steel panels, and rigid polyvinyl chloride panels. 　　2. Phenolic composite air ducts are suitable for low- and medium-pressure air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for high-pressure and clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, or smoke control systems. Polyurethane composite air ducts are suitable for low-, medium-, and high-pressure clean air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Fiberglass composite air ducts are suitable for air conditioning systems at pressures below medium pressure, but they are not suitable for clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Rigid polyvinyl chloride air ducts are suitable for exhaust systems in clean rooms that involve acidic or alkaline substances. (5) Plastic and composite material water pipes 1. Polyethylene plastic pipes: Non-toxic, suitable for transporting domestic water. Low-density polyethylene water pipes (commonly known as plastic water supply pipes) are often used; the outer diameter of these pipes is roughly the same as that of welded steel pipes. 　　2. Coated steel pipe: It features excellent corrosion resistance and relatively low frictional resistance. Epoxy-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting media such as water supply and drainage water, seawater, warm water, oil, and gases. PVC-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting drainage water, seawater, oil, gases, and other similar media. As required, the inner and outer surfaces of the steel pipe can be coated, or only the outer surface can be coated. 3. ABS engineering plastic pipe: It offers better corrosion resistance, temperature tolerance, and impact resistance compared to PVC pipes. It is manufactured through injection or extrusion molding using thermoplastic acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer material, and its operating temperature range is -20~70°C. The pressure ratings are classified into levels B, C, and D. 　　4. Polypropylene pipes (PP pipes): These are made by extruding polypropylene resin and are used for fluid transport. The pressure ratings are classified into types I, II, and III. Their operating pressures at room temperature are: 0.4 MPa for type I, 0.6 MPa for type II, and 0.8 MPa for type III. 　　5. Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings: Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings are used for drainage in construction projects; under conditions where their chemical resistance and heat resistance meet the requirements of the relevant processes, these pipes can also be utilized in industrial drainage systems. (VI) Adhesives Modern adhesives can be classified according to their mode of use into polymeric types, such as epoxy resins; hot-melt types, such as nylon and polyethylene; pressure-sensitive types, such as natural rubber; and water-soluble types, such as starch. (7) New polymer materials: polymer magnetic materials, polymer separation membranes, photofunctional polymer materials, and polymer composite materials.

Applications of Commonly Used Non-Metallic Materials in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (I) Masonry Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, common masonry materials include fire-resistant clay bricks, high-alumina bricks for general use, lightweight fire-resistant bricks, fire-resistant cement, diatomaceous earth insulation materials, lightweight clay bricks, high-quality asbestos fiber, asbestos-cement boards, slag wool, vermiculite, and pumice. These materials are typically used in the construction of various types of furnaces and kilns, such as the construction of boiler walls, various types of smelting furnaces, and various types of kilns. 　　(II) Insulating Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, there are many types of insulating materials in use, including expanded perlite, centrifugal glass wool, ultra-fine glass wool, microporous silicate shells, mineral wool, rock wool, and foam plastics. These materials are commonly used in insulation applications for various containers, pipes, as well as ventilation and air conditioning systems. 　　(III) Anti-corrosion materials and products Anti-corrosion materials can be roughly classified into polymer materials, inorganic non-metallic materials, composite materials, and coatings, etc., and are widely used in mechanical and electrical engineering. Common anti-corrosion materials include: 1. Ceramic products: fittings, valves, pipes, pump components, bearings, etc. 　　2. Paints and coatings: Zinc-rich paints without solvents and anti-rust primers are widely used in equipment and pipeline projects. For example, clear paint, cold-curing epoxy resin paint, epoxy furan resin paint, phenolic resin paint, etc. 　　3. Plastic products: polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc., used for building pipes, wire conduits, chemical-resistant components, and heat exchangers. 　　4. Rubber products: natural rubber, chlorinated rubber, neoprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, etc., used for seals, gaskets, linings, etc. 　　5. Fiberglass and its products: Composite materials made using glass fibers as reinforcing agents and synthetic resins as binders, primarily used for corrosion-resistant and pressure-resistant containers and pipes in the petrochemical industry. 　　(IV) Non-metallic air ducts 　　1. The materials used for air ducts include phenolic composite panels, polyurethane composite panels, glass fiber composite panels, inorganic glass steel panels, and rigid polyvinyl chloride panels. 　　2. Phenolic composite air ducts are suitable for low- and medium-pressure air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for high-pressure and clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, or smoke control systems. Polyurethane composite air ducts are suitable for low-, medium-, and high-pressure clean air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Fiberglass composite air ducts are suitable for air conditioning systems at pressures below medium pressure, but they are not suitable for clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Rigid polyvinyl chloride air ducts are suitable for exhaust systems in clean rooms that involve acidic or alkaline substances. (5) Plastic and composite material water pipes 1. Polyethylene plastic pipes: Non-toxic, suitable for transporting domestic water. Low-density polyethylene water pipes (commonly known as plastic water supply pipes) are often used; the outer diameter of these pipes is roughly the same as that of welded steel pipes. 　　2. Coated steel pipe: It features excellent corrosion resistance and relatively low frictional resistance. Epoxy-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting media such as water supply and drainage water, seawater, warm water, oil, and gases. PVC-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting drainage water, seawater, oil, gases, and other similar media. As required, the inner and outer surfaces of the steel pipe can be coated, or only the outer surface can be coated. 3. ABS engineering plastic pipe: It offers better corrosion resistance, temperature tolerance, and impact resistance compared to PVC pipes. It is manufactured through injection or extrusion molding using thermoplastic acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer material, and its operating temperature range is -20~70°C. The pressure ratings are classified into levels B, C, and D. 　　4. Polypropylene pipes (PP pipes): These are made by extruding polypropylene resin and are used for fluid transport. The pressure ratings are classified into types I, II, and III. Their operating pressures at room temperature are: 0.4 MPa for type I, 0.6 MPa for type II, and 0.8 MPa for type III. 　　5. Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings: Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings are used for drainage in construction projects; under conditions where their chemical resistance and heat resistance meet the requirements of the relevant processes, these pipes can also be utilized in industrial drainage systems. (VI) Adhesives Modern adhesives can be classified according to their mode of use into polymeric types, such as epoxy resins; hot-melt types, such as nylon and polyethylene; pressure-sensitive types, such as natural rubber; and water-soluble types, such as starch. (7) New polymer materials: polymer magnetic materials, polymer separation membranes, photofunctional polymer materials, and polymer composite materials.

