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1. Application of ammonium bicarbonate: When using ammonium bicarbonate as a top dressing, it should be applied at a depth of about 2 inches; after application, the soil should be covered immediately and watered promptly. Spreading it on the surface leads to unnecessary waste due to evaporation. 2. Application of urea: When urea is applied to the soil, it cannot be absorbed by crops immediately; it takes 4–6 days for it to undergo transformation before it can be absorbed by the crop roots. Therefore, urea should be applied in advance as a top dressing. Urea should also be applied deeply and covered with soil; heavy watering should not be carried out immediately after application, but watering should take place after 4–6 days so that the urea can settle deeper into the soil. 3. Application of potassium fertilizers: Currently, there are two types of potassium fertilizers available in the market of our county: potassium sulfate and potassium chloride. Potassium sulfate should be used for vegetable and fruit crops, while potassium chloride can be used for field crops. Potash fertilizer should be applied as a base fertilizer, or it can also be sprayed on the leaves during the middle and later stages of growth. 4. Application of trace element fertilizers: The main trace element fertilizers suitable for the soils in our county are zinc fertilizer, boron fertilizer, molybdenum fertilizer, and iron fertilizer. Zinc fertilizer (zinc sulfate) is mainly used as a base fertilizer for wheat, at a rate of 2–4 pounds per mu; boron fertilizer (borax) is used as a base fertilizer for cotton and peanuts, at a rate of 0.5–1 pound per mu, as well as for foliar spraying during the early flowering stage. Molybdenum fertilizer (ammonium molybdate) is applied as a base fertilizer to leguminous crops and peanuts at a rate of 0.5–1 jin per mu. Iron fertilizer (ferrous sulfate) is mainly used for fruit trees. 5. Application of foliar fertilizers: Commonly used foliar fertilizers include urea (concentration 1%–2%), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.2%–0.3%), borax (0.1%–0.3%), ammonium molybdate (0.05%–0.1%), and photosynthetic micro-fertilizers. Note: (1) The concentration must be strictly controlled. (2) Spraying should be carried out after 4 p.m. (3) The spraying should be even and thorough, especially on the underside of the upper and middle leaves. (4) If several foliar fertilizers are applied simultaneously, the total concentration should not exceed 2%. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Common knowledge on fertilizer storage: Preventing moisture absorption and deterioration – For example, ammonium bicarbonate tends to absorb moisture, leading to loss of nitrogen through volatilization ； *AO acid and AN have strong hygroscopicity, and tend to caking and deliquescing ； Calcium cyanamide and superphosphate tend to caking when exposed to moisture, which affects their effectiveness when applied. Therefore, these fertilizers should be stored in a dry and cool place; in particular, ammonium bicarbonate must be kept in tightly sealed packaging to prevent contact with air. Prevent volatilization loss: Ammonia water and ammonium bicarbonate are highly prone to volatilization loss, so they must be stored in a sealed container. Nitrogen-based fertilizers and superphosphate must not be stored together with alkaline substances such as lime and plant ash, in order to prevent the volatilization of nitrogen-based fertilizers and to avoid a reduction in the effectiveness of phosphorus fertilizers. Protection against corrosion and toxicity: Superphosphate is corrosive; avoid contact with skin and metal utensils ； Ammonia solution is highly corrosive to copper and iron; it should be stored in ceramic, plastic, or wooden containers. Furthermore, fertilizers should not be stored together with seeds, nor should seeds be packaged in fertilizer bags, to avoid affecting seed germination. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- How to Identify Genuine and Fake Fertilizers In order to crack down on fake and substandard fertilizers that harm farmers, and to effectively protect their interests, the following are some simple methods for identifying genuine and fake fertilizers: Identification from the packaging: 1. Check the labels. Fertilizer packaging bags must indicate the product name, nutrient content, grade, trademark, net weight, standard code, manufacturer’s name, address, production license number, and other relevant information. If the above markings are absent or incomplete, it may be fake or low-quality fertilizer. 