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1 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) 1.1 Basic situation of CDM In recent years, global warming caused by greenhouse gases such as CO2 has become the first of the world's top ten environmental problems. In order to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and slow down the trend of global climate warming, countries around the world have made many efforts and adopted the historic "Kyoto Protocol" at the third Conference of the Parties (COP3) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change held in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997. "Kyoto Protocol" for developed countries * * While clearly stipulating the specific emission reduction targets and completion deadlines for greenhouse gases, it also introduced three flexible mechanisms (often called the Kyoto mechanism), one of which is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). CDM is stipulated in the Kyoto Protocol * * A compliance mechanism to realize partial emission reduction commitments overseas. In short, it is to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions and slow down the greenhouse effect. * * Greenhouse gas emission reduction credits achieved are sold to developed countries * * , in order to achieve the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions on a global scale. The clean development mechanism has two main purposes: On the one hand, it assists the developing * * Parties achieve sustainable development and contribute to the ultimate goals of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ； On the other hand, assisting Annex I * * (41 industrialized countries including the EU * * ) to achieve its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments set out in the Protocol. The clean development mechanism allows developed * * By providing funds and technology, in the development of * * Carry out greenhouse gas emission reduction projects and obtain "Certified Emission Reductions (CERs)" accordingly, developed countries * * The emission reductions obtained can be used to offset part of the country's emission reduction obligations to fulfill its commitments under Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol (reduced to 5.2% below 1990 levels during the commitment period from 2008 to 2012). During the first commitment period, developing * * It does not assume any emission reduction obligations. The Kyoto Protocol for developed countries * * Parties have specified emission reduction quotas for the first commitment period (see Table 1-1). According to Table 1-1, it can be seen that at present and even for a long period of time in the future, developed countries such as the United States and Japan * * CO2 emissions are showing a rising trend. Therefore, it is a very arduous task to complete the emission reduction targets stipulated in the protocol before 2012. Furthermore, in these developed * * The cost of achieving emission reduction credits is also very high. Therefore, for developed * * For enterprises, through the development of * * Providing technology and funds to obtain CERs can both * * It can reduce the economic cost of fulfilling its emission reduction obligations and obtain economic benefits in the relevant market. At the same time, for the developing * * For example, participating in clean development mechanism project cooperation can obtain additional funds and advanced environmentally friendly technologies, thereby promoting the sustainable development of the country. Therefore, the Clean Development Mechanism is a * * and developing * * "win-win" mechanism. Clean development mechanism cooperation can also reduce the overall cost of global greenhouse gas emission reductions. 1.2 Development of CDM Projects Since the Kyoto Protocol was signed at the third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP3 for short), issues such as the baseline and methodology of the clean development mechanism under the protocol have been developed and improved from the subsequent COP4 to the latest COP12. In order to realize the clean development mechanism, greenhouse gas emission reduction purchasing agencies have been established around the world. There are currently more than 47 similar agencies. Most of them operate through funds, including * * Funds also include private funds. The World Bank's Prototype Carbon Fund PCF (Prototype Carbon Fund) is the world's first fund operating for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Subsequently, the World Bank and other institutions successively established more funds for the purchase of greenhouse gas emission reductions, collectively known as carbon funds. Table 1 lists the current situation of international carbon funds (related to energy projects). In the past two years since the Kyoto Protocol came into effect, clean development mechanism project activities both internationally and in China have achieved rapid development. According to statistics from the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the global carbon trading market is growing rapidly. In 2006, the transaction volume reached between 25 billion and 30 billion US dollars, and it is expected to increase to 40 billion US dollars per year in two years. According to the "Nihon Keizai Shimbun" report, the total amount of world carbon dioxide emissions trading in 2006 reached 28 billion US dollars, 2.5 times that of 2005, and the carbon dioxide traded reached 1.3 billion tons. Trading volume at the European Climate Exchange in Amsterdam more than quadrupled in 2006 from the previous year, reaching 450 million tonnes. As of the end of January 2007, nearly 500 projects had been registered around the world, and the emission reductions by 2012 are expected to reach 750 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. China * * Nearly 300 projects have been approved, of which 37 have been registered. 