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This post was last edited by latern on 2017-10-20 at 10:48. Foreign clients often mention “integrally reinforcement for openings.” Here, I would like to share with you the specific meaning and forms of such integral reinforcement. First, refer to the standards – the basics remain unchanged: ASME VIII-1 2017, English version, UG-37, which specifies that reinforcement is required for openings in shells and formed heads. Regarding the meaning of the letter F: on page 114, F is a correction factor that accounts for variations in internal pressure stresses across different planes relative to the axis of a vessel. A value of 1.00 should be used for all configurations, except that Figure UG-37 can be applied to openings that are integrally reinforced in cylindrical shells and cones. Next, consult UW-16(c)(1): P207. (1) Integral reinforcement refers to reinforcement in the form of extended or thickened necks, thickened shell plates, forging-type inserts, or weld buildup – elements that are an integral part of the shell or nozzle wall; where necessary, these elements are connected using full-penetration welds. Refer to Figures UW-16.1, sketches (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f-1), (f-2), (f-3), (f-4), (g), (x-1), (y-1), and (z-1) for examples of nozzles with integral reinforcement, for which the F factor from Figure UG-37 can be used. Finally, by referring to Figure UG-37, it is possible to see various forms of integral reinforcement. It can be understood in this way: the overall reinforced fitting does not include a reinforcement ring. PS: The term “embedded connection pipe” mentioned in Appendix D of GB150.3 is translated as “Built-in connection pipe” in the English version of GB150. In some foreign project product specifications that I have encountered, it is often translated as J Type, Q Type, or forged saddle type nozzle.