2. Check the packaging seal. Special attention should be paid to fertilizers whose packaging seals show obvious signs of having been opened, as this phenomenon may indicate adulteration. Identification by smell: A liquid with a strong, pungent ammonia odor is ammonia water ； The fine particles with a strong pungent ammonia smell are ammonium bicarbonate ； The acidic fine powder is superphosphate ； Calcium cyanamide has a distinctive fishy smell. If superphosphate has a very pungent, strange sour smell, it is likely that waste sulfuric acid was used in its production; this type of fertilizer is highly toxic and can easily damage or kill crops, especially it cannot be used in rice seedling ponds. Identification by dissolution in water: Take 1 g of the fertilizer to be tested, place it in a clean glass tube (or glass cup, white porcelain bowl), add 10 ml of distilled water (or clean cooled boiled water), shake well, and observe its dissolution ； What dissolves completely is nitrogen fertilizer or potassium fertilizer ； Superphosphate is soluble in water but leaves residues ； Superphosphate is one that dissolves in water with no residue or only a very small amount of residue ； Ammonium bicarbonate is soluble in water but has a strong ammonia smell ； Lime ammonia is insoluble in water, but it produces bubbles and has an acetylene odor. Melting identification: Select a new, rust-free iron sheet, heat it until red hot, then place a small spoonful of fertilizer on the sheet and observe the melting process. Urea turns into a liquid after smoking ； Flames of purplish-red color indicate sulfuric acid ； Melts into a liquid or semi-liquid state; it is calcium nitrate ； The one that does not produce smoke is ammonium bicarbonate ； Phosphatic fertilizers, potassic fertilizers, and calcium cyanamide remain solid without melting ； Phosphorus ammonium fertilizers do not melt; they undergo gasification without producing smoke and remain solid. A simple way to determine the authenticity of fertilizers can be summarized in five words: \"look, touch, smell, burn, test with water.\" I. Look: (1) Fertilizer packaging. Fertilizers produced by legitimate manufacturers come in standard and sturdy packaging. It usually indicates the production license, applicable standards, registration license, trademark, product name, nutrient content (grade), net weight, manufacturer’s name, and manufacturing address, etc ； The packaging of fake and low-quality fertilizers is usually rough, the information on the packaging bags is unclear, the quality is poor, and they tend to break easily. (2) Particle size (or crystalline state) of the fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizers (except calcium nitrate) and potassium fertilizers are mostly crystalline ； Phosphatic fertilizers are mostly amorphous in block or powder form; for example, calcium magnesium phosphate is in powder form, while superphosphate is usually porous and in block form. High-quality compound fertilizers have a more uniform particle size and density, a smooth surface, and are less prone to absorbing moisture or caking. For example: Russian three-element compound fertilizer (16*16*16) and American diammonium phosphate. Fake and inferior fertilizers, on the other hand, have uneven particle sizes, are rough, have high moisture content, and tend to clump together. (3) The color of the fertilizer. Different fertilizers have their own distinct colors; with the exception of calcium nitrate, nitrogen fertilizers are almost all white, with some having a slight yellowish-brown or light blue hue (except those containing other components) ； Potash fertilizers are white or slightly red; for example, potassium dihydrogen phosphate is white ； Phosphorus fertilizers are usually dark gray in color; for example, superphosphate and calcium magnesium phosphate are gray, while diammonium phosphate is brown. Farmers can use this as a guide to make a rough distinction between them. II. Touch: Place the fertilizer in the palm of your hand, hold it tightly or press and rotate it, and judge the quality of the fertilizer based on the feel. Using this method, it is effective in identifying genuine American diammonium fertilizers: pick up a handful of the fertilizer and squeeze it several times; if it feels \"oily and wet,\" it is the authentic product, whereas if it remains as dry as before, it is likely to be a fake made from inverted compound fertilizers. Furthermore, phosphate fertilizers disguised as fly ash can also be simply identified by feel. III. Smell: A simple judgment can be made based on the special odor of the fertilizer. For example, ammonium bicarbonate has a strong ammonia smell ； Anhydrous sulfuric acid has a slight sour taste ； Superphosphate has an acidic taste. Fake and inferior fertilizers, on the other hand, have no distinct odor. IV. Burning: Heat or burn the fertilizer sample, and identify the fertilizer based on factors such as the color of the flame, melting behavior, smell of the smoke, and remaining residues. (1) The nitrogen fertilizer ammonium bicarbonate decomposes directly, producing a large amount of white smoke and a strong ammonia odor, with