2 China’s Energy Issues and Greenhouse Gas Emissions China’s tremendous economic achievements over the past 20 years are obvious to all.: It feeds a population of 1.3 billion, becomes an important trading country in the world, and maintains the fastest economic growth rate in the world. But there is an unavoidable reality that while we are experiencing rapid economic growth, energy consumption is increasing and environmental pollution is also accelerating. * * Data released by the Development and Reform Commission not long ago show that my country's total energy consumption ranks second in the world, accounting for approximately 11% of the world's total energy consumption. my country's per capita coal, oil and natural gas resources are only 60%, 10% and 5% of the world average. However, my country's output efficiency per ton of standard coal is only equivalent to 10.3% of Japan's and 16.8% of the EU's. Generally speaking, China has not yet emerged from the economic growth model that is characterized by high growth, high consumption, high pollution, extensive expansion and external expansion. According to the "2030 International Energy Strategy Report" of Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, China's dependence on foreign oil demand will increase from 34% in 2000 to 62% in 2020 due to continued rapid economic growth. From the perspective of energy consumption per unit product, in 2000, the energy consumption per unit of major products in my country's eight industries of electricity, steel, nonferrous metals, petrochemicals, building materials, chemicals, light industry, and textiles was on average 40% higher than the international advanced level. The current energy consumption level per 10,000 yuan of GDP has reached the level of developed countries. * * 3 to 11 times. “The extensive economic growth model of "high consumption, low efficiency and high emissions" has become the root cause of China's environmental resource bottleneck constraints. At present, my country's annual energy consumption accounts for one-tenth of the world's total consumption. However, my country's energy industry is basically an industrial system dominated by coal and with complementary energy sources. About 68% of primary energy production and consumption is coal (see Figure 2). In 2003, my country's raw coal consumption accounted for 31% of the world's total, and this pattern will not change in the next few decades. At the same time, due to the needs of China's future social and economic development, China will further develop its coal industry in the next 20 years. Due to the growth of fossil energy consumption, mainly coal, China's greenhouse gas and CO2 emissions will increase significantly in the next 10 years. ； In the following 20 years, greenhouse gas and CO2 emissions also stabilized due to the slowdown in coal consumption and the reduction in the use of other fossil energy. In 2030, it will be equivalent to the current emission levels of the United States. Table 3 shows a prediction made by Professor Zhu Bin at Carnes Mellon University in the United States in 1992, which calculated my country's greenhouse gas and CO2 emissions in the next 30 years. Table 3 China’s future greenhouse gas and CO2 emissions forecast years Coal consumption ① (Mtce) Coal consumption ① (Mtce) CO2 emissions ③ (Mtce) Greenhouse gases ④ (Mtce) 2000964.47819.80533.69889.4920101234.581049.39683.161138.59202 01432.781217.87792.831321.3920301662.831413.41920.131533.55 Source: Zhu Bin, Global climate change and China's energy development, Dialectics of Nature Letters, No. 5, 1993. ①Assume that the annual growth rate of coal consumption is 2.5% from 2000 to 2010 and 1.5% from 2010 to 2030. ②Suppose the annual coal combustion is 85% of the consumption. ③When calculating CO2 emissions from coal combustion, the CO2 emission coefficient refers to the value selected by Xu Huaqing of the Institute of Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, which is 0.651tc/tce. ④The CO2 emitted by coal combustion accounts for 60% of total greenhouse gas emissions. According to statistics from the World Energy Council, my country's carbon dioxide emissions rank second in the world after the United States, accounting for 13.5% of total global emissions. From 1990 to 2001, my country's carbon dioxide emissions had a net increase of 823 million tons, accounting for 27% of the world's increase over the same period. ； It is expected that by 2020, emissions will increase by 1.32 times compared with 2000. This increase is larger than the total increase in emissions in the world from 1990 to 2001. It is predicted that by around 2025, my country's total carbon dioxide emissions are likely to surpass the United States and rank first in the world. ； From a per capita perspective, my country's per capita carbon dioxide emissions are currently lower than the world average and may reach the world average by 2025, although they are still lower than developed countries. * * per capita carbon dioxide emissions, but has lost the advantage of low per capita carbon dioxide emissions. Emissions of greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide also rank among the highest in the world. With the rapid development of China's economy, the emissions of the above greenhouse gases will inevitably increase to a certain extent. As the 37th signatory, China has pledged to control its carbon dioxide emissions at 1.3 billion tons to 2 billion tons by 2020, with China's per capita carbon emissions level at 0.9 tons to 1.3 tons. However, it is very difficult to achieve this goal with China's current economic growth model. 3 Prospects for new energy development under CDM As the world’s largest developing * * ,China * * Actively responding to the international community's call for sustainable development, it has been conscientiously implementing the Framework Convention on Climate Change, actively promoting the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol, and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in August 2002. Our country has also established * * National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, * * State Environmental Protection Administration, China Meteorological Administration, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and * * The Forestry Bureau and other 16 relevant ministries and commissions“ * * Climate Change Countermeasures Coordination Group", responsible for deliberating and coordinating * * Major CDM policies, and promulgated and implemented the "Clean Development Mechanism Project Operation and Management Measures" to provide policy support for CDM and stipulate