Standard elliptical head
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Which loading condition is better when subjected to the same magnitude of internal and external pressures?
Of course, it’s the internal pressure. In pressure vessels, the thickness of the end cap is usually slightly greater than that of the vessel walls.
As mentioned above, the thickness of the head is generally greater than that of the cylinder, but this depends on the specific circumstances. When considering the amount of thinning due to stamping, if it is 100% RT, the head usually needs to be thicker than the cylinder
Internal pressure generates tensile stress in the large arc sections and compressive stress in the small arc sections, while the opposite is true for external pressure. For end caps, there is no such thing as good or bad.