no residues left ； Ammonium chloride, when directly decomposed or sublimated, produces large amounts of white smoke; it has a strong ammonia odor and acidic smell, with no residues remaining ； Urea melts rapidly, emits white smoke; it can burn when placed in charcoal fire, and when a glass slide is brought into contact with the white smoke, a layer of white crystals will be visible on the glass slide ； *AO acid: it does not burn, but melts and appears to be boiling, emitting smoke with an ammonia smell. (2) Phosphatic fertilizers such as superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate, and phosphorus rock powder show no changes on red charcoal ； The bone powder quickly turned black and emitted a burnt smell. (3) Potassium fertilizers such as potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, and potassium magnesium sulfate show no change on red charcoal and produce a crackling sound. (4) Compound fertilizers: The combustion of compound fertilizers is closely related to their constituent ingredients; when ammonia nitrogen or amide nitrogen is present in these ingredients, a strong ammonia smell is emitted along with a large amount of residue. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tips for storing common fertilizers Prevent moisture absorption and deterioration: For example, ammonium bicarbonate tends to absorb moisture, leading to loss of nitrogen through volatilization ； *AO acid and AN have strong hygroscopicity, and tend to caking and deliquescing ； Calcium cyanamide and superphosphate tend to caking when exposed to moisture, which affects their effectiveness when applied. Therefore, these fertilizers should be stored in a dry and cool place; in particular, ammonium bicarbonate must be kept in tightly sealed packaging to prevent contact with air. Prevent volatilization loss: Ammonia water and ammonium bicarbonate are highly prone to volatilization loss, so they must be stored in a sealed container. Nitrogen-based fertilizers and superphosphate must not be stored together with alkaline substances such as lime and plant ash, in order to prevent the volatilization of nitrogen-based fertilizers and to avoid a reduction in the effectiveness of phosphorus fertilizers. Protection against corrosion and toxicity: Superphosphate is corrosive; avoid contact with skin and metal utensils ； Ammonia solution is highly corrosive to copper and iron; it should be stored in ceramic, plastic, or wooden containers. Furthermore, fertilizers should not be stored together with seeds, nor should seeds be packaged in fertilizer bags, to avoid affecting seed germination. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fertilizer application techniques: Chemical fertilizers, also known as inorganic fertilizers, are fertilizers that are synthesized through chemical methods or produced by processing mined ores. Compared with organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers have advantages such as higher nutrient content, faster fertilizer efficiency, and easier storage, transportation, and application. However, the long-term and excessive use of a single type of fertilizer can also damage soil structure, degrade soil quality, and even pollute the environment as well as harm the health of humans and animals. Therefore, in an era that emphasizes environmental protection and pollution reduction, the rational use of fertilizers is particularly important. I. Classification 1. Single-element fertilizers Single-element fertilizers refer to chemical fertilizers that contain only one of the nutrient elements: nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium. Based on their different nutrient contents, they include nitrogen fertilizers, phosphorus fertilizers, and potassium fertilizers. 2. Compound fertilizers: Compound fertilizers refer to chemical fertilizers that contain all three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, or any two of these elements. Based on the different components they contain, compound fertilizers can be divided into binary compound fertilizers and ternary compound fertilizers. Based on different manufacturing methods, compound fertilizers can be divided into chemically synthesized compound fertilizers and mixed compound fertilizers. Chemically synthesized fertilizers are those produced through complex chemical reactions following specific manufacturing processes; these types of compound fertilizers are basically binary compounds, such as ammonium phosphate and potassium nitrate. Mixed compound fertilizers refer to compound fertilizers that are produced by mechanically crushing and mixing several individual fertilizers or individual fertilizers with chemically synthesized compound fertilizers, followed by re-grinding. Its main feature is the ability to prepare binary or ternary fertilizers in different proportions as needed, to meet the requirements of various soils and crops, with a relatively even distribution of nutrients within the fertilizer. 