Applications of Commonly Used Non-Metallic Materials in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (I) Masonry Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, common masonry materials include fire-resistant clay bricks, high-alumina bricks for general use, lightweight fire-resistant bricks, fire-resistant cement, diatomaceous earth insulation materials, lightweight clay bricks, high-quality asbestos fiber, asbestos-cement boards, slag wool, vermiculite, and pumice. These materials are typically used in the construction of various types of furnaces and kilns, such as the construction of boiler walls, various types of smelting furnaces, and various types of kilns. 　　(II) Insulating Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, there are many types of insulating materials in use, including expanded perlite, centrifugal glass wool, ultra-fine glass wool, microporous silicate shells, mineral wool, rock wool, and foam plastics. These materials are commonly used in insulation applications for various containers, pipes, as well as ventilation and air conditioning systems. 　　(III) Anti-corrosion materials and products Anti-corrosion materials can be roughly classified into polymer materials, inorganic non-metallic materials, composite materials, and coatings, etc., and are widely used in mechanical and electrical engineering. Common anti-corrosion materials include: 1. Ceramic products: fittings, valves, pipes, pump components, bearings, etc. 　　2. Paints and coatings: Zinc-rich paints without solvents and anti-rust primers are widely used in equipment and pipeline projects. For example, clear paint, cold-curing epoxy resin paint, epoxy furan resin paint, phenolic resin paint, etc. 　　3. Plastic products: polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc., used for building pipes, wire conduits, chemical-resistant components, and heat exchangers. 　　4. Rubber products: natural rubber, chlorinated rubber, neoprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, etc., used for seals, gaskets, linings, etc. 　　5. Fiberglass and its products: Composite materials made using glass fibers as reinforcing agents and synthetic resins as binders, primarily used for corrosion-resistant and pressure-resistant containers and pipes in the petrochemical industry. 　　(IV) Non-metallic air ducts 　　1. The materials used for air ducts include phenolic composite panels, polyurethane composite panels, glass fiber composite panels, inorganic glass steel panels, and rigid polyvinyl chloride panels. 　　2. Phenolic composite air ducts are suitable for low- and medium-pressure air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for high-pressure and clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, or smoke control systems. Polyurethane composite air ducts are suitable for low-, medium-, and high-pressure clean air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Fiberglass composite air ducts are suitable for air conditioning systems at pressures below medium pressure, but they are not suitable for clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Rigid polyvinyl chloride air ducts are suitable for exhaust systems in clean rooms that involve acidic or alkaline substances. (5) Plastic and composite material water pipes 1. Polyethylene plastic pipes: Non-toxic, suitable for transporting domestic water. Low-density polyethylene water pipes (commonly known as plastic water supply pipes) are often used; the outer diameter of these pipes is roughly the same as that of welded steel pipes. 　　2. Coated steel pipe: It features excellent corrosion resistance and relatively low frictional resistance. Epoxy-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting media such as water supply and drainage water, seawater, warm water, oil, and gases. PVC-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting drainage water, seawater, oil, gases, and other similar media. As required, the inner and outer surfaces of the steel pipe can be coated, or only the outer surface can be coated. 3. ABS engineering plastic pipe: It offers better corrosion resistance, temperature tolerance, and impact resistance compared to PVC pipes. It is manufactured through injection or extrusion molding using thermoplastic acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer material, and its operating temperature range is -20~70°C. The pressure ratings are classified into levels B, C, and D. 　　4. Polypropylene pipes (PP pipes): These are made by extruding polypropylene resin and are used for fluid transport. The pressure ratings are classified into types I, II, and III. Their operating pressures at room temperature are: 0.4 MPa for type I, 0.6 MPa for type II, and 0.8 MPa for type III. 　　5. Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings: Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings are used for drainage in construction projects; under conditions where their chemical resistance and heat resistance meet the requirements of the relevant processes, these pipes can also be utilized in industrial drainage systems. (VI) Adhesives Modern adhesives can be classified according to their mode of use into polymeric types, such as epoxy resins; hot-melt types, such as nylon and polyethylene; pressure-sensitive types, such as natural rubber; and water-soluble types, such as starch. (7) New polymer materials: polymer magnetic materials, polymer separation membranes, photofunctional polymer materials, and polymer composite materials.