the priority areas, licensing conditions, management and implementation institutions, implementation procedures and other related arrangements for CDM implementation. As my country's energy consumption is large and its utilization efficiency lags behind the international advanced level by about 10%, there is huge potential for energy conservation and emission reduction. As a "win-win" mechanism, the CDM project provides a good opportunity for China to embark on the path of sustainable development. CDM projects in my country include energy, chemical industry, construction, manufacturing, transportation, waste disposal, forestry and reforestation, agriculture and other fields. As of November 30, 2006, my country has approved 208 CDM projects, of which 32 have been registered by international agencies, which can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than 600 million tons. Any technology that is beneficial to greenhouse gas emission reduction or greenhouse gas recovery can be used as a technology for CDM projects. The "Clean Development Mechanism Project Operation and Management Measures" stipulates that "the key areas for China's CDM projects are to improve energy efficiency, develop and utilize new and renewable energy (including wind energy, solar energy, small hydropower, geothermal energy, biomass energy, ocean energy and hydrogen energy, etc.), and recycle methane and coalbed methane." my country has abundant new energy and renewable energy resources. According to statistics, areas with total annual solar radiation greater than 5.02 million kilojoules/square meter and annual sunshine hours of more than 2,200 hours account for more than 2/3 of my country's land area, and have good development conditions and application value. The theoretical reserves of wind energy resources are 3.226 billion kilowatts, while the developable wind energy resource reserves are 253 million kilowatts. The storage conditions of geothermal resources are also good, with prospective reserves equivalent to more than 200 billion tons of standard coal. More than 40 geothermal fields that have been explored have heat reserves that can be directly utilized at medium and low temperatures equivalent to 3.16 billion tons of standard coal. Biomass energy resources are also very abundant. Crop straw production is about 700 million tons per year, and the amount of resources that can be used as energy is about 280 to 350 million tons. ； The annual reasonable mining volume of fuelwood is about 158 million tons, and the current actual usage has reached 182 million tons, exceeding about 15%. There are excessive logging and other unreasonable use phenomena. ； In addition, there are a large amount of livestock manure and industrial organic wastewater resources that can be used to produce biogas. The livestock and poultry manure produced by intensive breeding nationwide is about 403.36 million tons, of which the total dry matter is 37.155 million tons. The total industrial organic wastewater discharge is about 22.25 billion tons (excluding township industries). New and renewable energy also include solid waste that can be used as energy, tidal energy, wave energy, tidal energy, temperature difference energy, etc., which also have great development potential. According to the plan, by 2015, China's annual development of new and renewable energy will reach 43 million tons of standard coal, accounting for 2% of total energy consumption. The development and utilization of new and renewable energy can gradually improve my country's coal-dominated energy structure, promote more reasonable and effective use of conventional energy resources, alleviate energy-related environmental pollution problems, coordinate the development of my country's energy, economy and environment, and achieve sustainable development goals. It is estimated that by 2015, the use of new and renewable energy will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than 30 million tons of carbon dioxide and more than 2 million tons of sulfur dioxide and other pollutants. CDM is developed * * and developing * * It provides a business opportunity so that greenhouse gas emission reductions can be traded internationally as commodities. Developing countries * * Partial financial assistance and advanced technology can be obtained through CDM projects. According to the current international market conditions, the market transaction price of CERs per ton is between 5 and 25 US dollars, so the emission reduction transaction volume that can be generated by my country's new energy and renewable energy industry will be very considerable. At present, our country * * Approved purchasers of CDM projects include the United Kingdom, Spain, Austria, Japan, the World Bank, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, Canada, Luxembourg, etc. Some new energy companies in my country have passed CDM projects and these * * Cooperation has already tasted the sweetness. Take the Huitengxile Wind Power Project in Inner Mongolia as an example. The total investment of the project is 17.377 million yuan. The recording period is ten years from 2004 to 2013. The annual CO2 emission reduction is 50,000 tons, which will be sold to the Netherlands. * * . Its ten-year purchase price is 5.4 euros/ton, with a total recoverable capital of 2.7 million euros. For a 100-megawatt wind power project in Gansu, 400,000 tons of CERs are calculated at US$5 per ton, which is 16 million yuan. By selling only one indicator, you can get this huge sum of money, which surprises the company. Our country has abundant new and renewable energy resources and a huge potential market, and its development speed is relatively rapid. However, to achieve industrial development, there are currently major obstacles in technology, capital, market, mechanism and other aspects. The CDM mechanism has undoubtedly introduced developed countries into our country. * * Funding and technology provide an opportunity. related * * Departments, enterprises and research and consulting institutions should make good use of this opportunity to maximize the coordination and sustainable development of our country's economy, society and environment. In the process, the new energy industry will also gain substantial benefits and great development.