3. Trace element fertilizers Trace element fertilizers, commonly referred to as micronutrient fertilizers, are chemical products that have been produced through industrial processing. They consist of those trace nutrients that are biologically significant and essential for the normal growth and development of plants; such nutrients have been identified through extensive scientific testing and research, and they are used as fertilizers in agricultural production. There are many types of trace element fertilizers, each with different properties and characteristics. Based on the different nutritional elements they contain, they are classified into zinc fertilizers, boron fertilizers, manganese fertilizers, iron fertilizers, copper fertilizers, molybdenum fertilizers, and so on ； Classified by nutrient composition: there are elemental micronutrient fertilizers, compound micronutrient fertilizers, and mixed micronutrient fertilizers ； Classified by compound type, there are water-soluble inorganic salts, insoluble inorganic salts, and chelated fertilizers. II. Fertilization methods A proper fertilization method is an important aspect in improving fertilizer efficiency. Complete fertilization should include three aspects: the timing of fertilization, the location of application, and the method of application. 1. Fertilization timing: The optimal time for applying chemical fertilizers should generally be determined by the needs of the crops, that is, to ensure a continuous and effective supply of nutrients during the period when the crops need them, while also minimizing the loss of available nutrients from the soil. 2. Application location The location where fertilizers are applied is also important for maximizing their effectiveness, especially for fertilizers with poor mobility in the soil, such as phosphorus fertilizers. The appropriate application site for fertilizers must be determined based on the characteristics of the crop’s roots, the properties of the fertilizer itself, and climatic conditions. For common seed-cropped or field crops, fertilizers are usually applied 4–5 centimeters to either side of the seeds or below them; for example, ammonia should be applied 10 centimeters below the seeds ； In small quantities, solid fertilizers, especially phosphatic fertilizers, can be applied right next to the seeds or mixed with them before sowing. During topdressing, the fertilizer must be applied to the root zone where the most root growth occurs. 3. Application methods: (1) Base fertilizer Base fertilizer refers to the fertilizer applied to the soil before sowing or transplanting, with the purpose of providing the nutrients required by the crops throughout their growth period. It has the effect of improving soil properties and enhancing the soil’s fertility. Insoluble phosphatic fertilizers with low mobility are suitable as base fertilizers. (2) Seed fertilizer Seed fertilizer refers to the fertilizer applied at the time of sowing or transplanting, with the aim of enabling seedlings to absorb nutrients as soon as they start growing. Fertilizers used as seed fertilizers should be quick-acting fertilizers that are easily absorbed by seedlings. (3) Topdressing Topdressing refers to the application of additional fertilizer during the crop’s growth period, based on the crop’s nutrient needs, to compensate for any deficiency resulting from insufficient base fertilizer. Topdressing mostly uses quick-acting fertilizers, primarily chemical nitrogen fertilizers or manure and animal waste. There are various ways of applying topdressing; for example, spreading it involves distributing the fertilizer evenly across the field, which is suitable for crops with shallow roots, such as rice, for topdressing. Broadcasting is an effective method for densely planted crops that require large amounts of fertilizer. Its advantage is simplicity, with a relatively even distribution of nutrients ； The disadvantage is high fertilizer demand and relatively low fertilizer utilization efficiency. Application: Used for row-cultivated crops; it is applied in rows near the soil surface of the crops. This method results in a more concentrated application of fertilizer, leading to higher efficiency, but it requires more labor. Trench application: Also used for crops planted in rows; it involves applying the material in shallow trenches near the crops, followed by covering it with soil. Row application and hole application: This involves applying fertilizer in the grooves or holes made for sowing, or in those made for transplanting. The fertilizer can be placed beneath the seeds, or on one or both sides of them. It is commonly used for perennial crops, large fruit trees, forest trees, etc. This method of fertilization results in concentrated application with minimal loss, but it provides less contact