Applications of Commonly Used Non-Metallic Materials in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (I) Masonry Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, common masonry materials include fire-resistant clay bricks, high-alumina bricks for general use, lightweight fire-resistant bricks, fire-resistant cement, diatomaceous earth insulation materials, lightweight clay bricks, high-quality asbestos fiber, asbestos-cement boards, slag wool, vermiculite, and pumice. These materials are typically used in the construction of various types of furnaces and kilns, such as the construction of boiler walls, various types of smelting furnaces, and various types of kilns. 　　(II) Insulating Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, there are many types of insulating materials in use, including expanded perlite, centrifugal glass wool, ultra-fine glass wool, microporous silicate shells, mineral wool, rock wool, and foam plastics. These materials are commonly used in insulation applications for various containers, pipes, as well as ventilation and air conditioning systems. 　　(III) Anti-corrosion materials and products Anti-corrosion materials can be roughly classified into polymer materials, inorganic non-metallic materials, composite materials, and coatings, etc., and are widely used in mechanical and electrical engineering. Common anti-corrosion materials include: 1. Ceramic products: fittings, valves, pipes, pump components, bearings, etc. 　　2. Paints and coatings: Zinc-rich paints without solvents and anti-rust primers are widely used in equipment and pipeline projects. For example, clear paint, cold-curing epoxy resin paint, epoxy furan resin paint, phenolic resin paint, etc. 　　3. Plastic products: polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc., used for building pipes, wire conduits, chemical-resistant components, and heat exchangers. 　　4. Rubber products: natural rubber, chlorinated rubber, neoprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, etc., used for seals, gaskets, linings, etc. 　　5. Fiberglass and its products: Composite materials made using glass fibers as reinforcing agents and synthetic resins as binders, primarily used for corrosion-resistant and pressure-resistant containers and pipes in the petrochemical industry. 　　(IV) Non-metallic air ducts 　　1. The materials used for air ducts include phenolic composite panels, polyurethane composite panels, glass fiber composite panels, inorganic glass steel panels, and rigid polyvinyl chloride panels. 　　2. Phenolic composite air ducts are suitable for low- and medium-pressure air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for high-pressure and clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, or smoke control systems. Polyurethane composite air ducts are suitable for low-, medium-, and high-pressure clean air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Fiberglass composite air ducts are suitable for air conditioning systems at pressures below medium pressure, but they are not suitable for clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Rigid polyvinyl chloride air ducts are suitable for exhaust systems in clean rooms that involve acidic or alkaline substances. (5) Plastic and composite material water pipes 1. Polyethylene plastic pipes: Non-toxic, suitable for transporting domestic water. Low-density polyethylene water pipes (commonly known as plastic water supply pipes) are often used; the outer diameter of these pipes is roughly the same as that of welded steel pipes. 　　2. Coated steel pipe: It features excellent corrosion resistance and relatively low frictional resistance. Epoxy-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting media such as water supply and drainage water, seawater, warm water, oil, and gases. PVC-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting drainage water, seawater, oil, gases, and other similar media. As required, the inner and outer surfaces of the steel pipe can be coated, or only the outer surface can be coated. 3. ABS engineering plastic pipe: It offers better corrosion resistance, temperature tolerance, and impact resistance compared to PVC pipes. It is manufactured through injection or extrusion molding using thermoplastic acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer material, and its operating temperature range is -20~70°C. The pressure ratings are classified into levels B, C, and D. 　　4. Polypropylene pipes (PP pipes): These are made by extruding polypropylene resin and are used for fluid transport. The pressure ratings are classified into types I, II, and III. Their operating pressures at room temperature are: 0.4 MPa for type I, 0.6 MPa for type II, and 0.8 MPa for type III. 　　5. Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings: Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings are used for drainage in construction projects; under conditions where their chemical resistance and heat resistance meet the requirements of the relevant processes, these pipes can also be utilized in industrial drainage systems. (VI) Adhesives Modern adhesives can be classified according to their mode of use into polymeric types, such as epoxy resins; hot-melt types, such as nylon and polyethylene; pressure-sensitive types, such as natural rubber; and water-soluble types, such as starch. (7) New polymer materials: polymer magnetic materials, polymer separation membranes, photofunctional polymer materials, and polymer composite materials.

