What are some common catalysts and fillers? What are their shapes and properties? ?

Fertilizer manufacturing enterprises use catalysts such as transition catalysts, synthetic catalysts, and methanol catalysts. For fillers, there are plastic fillers like stepped rings and Pall ring fillers, as well as metal fillers

Common tower packing can be divided into two main categories: random packing and structured packing. a. Bulk packing: Bulk packing includes hollow ring-shaped packings, as well as saddle-shaped packings with an open surface. Common construction materials include ceramics, metals, glass, graphite, etc. The characteristics of several major bulk packing materials are as follows. (1) Lassi ring: A Lassi ring is a ring whose height is equal to its diameter; the commonly used diameters range from 25 to 75 mm (there are also sizes as small as 6 mm and as large as 150 mm, but these are less common). The wall thickness of ceramic rings is 2.5 to 9.5 mm, while that of metal rings is 0.8 to 1.6 mm. The packing is piled up chaotically inside the tower; those with a larger diameter can also be arranged in an orderly manner to reduce resistance and minimize the tendency of the liquid to flow toward the tower walls. The Lasi ring has a simple structure, but compared to other packing materials, it has a low gas flow capacity and high resistance; it is difficult for liquid to reach the interior of the ring, resulting in insufficient wetting and poor mass transfer efficiency, which is why it is used less frequently in recent years. By adding a partition at the diameter position within the inner space of the Lasi ring, a Lysin ring is formed ； Adding a spiral partition inside the ring results in a spiral ring. The partition serves to improve the packing capacity and increase the surface area. (2) Arc saddle: Also known as the Berl saddle, the arc saddle is an early-type saddle-shaped packing that resembles a horse saddle; sizes ranging from 25mm to 50mm are commonly used. The surface of the arc saddle has no inner or outer side; it is completely open, with the fluid distributed evenly on both surfaces. Another feature of it is that when stacked inside the tower, it exerts less lateral pressure on the tower walls compared to annular packing. However, because the configurations of the two surfaces are identical, the filler tends to stack up during stacking, thereby reducing the exposed surface area; it has recently been gradually replaced by rectangular saddle-shaped fillers with improved configurations. Arc saddle packing is usually made of ceramics. (3) Intalox saddle: The surfaces on either side of the Intalox saddle do not overlap, it is relatively resistant to pressure, has a simple design, and is easier to manufacture than an arc saddle; it is often made of ceramic. Among fillers made of ceramic material, this type of filler exhibits superior hydraulic and mass transfer properties. The walls of these various bulk fillers have no holes or grooves, and they are usually made of ceramic. In addition, there are those with holes or grooves in the wall, usually made of metal or plastic. The performance of the latter is much improved compared to the former, which is why it is called a \"high-efficiency\" filler. The common bulk open-cell fillers are as follows. (4) Pall ring: The structure of a Pall ring consists of one or two rows of square or rectangular holes made in the walls of a metal Lassie ring. When these holes are created, three of the four sides of each metal strip are severed, while the fourth side remains intact, causing the metal strip to bend inward in the form of a tongue; these tongues almost touch each other inside the ring. The porosity and specific surface area of the filler did not increase as a result. However, when stacked in layers, the gas and liquid flow smoothly, which facilitates their flow and helps them enter the ring. Therefore, both the gas throughput and the mass transfer coefficient for Pohl ring compared to Lassie ring are significantly improved, and the resistance is also reduced. Bauer rings can also be made of plastic. (5) Cascade miniring: The cascade miniring is an open-ended annular packing with a flared end; the ratio of its height to diameter is slightly less than 1. It contains ribs that serve to reinforce it and increase the contact area. The flared end prevents the packing from freezing together, thereby increasing the porosity and making the surface more exposed. The manufacturing materials are mostly metal or plastic. (6) Metal Intalox saddle: A rectangular saddle made of metal, with two narrow strips punched out on its back and bent into ring-shaped ribs; four small claws are then punched on these ribs and bent inward to fit within the ring. In terms of its structure, it is a combination of a saddle and a ring; it possesses the advantages of uniform liquid distribution provided by saddle-shaped packing, as well as high gas flow rate and low resistance associated with open-ring packing. Therefore, it is referred to as a toroidal saddle. b. Structured packing: Structured packing differs from bulk packing in that it has a structured, block-like form that allows it to be stacked layer by layer inside the tower. The earliest regular packing materials were grids made of arranged wooden slats; later, those made of metal strips or plastic slats were also used. Grid filler has low airflow resistance but poor mass transfer efficiency; it is now rarely used in gas-liquid mass transfer equipment, though it is still employed in cooling towers. The screen corrugated packing and plate corrugated packing, developed after the 1960s, are the most widely used structured packings at present. Their configurations and characteristics are described as follows: (1) Wire mesh corrugated filler – Metal wire mesh is cut into rectangular strips 50–100 mm wide, and corrugations are formed on them; the angle between these corrugations and the long edges is 30°, 45°, or 60°. Small holes are made in the strips to allow gas to pass through. Then, several mesh strips are arranged side by side to form a disk that is slightly smaller than the cross-section of the tower; the height of the disk is equal to the width of the strips. Many such disks are stacked inside the tower to reach the desired height. If the tower diameter is large, one disc is divided into several parts, which are then combined during installation. Within one tray, the mesh strips of the adjacent trays on the left and right also intersect at 90°. The advantages of this structure are: 1) The pieces are arranged neatly with large gaps between the peaks and valleys, resulting in low air flow resistance ； 2) The direction of the channels between the corrugations changes frequently, intensifying airflow slippage ； 3) The interlacing of mesh strips between sheets and between discs promotes continuous redistribution of the liquid ； 4) The screen has a fine mesh, allowing the liquid to form a stable film on its surface; even at a low spraying density, complete wetting is easily achieved. These characteristics result in a high throughput for this type of packing layer, and its use in large-diameter columns avoids the disadvantages of uneven liquid distribution and poor wetting of the packing surface. Disadvantages of mesh corrugated fillers: 1) High cost ； 2) High requirements are imposed on the installation process; strict accuracy is required regarding the verticality of the tower body, and the gaps between the discs and the tower walls must be sealed properly ； 3) The internal channels of the filler are narrow, prone to blockage, and difficult to clean. However, due to its high mass transfer efficiency and low resistance, it is very suitable for use in precision distillation and vacuum distillation. Initially, it was mainly used in towers with relatively small diameters; nowadays it can be applied to towers with diameters of several meters, and its scope of use is no longer limited to distillation. (2) Plate wave filler: To overcome the disadvantages of high cost and stringent installation requirements associated with mesh corrugated fillers, the mesh strips are replaced with plate strips; the configuration of the filler remains the same, and in addition to metal, plastics can also be used as the material for its construction. Although the mass transfer performance of plate wave fillers is lower than that of wire mesh corrugated fillers, they still belong to the category of high-performance fillers. The trade names for such fillers include Mellapak, Fle*pac, etc.