with the roots and requires more labor. Application by sprinkler or drip irrigation: Fertilizer can be added to the irrigation water when the crops need it, which makes it easier to apply the required amount of fertilizer; of course, the fertilizer must be soluble. This method is currently widely used in plastic greenhouses. (4) Foliar fertilization method (spraying on leaves): Plants can absorb essential nutrient elements not only through their roots, but also from other sources such as the leaves, where some soluble nutrients are available. Therefore, the nutrients required by plants can be supplied to the leaf surface through spraying, a method known as extracellular fertilization or foliar spraying. During the middle and later stages of crop growth, when the roots are unable to absorb sufficient nutrients, extracorporal fertilization can be used to supply the nutrients needed by the crops. Fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements can all be used for foliar topdressing. IV. To achieve proper fertilization and ensure an effective combination of the types and quantities of chemical and organic fertilizers, it is necessary to have knowledge regarding the use of fertilizers. Below, we provide an introduction to fertilizers that should not be used together, in the hope that it will be helpful to you. 1. Urea cannot be mixed with plant ash, calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer, or kiln ash potash fertilizer. 2. Ammonium carbonate cannot be mixed with plant ash, human manure, phosphoric acid fertilizer, ammonium phosphate, potassium chloride, phosphate rock powder, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, ammonium chloride, and urea. 3. Superphosphate should not be mixed with plant ash, magnesium phosphate fertilizer, or potash ash fertilizer. 4. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate should not be mixed with plant ash, magnesium phosphate fertilizer, or potassium ash fertilizer. 5. Sulfuric acid an cannot be mixed with ammonium carbonate, ammonia water, plant ash, or potash fertilizer derived from kiln ash. 6. Ammonium chloride should not be mixed with plant ash, calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer, or kiln ash potash fertilizer. 7. *Ao acid an cannot be mixed with plant ash, ammonia water, potash fertilizer from kiln ash, fresh manure, or compost. 8. Ammonia water should not be mixed with human manure and urine, plant ash, potassium-nitrogen compound fertilizers, ammonium phosphate, potassium chloride, phosphate rock powder, calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizers, ammonium chloride, urea, ammonium carbonate, and superphosphate. 9. Phosphoric acid fertilizer should not be mixed with compost, grass fertilizer, manure, or plant ash. 10. Phosphorus rock powder should not be mixed with ammonium phosphate. 11. Human and animal manure and urine should not be mixed with plant ash, kiln ash, or potassium fertilizer. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- How to identify low-quality fertilizers According to surveys of the agricultural supplies market, during spring and summer each year, the fertilizers purchased by farmers account for 60%-70% of the total amount of fertilizer used throughout the year. In terms of the quality of the fertilizers purchased, most products meet the standards, but there are also some of inferior quality as well as fake and substandard products. When purchasing large quantities of fertilizer, in order to avoid being deceived, farmers can use some simple methods to identify questionable fertilizers. 1. Visual impression: Generally, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are white crystals; some imported potassium chloride is red in color. Phosphatic fertilizers are generally in powder form; superphosphate is the type that appears as a white powder or irregular granules, has an acidic taste, and is slightly hygroscopic. Grey-brown powder that is non-hygroscopic is phosphate rock powder. The dark green powder that emits a glassy glow in sunlight is calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer. Diammonium phosphate is white or pale yellow granular in appearance. 2. Odor identification: The liquid with a strong, pungent odor is ammonia, while the fine granules with a pungent and irritating smell are ammonium bicarbonate. The fine, powdery substance with an acidic taste is superphosphate. Ammonium chloride and *ao acid an emit an ammonia smell when rubbed between the fingers. Urea emits an ammonia smell when roasted over fire. 3. Solubility test: Take a glass and add 0.5–1.0 gram of fertilizer; after shaking or stirring with a wooden stick, observe the result. Generally, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers dissolve in water. Among phosphate fertilizers, except for ammonium phosphate and superphosphate, they are generally insoluble in water. 