Applications of Commonly Used Non-Metallic Materials in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (I) Masonry Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, common masonry materials include fire-resistant clay bricks, high-alumina bricks for general use, lightweight fire-resistant bricks, fire-resistant cement, diatomaceous earth insulation materials, lightweight clay bricks, high-quality asbestos fiber, asbestos-cement boards, slag wool, vermiculite, and pumice. These materials are typically used in the construction of various types of furnaces and kilns, such as the construction of boiler walls, various types of smelting furnaces, and various types of kilns. 　　(II) Insulating Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, there are many types of insulating materials in use, including expanded perlite, centrifugal glass wool, ultra-fine glass wool, microporous silicate shells, mineral wool, rock wool, and foam plastics. These materials are commonly used in insulation applications for various containers, pipes, as well as ventilation and air conditioning systems. 　　(III) Anti-corrosion materials and products Anti-corrosion materials can be roughly classified into polymer materials, inorganic non-metallic materials, composite materials, and coatings, etc., and are widely used in mechanical and electrical engineering. Common anti-corrosion materials include: 1. Ceramic products: fittings, valves, pipes, pump components, bearings, etc. 　　2. Paints and coatings: Zinc-rich paints without solvents and anti-rust primers are widely used in equipment and pipeline projects. For example, clear paint, cold-curing epoxy resin paint, epoxy furan resin paint, phenolic resin paint, etc. 　　3. Plastic products: polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc., used for building pipes, wire conduits, chemical-resistant components, and heat exchangers. 　　4. Rubber products: natural rubber, chlorinated rubber, neoprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, etc., used for seals, gaskets, linings, etc. 　　5. Fiberglass and its products: Composite materials made using glass fibers as reinforcing agents and synthetic resins as binders, primarily used for corrosion-resistant and pressure-resistant containers and pipes in the petrochemical industry. 　　(IV) Non-metallic air ducts 　　1. The materials used for air ducts include phenolic composite panels, polyurethane composite panels, glass fiber composite panels, inorganic glass steel panels, and rigid polyvinyl chloride panels. 　　2. Phenolic composite air ducts are suitable for low- and medium-pressure air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for high-pressure and clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, or smoke control systems. Polyurethane composite air ducts are suitable for low-, medium-, and high-pressure clean air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Fiberglass composite air ducts are suitable for air conditioning systems at pressures below medium pressure, but they are not suitable for clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Rigid polyvinyl chloride air ducts are suitable for exhaust systems in clean rooms that involve acidic or alkaline substances. (5) Plastic and composite material water pipes 1. Polyethylene plastic pipes: Non-toxic, suitable for transporting domestic water. Low-density polyethylene water pipes (commonly known as plastic water supply pipes) are often used; the outer diameter of these pipes is roughly the same as that of welded steel pipes. 　　2. Coated steel pipe: It features excellent corrosion resistance and relatively low frictional resistance. Epoxy-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting media such as water supply and drainage water, seawater, warm water, oil, and gases. PVC-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting drainage water, seawater, oil, gases, and other similar media. As required, the inner and outer surfaces of the steel pipe can be coated, or only the outer surface can be coated. 3. ABS engineering plastic pipe: It offers better corrosion resistance, temperature tolerance, and impact resistance compared to PVC pipes. It is manufactured through injection or extrusion molding using thermoplastic acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer material, and its operating temperature range is -20~70°C. The pressure ratings are classified into levels B, C, and D. 　　4. Polypropylene pipes (PP pipes): These are made by extruding polypropylene resin and are used for fluid transport. The pressure ratings are classified into types I, II, and III. Their operating pressures at room temperature are: 0.4 MPa for type I, 0.6 MPa for type II, and 0.8 MPa for type III. 　　5. Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings: Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings are used for drainage in construction projects; under conditions where their chemical resistance and heat resistance meet the requirements of the relevant processes, these pipes can also be utilized in industrial drainage systems. (VI) Adhesives Modern adhesives can be classified according to their mode of use into polymeric types, such as epoxy resins; hot-melt types, such as nylon and polyethylene; pressure-sensitive types, such as natural rubber; and water-soluble types, such as starch. (7) New polymer materials: polymer magnetic materials, polymer separation membranes, photofunctional polymer materials, and polymer composite materials.

