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1 Piping consists of piping components and piping supports; it is an assembly of pipes, fittings, flanges, bolted connections, gaskets, valves, and other components or pressure-bearing parts used to convey, distribute, mix, separate, discharge, measure, control, or stop the flow of fluids. 2 Piping components: Elements used to connect or assemble pipes. It includes pipes, pipe fittings, flanges, gaskets, fasteners, valves, as well as expansion joints, flexible joints, pressure-resistant hoses, steam traps, filters, and separators. 3 Pipe supporting elements: A general term for pipe mounting components and attachments. 4 Fixtures: Components that transfer the load from pipes or pipe fittings to the supporting structure or equipment. It includes suspension rods, spring hangers, tie rods, counterweights, tension bolts, support rods, chains, guide rails, anchorages, saddles, shims, rollers, brackets, and sliding supports, etc. 5 Structural attachments: These are components that are attached to pipes using methods such as welding, bolted connections, or clamping. They include pipe hangers, lifting/lagging ears, rings, clamps, lifting clips, securing plates, and skirt-type pipe supports. 6 Lethal fluids: Substances that, even if only a very small amount of them leaks into the environment and is inhaled by people or comes into contact with their bodies, can cause severe and incurable damage to the human body, despite prompt treatment. These are toxins that correspond to the Grade I hazard level specified in the current **standard ‘Classification of Hazards from Occupational Exposure to Toxic Substances’**. 7 Toxic fluids, such as *c fluids, leak into the environment. If inhaled or comes into contact with the human body, timely treatment will prevent it from causing irreversible harm to the body. These are toxins that correspond to a hazard level of Grade II or lower as defined in the current **standard ‘Classification of Hazards from Occupational Exposure to Toxic Substances’**. 8 Flammable fluid: A gas or liquid that can be ignited and burn continuously under production conditions. 9 Fluid transportation piping refers to the pipes designed to transport various fluids, as specified in the design documents by the design team after taking into account factors such as the properties of the fluids, operating conditions, and other elements related to the management of the design. Fluids can be classified into highly toxic fluids, toxic fluids, flammable fluids, non-flammable fluids, and non-toxic fluids. 10 Hot bending: tube bending performed at temperatures higher than the metal’s critical point AC1. 11 Cold bending: tube bending performed at temperatures lower than the metal’s critical point AC1. 12 Hot-condition tightening: A tightening operation carried out to prevent leaks at detachable connections due to thermal expansion when the pipes are at operating temperature. 13 Tightening in cold condition: A tightening operation carried out to prevent leaks at detachable joints caused by thermal contraction of pipes at operating temperatures. 14 100% Radiographic Inspection: A full-circumference radiographic inspection of all circumferential butt welds in a specified batch of pipes, as well as a full-length radiographic inspection of the longitudinal welds. 15 Random radiographic examination: A full-circumference radiographic inspection of a specified percentage of the circumferential butt welds in a batch of pipes. It is only applicable to circumferential butt welds. 16 Pressure test: A test in which liquid or gas is used as a medium to gradually increase the pressure in a pipeline until the specified pressure is reached, in order to assess the pipeline’s strength and tightness. 17 Leak test: A test that uses gas as the medium, and at the design pressure, employs foaming agents, colorants, gas molecule sensors, or other specialized methods to detect leakage points in the piping system. 18 Reset: Recovering the original state – The process of returning a properly installed pipe to its original condition after it has been disassembled. A 19 single-line isometric diagram represents each pipeline as a hollow outline drawn in the axonometric projection style, using single lines. 20 Free pipe segments – pipe-segments to be prefabricated: Before the pipeline is prefabricated, the pipe segments that can be processed first are selected based on the single-line diagram. 21 Closed pipe segments: Pipe segments used for dimension adjustment. Before the prefabrication of pipes, these segments are selected based on the single-line diagram, and then processed after their actual installation dimensions have been determined.