4. Identification by heating: Take a small amount of fertilizer and place it on a red-hot iron sheet to heat it; those that do not dissolve are phosphate fertilizers, potassium fertilizers, and calcium nitrate, while potassium sulfate can produce a purplish-red flame ； Those that can dissolve are urea, sulfuric acid AN, and *AO acid AN; among them, urea turns into water after emitting smoke, while *AO acid AN produces sparks after emitting smoke ； Ammonium chloride and ammonium bicarbonate are those that volatilize directly without dissolving. When purchasing chemical fertilizers, farmers should first check whether the products come from legitimate manufacturers ； Second, one needs to check the production and business licenses for the product ； Third, check whether the packaging is intact and whether there are any signs of tampering with the seal. When quality issues are detected, in addition to returning the product, it is also necessary to report them promptly to the industry and commerce as well as technical supervision authorities. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Basic knowledge about chemical fertilizers: Identifying shape and color. After opening the packaging of a chemical fertilizer, the first thing to check is its appearance – its color and form (granular or powdered), the size of the particles, their hardness, whether they are uniform, and whether there are any lumps. For example, urea comes in small and large particles, while potassium fertilizers are available in powdered and granular forms. For compound fertilizers, the key factors are the hardness of the particles and whether they are uniform in size. Except for calcium nitrate, which is slightly brownish in color, all nitrogen fertilizers are white crystals. Potassium fertilizers are also white crystals, but those from Canada and Russia are reddish-brown. Phosphatic fertilizers are generally in powder form (though they can also be granular), and are usually white or gray in color. Details are as follows: 1. Urea: It is white or pale yellow, appearing as granular, needle-shaped, or prismatic crystals. 2. Anhydrous sulfuric acid: It is a white crystal. 3. Ammonium bicarbonate: It appears as a white or other colored powder or granular crystals; some manufacturers produce large, flat-spherical particles of ammonium bicarbonate. 4. Ammonium chloride: It is a white or pale yellow crystal. 5. *Ao acid an: It appears as white powdery crystals or white, pale yellow spherical particles. 6. Ammonia water: It is a colorless or dark-colored liquid. 7. Calcium cyanamide: appears as a gray-black powder. 8. Superphosphate: It is a grayish-white or light-colored powder. 9. Double superphosphate: It appears as dark gray or grayish-white granules or powder. 10. Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer: It is a gray-brown or dark green powder. 11. Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer: It is a gray-brown or dark green powder. 12. Phosphorus ore powder: a fine gray, brown, or yellow powder. 13. Phosphoric acid fertilizer: It is grayish-white in color and appears as granules. 14. Potassium sulfate; it is a white crystal or powder. 15. Potassium chloride: white or light red particles. 16. Monoammonium phosphate: It appears as grayish-white or dark gray particles. 17. Diammonium phosphate: It appears as white or pale yellow particles. Odor identification method: A liquid with a strong, pungent ammonia smell is ammonia water; particles with a distinct ammonia-like odor are ammonium bicarbonate; a fine powder with an acidic smell is superphosphate. If superphosphate has a very pungent acidic smell, it is likely that waste sulfuric acid was used in the production process. This type of fertilizer is highly toxic and can easily damage or kill crops; it must not be used in rice seedling ponds. Dissolution in water test: Take 1 g of the fertilizer to be tested, place it in a clean glass tube (or glass cup, white porcelain bowl), add 10 ml of distilled water (or clean boiled water), and shake well to observe its dissolution behavior. Fertilizers that dissolve completely are nitrogen or potassium fertilizers; those that dissolve in water but leave residues are superphosphate and have an acidic smell; those that dissolve in water with little or no residue are double superphosphate; those that dissolve in water with a strong ammonia smell are ammonium bicarbonate; those that do not dissolve in water but produce bubbles along with an acetylene-like odor are lime ammonia. Melting identification method: Select a new, rust-free iron sheet, heat it until red hot, then place a small spoonful of fertilizer on the sheet and observe the melting process. Urea turns into a liquid after emitting smoke; sulfuric acid an produces a purplish-red flame; calcium nitrate melts to become a liquid or semi-liquid; ammonium bicarbonate does not emit smoke; phosphate fertilizers, potash