Applications of Commonly Used Non-Metallic Materials in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (I) Masonry Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, common masonry materials include fire-resistant clay bricks, high-alumina bricks for general use, lightweight fire-resistant bricks, fire-resistant cement, diatomaceous earth insulation materials, lightweight clay bricks, high-quality asbestos fiber, asbestos-cement boards, slag wool, vermiculite, and pumice. These materials are typically used in the construction of various types of furnaces and kilns, such as the construction of boiler walls, various types of smelting furnaces, and various types of kilns. 　　(II) Insulating Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, there are many types of insulating materials in use, including expanded perlite, centrifugal glass wool, ultra-fine glass wool, microporous silicate shells, mineral wool, rock wool, and foam plastics. These materials are commonly used in insulation applications for various containers, pipes, as well as ventilation and air conditioning systems. 　　(III) Anti-corrosion materials and products Anti-corrosion materials can be roughly classified into polymer materials, inorganic non-metallic materials, composite materials, and coatings, etc., and are widely used in mechanical and electrical engineering. Common anti-corrosion materials include: 1. Ceramic products: fittings, valves, pipes, pump components, bearings, etc. 　　2. Paints and coatings: Zinc-rich paints without solvents and anti-rust primers are widely used in equipment and pipeline projects. For example, clear paint, cold-curing epoxy resin paint, epoxy furan resin paint, phenolic resin paint, etc. 　　3. Plastic products: polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc., used for building pipes, wire conduits, chemical-resistant components, and heat exchangers. 　　4. Rubber products: natural rubber, chlorinated rubber, neoprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, etc., used for seals, gaskets, linings, etc. 　　5. Fiberglass and its products: Composite materials made using glass fibers as reinforcing agents and synthetic resins as binders, primarily used for corrosion-resistant and pressure-resistant containers and pipes in the petrochemical industry. 　　(IV) Non-metallic air ducts 　　1. The materials used for air ducts include phenolic composite panels, polyurethane composite panels, glass fiber composite panels, inorganic glass steel panels, and rigid polyvinyl chloride panels. 　　2. Phenolic composite air ducts are suitable for low- and medium-pressure air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for high-pressure and clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, or smoke control systems. Polyurethane composite air ducts are suitable for low-, medium-, and high-pressure clean air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Fiberglass composite air ducts are suitable for air conditioning systems at pressures below medium pressure, but they are not suitable for clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Rigid polyvinyl chloride air ducts are suitable for exhaust systems in clean rooms that involve acidic or alkaline substances. (5) Plastic and composite material water pipes 1. Polyethylene plastic pipes: Non-toxic, suitable for transporting domestic water. Low-density polyethylene water pipes (commonly known as plastic water supply pipes) are often used; the outer diameter of these pipes is roughly the same as that of welded steel pipes. 　　2. Coated steel pipe: It features excellent corrosion resistance and relatively low frictional resistance. Epoxy-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting media such as water supply and drainage water, seawater, warm water, oil, and gases. PVC-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting drainage water, seawater, oil, gases, and other similar media. As required, the inner and outer surfaces of the steel pipe can be coated, or only the outer surface can be coated. 3. ABS engineering plastic pipe: It offers better corrosion resistance, temperature tolerance, and impact resistance compared to PVC pipes. It is manufactured through injection or extrusion molding using thermoplastic acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer material, and its operating temperature range is -20~70°C. The pressure ratings are classified into levels B, C, and D. 　　4. Polypropylene pipes (PP pipes): These are made by extruding polypropylene resin and are used for fluid transport. The pressure ratings are classified into types I, II, and III. Their operating pressures at room temperature are: 0.4 MPa for type I, 0.6 MPa for type II, and 0.8 MPa for type III. 　　5. Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings: Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings are used for drainage in construction projects; under conditions where their chemical resistance and heat resistance meet the requirements of the relevant processes, these pipes can also be utilized in industrial drainage systems. (VI) Adhesives Modern adhesives can be classified according to their mode of use into polymeric types, such as epoxy resins; hot-melt types, such as nylon and polyethylene; pressure-sensitive types, such as natural rubber; and water-soluble types, such as starch. (7) New polymer materials: polymer magnetic materials, polymer separation membranes, photofunctional polymer materials, and polymer composite materials.

Applications of Commonly Used Non-Metallic Materials in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (I) Masonry Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, common masonry materials include fire-resistant clay bricks, high-alumina bricks for general use, lightweight fire-resistant bricks, fire-resistant cement, diatomaceous earth insulation materials, lightweight clay bricks, high-quality asbestos fiber, asbestos-cement boards, slag wool, vermiculite, and pumice. These materials are typically used in the construction of various types of furnaces and kilns, such as the construction of boiler walls, various types of smelting furnaces, and various types of kilns. 　　(II) Insulating Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, there are many types of insulating materials in use, including expanded perlite, centrifugal glass wool, ultra-fine glass wool, microporous silicate shells, mineral wool, rock wool, and foam plastics. These materials are commonly used in insulation applications for various containers, pipes, as well as ventilation and air conditioning systems. 　　(III) Anti-corrosion materials and products Anti-corrosion materials can be roughly classified into polymer materials, inorganic non-metallic materials, composite materials, and coatings, etc., and are widely used in mechanical and electrical engineering. Common anti-corrosion materials include: 1. Ceramic products: fittings, valves, pipes, pump components, bearings, etc. 　　2. Paints and coatings: Zinc-rich paints without solvents and anti-rust primers are widely used in equipment and pipeline projects. For example, clear paint, cold-curing epoxy resin paint, epoxy furan resin paint, phenolic resin paint, etc. 　　3. Plastic products: polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc., used for building pipes, wire conduits, chemical-resistant components, and heat exchangers. 　　