The internationally commonly used standard systems for pressure pipelines

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International standard systems commonly used for pressure pipelines. International standard systems – Pressure pipelines. With China’s policy of opening up to the outside world and its membership in the WTO, various industries have increasingly become connected to the international community. To better integrate with the international standards, those involved in the design of pressure pipelines need to be familiar with the internationally accepted and advanced relevant standard systems. The following introduces several major application standard systems. 1. Standard systems used in Germany and the former Soviet Union a. Germany (DIN) ◆ Pipes: large outer diameter series ◆ Pipe flanges: European-style flanges Pressure grades: PN0.1, 0.25, 0.6, 1.0, 1.6, 2.5, 4.0, 6.4, 10.0, 16.0, 25.0, 32.0, 40.0 – 13 grades Nominal diameter: DN6 to 4000 mm Flange sealing surfaces: flat, raised surface, male-and-female surface, tenon-and-socket surface, rubber ring connection surface, lens surface, and diaphragm welding surface – 7 types ； Flange types: 9 types including flat-welded plate type, flat-welded loose-flange type, flanged loose-flange type, butt-welded flanged loose-flange type, butt-welded ring flanged loose-flange type, butt-welded type, threaded connection type, integral type, and flange cover. ◆ Common standard: DIN2410.T.1. Overview of pipe and steel pipe standards: DIN2448 – Seamless steel pipes: dimensions and mass per unit length; DIN2458 – Welded steel pipes: dimensions and mass per unit length; DIN2500 – Flanges: general specifications; DIN2501.T.1 – Flanges: connection dimensions; DIN2519 – Steel flanges: technical conditions for delivery; DIN2980 – Threaded steel pipe fittings. b. Former Soviet Union (GOST): ◆ Pipes: series with small outer diameters; the outer diameter values are the same as those in China’s JB series. ◆ Pipe flanges: European-style flanges. Pressure grades: PN 0.1, 0.25, 0.6, 1.0, 1.6, 2.5, 4.0, 6.4, 10.0, 16.0, 20.0 – 11 grades in total. Nominal diameter: DN6 to 3000 mm. Flange sealing surfaces: full flat surface, raised surface, ribbed surface, tongue-and-groove surface for PTFE use, lens surface, and elliptical ring connection surface – 7 types in total. Flange types: flat weld plate type, flat weld loose sleeve type, flanged loose sleeve type, butt weld type, threaded connection type, integral type, and flange – a total of 7 types. ※The German pipe flange standard DIN and the former Soviet Union’s pipe flange standard ГОСТ can be used together in PN≤16.0 grades, but they can no longer be interchanged (due to different socket size series). With the dissolution of the former Soviet Union, its application standard system ΓOCT is now rarely used in international engineering. 2. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard ANSI B16.5 \"Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings\" is a relatively comprehensive and mature standard; it is also an advanced standard that is widely used internationally. This standard, along with other related ANSI, API, ASTM, and MSS standards for pressure pipeline applications, was developed on the basis of extensive experimental research and has withstood decades of practical testing; as such, it represents a scientific and advanced standard that is widely accepted by various industries. ◆ Tubes: Large outer diameter series (ANSI B36.10 and ANSI B36.19). Nominal diameter range: (DN6~DN2000) mm. Wall thickness designation: 1) The wall thickness is indicated by the tube designation “Sch” ； 2) It is the wall thickness expressed in terms of the weight of the pipe. ◆ Pipe flanges: American-style flanges. Pressure ratings: CL 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, 2500 Psi – 7 grades. Nominal diameter: DN15–600 mm. Flange sealing surfaces: raised face (RF), ring joint face (MF), tongue and groove face (TG), and metal ring joint face – 4 types. Flange styles: slip-on, socket weld, butt weld, threaded connection, loose flange, and flange cover – 6 types. ◆ Common standards in the American standard system ANSI include: ANSI/ASME B36.10 – Seamless and welded steel pipes; ANSI/ASME B36.19 – Stainless steel seamless and welded steel pipes; ANSI/ASME B16.9 – Factory-made steel butt-welded fittings; ANSI/ASME B16.11 – Socket weld and threaded forged fittings; ANSI/ASME B16.28 – Steel butt-welded elbows and bends of small radius; ASME/ANSI B16.34 – Valves with flange connections, threaded connections, and welded connections; ASME/ANSI B16.5 – Pipe flanges and flanged fittings; ASME/ANSI B16.36 – Orifice plate flanges; ASME/ANSI B16.42 – Ductile iron flanges and flanged fittings; ASME/ANSI B16.47 – Large-diameter steel flanges; ASME/ANSI B16.20 – Spiral wound, wrapped gaskets for pipe flanges, and metal gaskets for ring joint connections; ASME/ANSI B16.21 – Non-metallic flat gaskets for pipe flanges; ASME/ANSI B18.2.1 – Square and hex head bolts and threads; ASME/ANSI B18.2.2 – Square and hex head nuts. API Std 605 – Large-diameter flanges and flange covers; API Std 526 – Steel pressure relief valves with flange connections; API Std 598 – Inspection and testing of valves; API Std 599 – Metal plug valves with flange connections and welded connections; API Std 600 – Steel gate valves with flange connections and butt weld connections; API Std 602 – Small steel gate valves (compact gate valves); API Std 603 – Flange valves for corrosion resistance at 150 pounds; API Std 608 – Metal ball valves with flange connections and butt weld connections; API Std 609 – Lugged and clamp-type butterfly valves; API Std 6D – Specification for pipe valves. MSS SP-44 – Welded neck flat flanges. 3. Japanese standard system (JIS) ◆ Pipes: Large outer diameter series (JIS G3454, JIS G3458, JIS G3459) are similar to those in ANSI. Nominal diameter of seamless steel pipes: (DN6–DN650) mm. Wall thickness representation: The pipe designation “Sch” indicates the wall thickness. For carbon steel and alloy steel, JIS G3454 and JIS G3458: Sch10, Sch20, Sch30, Sch40, Sch60, Sch80, Sch100, Sch120, Sch140, Sch160 – 10 grades; for stainless steel, JIS G3459: Sch5s, Sch10s, Sch20s, Sch40s, Sch80s, Sch120s, Sch160s – 7 grades. Nominal diameter of welded steel pipes: (DN350–DN2000) mm. Wall thickness representation: The wall thickness is indicated directly as a numerical value. ◆ Pipe flanges: (JIS B2201, JIS B2220, etc.) form their own standard system; they neither belong to the \"American-style flanges\" nor to the \"European-style flanges\". Nominal diameter: (DN10~DN1000) mm. Nominal pressure classes: 2K, 5K, 10K, 16K, 20K, 30K, 40K, 63K – a total of 8 classes. Flange sealing surfaces: smooth surface, large boss surface, small boss surface, ribbed surface, and tenon-and-socket surface – 5 types in total. Flange types: socket weld type, butt weld type, lap weld type, threaded connection type, loose sleeve type, and flange cover – 6 types in total. 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