fertilizers, and calcium cyanamide remain solid without melting; phosphoric ammonium fertilizers remain solid without melting, with vaporization occurring but no smoke being emitted. Preventing fertilizer degradation 1. Protecting against moisture and water – Deliquescence, caking, and loss of nutrients due to the absorption of moisture by fertilizers are common problems during storage. To prevent losses caused by fertilizer absorbing moisture, first, it is necessary to keep the fertilizer bags properly sealed. The vehicles used for transporting fertilizer should have a smooth surface free of nails or other protrusions, and protective coverings against rain and sunlight should be available. Second, the storage area must be well-ventilated, leak-free, with a dry floor; it is advisable to lay a layer of moisture-resistant linoleum and wooden planks on the floor. 2. Anti-corrosion and anti-toxic fertilizers are composed of various acids, bases, and salts: some are toxic in themselves, such as calcium cyanamide; some release free acids during storage, causing the air in the storage area to become acidic, such as ordinary calcium carbonate; some release ammonia when they absorb moisture, resulting in an alkaline environment in the space, such as ammonium carbonate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, and compound fertilizers containing ammonium nitrogen; some produce harmful gases such as nitrogen dioxide and nitrous oxide when heated locally, such as nitrates like calcium nitrate and phosphate nitrates. If seeds, meal, or pesticides are stored in the warehouse together, the seeds will lose their germination rate, the grains will deteriorate, and pesticides, especially those in powder form, are more prone to decomposition and loss of effectiveness. Other items that are sensitive to corrosion should also not be stored in the same warehouse as fertilizers. Warehouse staff are required to wear masks and gloves; the warehouse should be well-ventilated, with a temperature below 30°C and a relative humidity below 70%. When both the temperature and humidity inside the warehouse are higher than those outside, the doors and windows can be opened during the early morning or late evening on sunny days to allow for natural ventilation; in summer, this can be done after nightfall when the temperature is lower. 3. Fire and explosion prevention: Acids such as *ao acid and an, as well as potassium nitrate (commonly known as gunpowder), are raw materials used in the manufacture of **. They can generate heat, catch fire on their own, or explode when exposed to sunlight, impact, or high temperatures. Such fertilizers should not be stored in contact with flammable materials. When storing chemical fertilizers, do not stack them too high; it is advisable to keep the stack height at no more than 1.5 meters. Fire and smoking are strictly prohibited in the warehouse, and fire-fighting equipment must be installed to ensure safety. Fertilizers unsuitable for vegetables *Amino acids and other nitrate-based nitrogen fertilizers are generally not suitable for use on vegetables. When nitrate-ammonium fertilizers are applied to vegetable fields, they cause the nitrate content in vegetables to increase significantly. Nitrate can be easily reduced to nitrite in the human body, and nitrite is a highly toxic substance that poses serious risks to human health. Chlorinated fertilizers such as ammonium chloride and potassium chloride should not be used on tomatoes and potatoes. After these chlorinated fertilizers decompose in the soil, the ammonium or potassium ions are either adsorbed by the soil or absorbed by the vegetables. When their concentration reaches a certain level, they can be toxic to the vegetable roots, and in severe cases, they can even cause the death of the plants. Leafy vegetables should not have nitrogen fertilizers applied to their leaves. When nitrogen fertilizers are sprayed on the leaves of such vegetables, their ammonium ions convert into acid ions upon contact with air, which are then absorbed by the leaves. Moreover, since leafy vegetables have a short growth period, it is easy for nitrates to accumulate within the leaves. Therefore, it is advisable not to spray ammonia fertilizers on the leaves of leafy vegetables. Applying micronutrient fertilizers to vegetables can promote high-quality and high-yield growth, but vegetables require very small amounts of these trace elements. Excessive application not only leads to waste but also can be toxic to the crops and pollute the environment. The amount of ferrous sulfate used per mu should not exceed 3.25 kilograms. The monthly application rate per mu for manganese sulfate and manganese chloride should not exceed 2.05 kilograms. The amount of copper sulfate used per mu should not exceed 2 kilograms. The application rate of borax and boric acid per mu should not exceed 1.25 kilograms.