4. Rubber products: natural rubber, chlorinated rubber, neoprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, etc., used for seals, gaskets, linings, etc. 　　5. Fiberglass and its products: Composite materials made using glass fibers as reinforcing agents and synthetic resins as binders, primarily used for corrosion-resistant and pressure-resistant containers and pipes in the petrochemical industry. 　　(IV) Non-metallic air ducts 　　1. The materials used for air ducts include phenolic composite panels, polyurethane composite panels, glass fiber composite panels, inorganic glass steel panels, and rigid polyvinyl chloride panels. 　　2. Phenolic composite air ducts are suitable for low- and medium-pressure air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for high-pressure and clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, or smoke control systems. Polyurethane composite air ducts are suitable for low-, medium-, and high-pressure clean air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Fiberglass composite air ducts are suitable for air conditioning systems at pressures below medium pressure, but they are not suitable for clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Rigid polyvinyl chloride air ducts are suitable for exhaust systems in clean rooms that involve acidic or alkaline substances. (5) Plastic and composite material water pipes 1. Polyethylene plastic pipes: Non-toxic, suitable for transporting domestic water. Low-density polyethylene water pipes (commonly known as plastic water supply pipes) are often used; the outer diameter of these pipes is roughly the same as that of welded steel pipes. 　　2. Coated steel pipe: It features excellent corrosion resistance and relatively low frictional resistance. Epoxy-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting media such as water supply and drainage water, seawater, warm water, oil, and gases. PVC-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting drainage water, seawater, oil, gases, and other similar media. As required, the inner and outer surfaces of the steel pipe can be coated, or only the outer surface can be coated. 3. ABS engineering plastic pipe: It offers better corrosion resistance, temperature tolerance, and impact resistance compared to PVC pipes. It is manufactured through injection or extrusion molding using thermoplastic acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer material, and its operating temperature range is -20~70°C. The pressure ratings are classified into levels B, C, and D. 　　4. Polypropylene pipes (PP pipes): These are made by extruding polypropylene resin and are used for fluid transport. The pressure ratings are classified into types I, II, and III. Their operating pressures at room temperature are: 0.4 MPa for type I, 0.6 MPa for type II, and 0.8 MPa for type III. 　　5. Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings: Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings are used for drainage in construction projects; under conditions where their chemical resistance and heat resistance meet the requirements of the relevant processes, these pipes can also be utilized in industrial drainage systems. (VI) Adhesives Modern adhesives can be classified according to their mode of use into polymeric types, such as epoxy resins; hot-melt types, such as nylon and polyethylene; pressure-sensitive types, such as natural rubber; and water-soluble types, such as starch. (7) New polymer materials: polymer magnetic materials, polymer separation membranes, photofunctional polymer materials, and polymer composite materials.

Applications of Commonly Used Non-Metallic Materials in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (I) Masonry Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, common masonry materials include fire-resistant clay bricks, high-alumina bricks for general use, lightweight fire-resistant bricks, fire-resistant cement, diatomaceous earth insulation materials, lightweight clay bricks, high-quality asbestos fiber, asbestos-cement boards, slag wool, vermiculite, and pumice. These materials are typically used in the construction of various types of furnaces and kilns, such as the construction of boiler walls, various types of smelting furnaces, and various types of kilns. 　　(II) Insulating Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, there are many types of insulating materials in use, including expanded perlite, centrifugal glass wool, ultra-fine glass wool, microporous silicate shells, mineral wool, rock wool, and foam plastics. These materials are commonly used in insulation applications for various containers, pipes, as well as ventilation and air conditioning systems. 　　(III) Anti-corrosion materials and products Anti-corrosion materials can be roughly classified into polymer materials, inorganic non-metallic materials, composite materials, and coatings, etc., and are widely used in mechanical and electrical engineering. Common anti-corrosion materials include: 1. Ceramic products: fittings, valves, pipes, pump components, bearings, etc. 　　2. Paints and coatings: Zinc-rich paints without solvents and anti-rust primers are widely used in equipment and pipeline projects. For example, clear paint, cold-curing epoxy resin paint, epoxy furan resin paint, phenolic resin paint, etc. 　　3. Plastic products: polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc., used for building pipes, wire conduits, chemical-resistant components, and heat exchangers. 　　4. Rubber products: natural rubber, chlorinated rubber, neoprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, etc., used for seals, gaskets, linings, etc. 　　5. Fiberglass and its products: Composite materials made using glass fibers as reinforcing agents and synthetic resins as binders, primarily used for corrosion-resistant and pressure-resistant containers and pipes in the petrochemical industry. 　　(IV) Non-metallic air ducts 　　1. The materials used for air ducts include phenolic composite panels, polyurethane composite panels, glass fiber composite panels, inorganic glass steel panels, and rigid polyvinyl chloride panels. 　　2. Phenolic composite air ducts are suitable for low- and medium-pressure air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for high-pressure and clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, or smoke control systems. Polyurethane composite air ducts are suitable for low-, medium-, and high-pressure clean air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Fiberglass composite air ducts are suitable for air conditioning systems at pressures below medium pressure, but they are not suitable for clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Rigid polyvinyl chloride air ducts are suitable for exhaust systems in clean rooms that involve acidic or alkaline substances. (5) Plastic and composite material water pipes 1. Polyethylene plastic pipes: Non-toxic, suitable for transporting domestic water. Low-density polyethylene water pipes (commonly known as plastic water supply pipes) are often used; the outer diameter of these pipes is roughly the same as that of welded steel pipes. 　　