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Due to differences in mining methods and the properties of the ore being mined, the hazards associated with mining operations vary greatly. Generally, mines are classified into 4 categories based on the mining method and the properties of the ore being mined: coal mines, non-coal mines, open-pit coal mines, and non-coal open-pit mines. Work underground in coal mines is one of the most dangerous types of work; coal mines are the workplaces where construction tasks are most complex and where there are the most hazardous factors. The prevalence and severity of accidents in the mining industry vary depending on the properties and types of minerals. The incidence of fatal accidents in the coal mining industry is **higher than in other mining industries, and the injury rate in coal mining is also significantly higher than in other mining sectors. Within the same mining industry, the accident rate in underground mining is higher than that in surface open-pit mining. The rates of fatal and non-fatal accidents in underground mining are generally 1 to 2 times higher than those in surface or open-pit mining. In mining operations, the 5 most common types of hazards and risks are, in order: material handling, slips or falls of personnel, mechanical equipment, towing and transportation, and collapses and landslides. These 5 types account for 80% of all hazards and risks; the remaining 20% consist mainly of mine fires, gas or dust explosions, water-related hazards, blasting accidents, poisoning, and asphyxiation. 1) Material handling: Accidents that occur when workers move, lift, transport, load, and store materials, supplies, ore, or waste are mainly caused by unsafe working methods and poor judgment. Providing workers with enhanced safety training and education, as well as teaching them the correct techniques for lifting, loading, and moving objects, is the most effective way to prevent such work-related accidents. Transportation accidents are one of the most common types of accidents in underground mines, surface quarries, and processing plants. In mining operations, the tasks where material transportation accidents are particularly likely to occur include: underground roadway support and the removal of such support ； Supporting of working faces underground and removal of such support ； Loading and unloading operations of materials and ores ； Transportation operations for materials and ores ； Tunneling operation ； Mining operations ； Other tasks in confined spaces. 2) Slips or falls of personnel Slips or falls of personnel are also among the common accidents in the mining industry. Providing safety education for work tasks and checking the management and protective measures in the workplace are important ways to prevent such accidents from occurring. Places where slips and falls are likely to occur mainly include: the steps in open-pit mines ； Walkway in a vertical or inclined shaft ； Platform of a vertical or inclined shaft ； Pedestrian ramps in open-pit mines ； Water-accumulated mining and excavation faces ； Mining and excavation faces with a large inclination angle. 3) Mechanical injuries: Accidents that occur while operating machines, moving equipment, using mechanical transportation, or working around machinery account for the third highest number of disability-related accidents; such accidents are both common and serious. As the level of mechanization in the mining industry increases, particularly with the introduction of large and heavy machinery into mining sites, the risk of such machinery causing injuries to its operators and those around them is rising. Therefore, it is highly necessary to provide workers with thorough training on operating procedures, so that they can acquire the necessary skills and develop a safety awareness, and thus voluntarily comply with the operational guidelines. At the same time, carrying out necessary technical inspections and maintenance to ensure that any exposed rotating parts are properly protected and that all parts of the machinery are free of defects is also a necessary measure to prevent such accidents from occurring. 4) Dragging injuries can occur on various types of transportation equipment, such as belt conveyors, chain conveyors, track-mounted trucks, hoist conveyors, trucks, and other vehicles. Educating workers on safe transportation procedures, as well as conducting thorough inspections and maintenance of equipment, are essential to controlling such risks. 5) Rock mass collapse: Rock mass collapse includes ribbing and roof fall in roadways, ribbing in open-pit faces, ribbing and roof fall in mine faces, and landslides in open pits. Rock fall and roof collapse are the most serious accidents in underground mining, as well as some of the most common ones. Rockfall and landslide accidents also occur in open-pit mines and quarries. When selecting the support materials for the roofs and sidewalls of underground chambers or tunnels, it is necessary to ensure that these materials have sufficient strength and are suitable for the properties of the rock, in order to prevent rock falling and roof collapse. Safety education, technical inspections, and safe and reliable methods for supporting shafts and tunnels are all very important in reducing such accidents. 6) Gas and dust explosions: During coal mining, especially in underground coal extraction, the hazards posed by flammable and explosive coal dust and gases remain a constant concern. Once a gas or coal dust explosion occurs, it generally leads to catastrophic consequences. Therefore, it is very important to prevent gas and coal dust explosion accidents. The fundamental measures to prevent gas and coal dust explosion accidents are: preventing the concentrations of gas and coal dust in the air from reaching their explosive limits, and strictly controlling ignition sources. Places where gas accumulation is more likely to occur mainly include: the upper (lower) corners of the coal mining face underground ； Coal roadway excavation face in high gas content coal seams ； The goaf in the underground working face ； The caving zone in the working face of high-gas coal seams ； Gas accumulation area after a gas outburst ； Single-head coal roadway excavation face underground ； Other poorly ventilated underground areas ； A deep-cut open-pit coal mining face under inversion weather conditions. 7) Mine water disasters: The influx of water is a catastrophic accident in underground working areas. Strengthening water exploration and containment measures underground, as well as managing and controlling small coal mines and abandoned shafts, are the main ways to prevent such accidents. 8) Explosion accidents: Each mine should, in accordance with **regulations**, develop appropriate safety plans as well as preventive measures for carrying out blasting operations in areas prone to gas or coal dust hazards. Electrical or electrical equipment used in humid environments or those containing certain explosive gases represents a hazard, and the design of such electrical equipment and devices must comply with special safety regulations. 9) Other risk factors These include improper use of hand tools, falling objects or materials, gas welding and arc welding or cutting, burns from acidic or alkaline substances, and flying particles