2. Coated steel pipe: It features excellent corrosion resistance and relatively low frictional resistance. Epoxy-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting media such as water supply and drainage water, seawater, warm water, oil, and gases. PVC-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting drainage water, seawater, oil, gases, and other similar media. As required, the inner and outer surfaces of the steel pipe can be coated, or only the outer surface can be coated. 3. ABS engineering plastic pipe: It offers better corrosion resistance, temperature tolerance, and impact resistance compared to PVC pipes. It is manufactured through injection or extrusion molding using thermoplastic acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer material, and its operating temperature range is -20~70°C. The pressure ratings are classified into levels B, C, and D. 　　4. Polypropylene pipes (PP pipes): These are made by extruding polypropylene resin and are used for fluid transport. The pressure ratings are classified into types I, II, and III. Their operating pressures at room temperature are: 0.4 MPa for type I, 0.6 MPa for type II, and 0.8 MPa for type III. 　　5. Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings: Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings are used for drainage in construction projects; under conditions where their chemical resistance and heat resistance meet the requirements of the relevant processes, these pipes can also be utilized in industrial drainage systems. (VI) Adhesives Modern adhesives can be classified according to their mode of use into polymeric types, such as epoxy resins; hot-melt types, such as nylon and polyethylene; pressure-sensitive types, such as natural rubber; and water-soluble types, such as starch. (7) New polymer materials: Polymer magnetic materials, polymer separation membranes, photofunctional polymer materials, polymer composite materials

Applications of Commonly Used Non-Metallic Materials in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (I) Masonry Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, common masonry materials include fire-resistant clay bricks, high-alumina bricks for general use, lightweight fire-resistant bricks, fire-resistant cement, diatomaceous earth insulation materials, lightweight clay bricks, high-quality asbestos fiber, asbestos-cement boards, slag wool, vermiculite, and pumice. These materials are typically used in the construction of various types of furnaces and kilns, such as the construction of boiler walls, various types of smelting furnaces, and various types of kilns. 　　(II) Insulating Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, there are many types of insulating materials in use, including expanded perlite, centrifugal glass wool, ultra-fine glass wool, microporous silicate shells, mineral wool, rock wool, and foam plastics. These materials are commonly used in insulation applications for various containers, pipes, as well as ventilation and air conditioning systems. 　　(III) Anti-corrosion materials and products Anti-corrosion materials can be roughly classified into polymer materials, inorganic non-metallic materials, composite materials, and coatings, etc., and are widely used in mechanical and electrical engineering. Common anti-corrosion materials include: 1. Ceramic products: fittings, valves, pipes, pump components, bearings, etc. 　　2. Paints and coatings: Zinc-rich paints without solvents and anti-rust primers are widely used in equipment and pipeline projects. For example, clear paint, cold-curing epoxy resin paint, epoxy furan resin paint, phenolic resin paint, etc. 　　3. Plastic products: polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc., used for building pipes, wire conduits, chemical-resistant components, and heat exchangers. 　　4. Rubber products: natural rubber, chlorinated rubber, neoprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, etc., used for seals, gaskets, linings, etc. 　　5. Fiberglass and its products: Composite materials made using glass fibers as reinforcing agents and synthetic resins as binders, primarily used for corrosion-resistant and pressure-resistant containers and pipes in the petrochemical industry. 　　(IV) Non-metallic air ducts 　　1. The materials used for air ducts include phenolic composite panels, polyurethane composite panels, glass fiber composite panels, inorganic glass steel panels, and rigid polyvinyl chloride panels. 　　2. Phenolic composite air ducts are suitable for low- and medium-pressure air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for high-pressure and clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, or smoke control systems. Polyurethane composite air ducts are suitable for low-, medium-, and high-pressure clean air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Fiberglass composite air ducts are suitable for air conditioning systems at pressures below medium pressure, but they are not suitable for clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Rigid polyvinyl chloride air ducts are suitable for exhaust systems in clean rooms that involve acidic or alkaline substances. (5) Plastic and composite material water pipes 1. Polyethylene plastic pipes: Non-toxic, suitable for transporting domestic water. Low-density polyethylene water pipes (commonly known as plastic water supply pipes) are often used; the outer diameter of these pipes is roughly the same as that of welded steel pipes. 　　2. Coated steel pipe: It features excellent corrosion resistance and relatively low frictional resistance. Epoxy-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting media such as water supply and drainage water, seawater, warm water, oil, and gases. PVC-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting drainage water, seawater, oil, gases, and other similar media. As required, the inner and outer surfaces of the steel pipe can be coated, or only the outer surface can be coated. 3. ABS engineering plastic pipe: It offers better corrosion resistance, temperature tolerance, and impact resistance compared to PVC pipes. It is manufactured through injection or extrusion molding using thermoplastic acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer material, and its operating temperature range is -20~70°C. The pressure ratings are classified into levels B, C, and D. 　　4. Polypropylene pipes (PP pipes): These are made by extruding polypropylene resin and are used for fluid transport. The pressure ratings are classified into types I, II, and III. Their operating pressures at room temperature are: 0.4 MPa for type I, 0.6 MPa for type II, and 0.8 MPa for type III. 　　5. Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings: Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings are used for drainage in construction projects; under conditions where their chemical resistance and heat resistance meet the requirements of the relevant processes, these pipes can also be utilized in industrial drainage systems. (VI) Adhesives Modern adhesives can be classified according to their mode of use into polymeric types, such as epoxy resins; hot-melt types, such as nylon and polyethylene; pressure-sensitive types, such as natural rubber; and water-soluble types, such as starch. (7) New polymer materials: polymer magnetic materials, polymer separation membranes, photofunctional polymer materials, and polymer composite materials.

Applications of Commonly Used Non-Metallic Materials in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (I) Masonry Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, common masonry materials include fire-resistant clay bricks, high-alumina bricks for general use, lightweight fire-resistant bricks, fire-resistant cement, diatomaceous earth insulation materials, lightweight clay bricks, high-quality asbestos fiber, asbestos-cement boards, slag wool, vermiculite, and pumice. These materials are typically used in the construction of various types of furnaces and kilns, such as the construction of boiler walls, various types of smelting furnaces, and various types of kilns. 　　(II) Insulating Materials In mechanical and electrical engineering, there are many types of insulating materials in use, including expanded perlite, centrifugal glass wool, ultra-fine glass wool, microporous silicate shells, mineral wool, rock wool, and foam plastics. These materials are commonly used in insulation applications for various containers, pipes, as well as ventilation and air conditioning systems. 　　(III) Anti-corrosion materials and products Anti-corrosion materials can be roughly classified into polymer materials, inorganic non-metallic materials, composite materials, and coatings, etc., and are widely used in mechanical and electrical engineering. Common anti-corrosion materials include: 1. Ceramic products: fittings, valves, pipes, pump components, bearings, etc. 　　2. Paints and coatings: Zinc-rich paints without solvents and anti-rust primers are widely used in equipment and pipeline projects. For example, clear paint, cold-curing epoxy resin paint, epoxy furan resin paint, phenolic resin paint, etc. 　　3. Plastic products: polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc., used for building pipes, wire conduits, chemical-resistant components, and heat exchangers. 　　4. Rubber products: natural rubber, chlorinated rubber, neoprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, etc., used for seals, gaskets, linings, etc. 　　5. Fiberglass and its products: Composite materials made using glass fibers as reinforcing agents and synthetic resins as binders, primarily used for corrosion-resistant and pressure-resistant containers and pipes in the petrochemical industry. 　　(IV) Non-metallic air ducts 　　1. The materials used for air ducts include phenolic composite panels, polyurethane composite panels, glass fiber composite panels, inorganic glass steel panels, and rigid polyvinyl chloride panels. 　　2. Phenolic composite air ducts are suitable for low- and medium-pressure air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for high-pressure and clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, or smoke control systems. Polyurethane composite air ducts are suitable for low-, medium-, and high-pressure clean air conditioning systems as well as humid environments, but they are not suitable for acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Fiberglass composite air ducts are suitable for air conditioning systems at pressures below medium pressure, but they are not suitable for clean air conditioning systems, acidic or alkaline environments, smoke control systems, or systems with a relative humidity of over 9%. Rigid polyvinyl chloride air ducts are suitable for exhaust systems in clean rooms that involve acidic or alkaline substances. (5) Plastic and composite material water pipes 1. Polyethylene plastic pipes: Non-toxic, suitable for transporting domestic water. Low-density polyethylene water pipes (commonly known as plastic water supply pipes) are often used; the outer diameter of these pipes is roughly the same as that of welded steel pipes. 　　2. Coated steel pipe: It features excellent corrosion resistance and relatively low frictional resistance. Epoxy-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting media such as water supply and drainage water, seawater, warm water, oil, and gases. PVC-coated steel pipes are suitable for transporting drainage water, seawater, oil, gases, and other similar media. As required, the inner and outer surfaces of the steel pipe can be coated, or only the outer surface can be coated. 3. ABS engineering plastic pipe: It offers better corrosion resistance, temperature tolerance, and impact resistance compared to PVC pipes. It is manufactured through injection or extrusion molding using thermoplastic acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer material, and its operating temperature range is -20~70°C. The pressure ratings are classified into levels B, C, and D. 　　4. Polypropylene pipes (PP pipes): These are made by extruding polypropylene resin and are used for fluid transport. The pressure ratings are classified into types I, II, and III. Their operating pressures at room temperature are: 0.4 MPa for type I, 0.6 MPa for type II, and 0.8 MPa for type III. 　　5. Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings: Rigid polyvinyl chloride drainage pipes and fittings are used for drainage in construction projects; under conditions where their chemical resistance and heat resistance meet the requirements of the relevant processes, these pipes can also be utilized in industrial drainage systems. (VI) Adhesives Modern adhesives can be classified according to their mode of use into polymeric types, such as epoxy resins; hot-melt types, such as nylon and polyethylene; pressure-sensitive types, such as natural rubber; and water-soluble types, such as starch. (7) New polymer materials: polymer magnetic materials, polymer separation membranes, photofunctional polymer materials, and polymer composite materials.