Welding issues of dissimilar steels
Thread Content
The welding of dissimilar steels has always been a challenge in terms of welding control, and it is unavoidable in engineering applications. Although there are specific welding procedures and standards, welding dissimilar steels remains a difficult task. Recently, I have encountered welding issues with TP347H and P11. In terms of engineering approaches, it is possible to use nickel-based electrodes for direct welding, or to apply cladding first and then carry out welding. I would appreciate any insights you might have Discussion is welcome.
Welding of Dissimilar Steels and Metals -- Microstructural Characteristics and Transformation Mechanisms, by Pan Chunxu. Published in July 2000, Beijing: People’s Transportation Press. Total of 233 pages. Content Summary: This book is a monograph that systematically explains the use of modern analytical techniques such as electron microscopy to study the microstructural characteristics of weld joints in composite parts made of different steel grades and metals, as well as their changes and behaviors over time during service. It was written by the author on the basis of a systematic synthesis and organization of years of research findings, and is an applied fundamental work. To facilitate readers’ reading and understanding of this book, the first two sections provide a brief introduction to the basics of welding dissimilar metals and electron microscopy analysis. Subsequently, nine chapters are devoted to a comprehensive discussion of topics such as welding of austenitic and pearlitic dissimilar steels, theoretical calculations of alloy element diffusion in the weld zone of dissimilar steel welds, welding of austenitic stainless steels, welding of heat-resistant steels, cladding of high-chromium cast irons, friction welding of aluminum matrix composites (MMC) with austenitic stainless steels, explosive welding of aluminum-titanium-steel cladding sheets, welding of copper and steel, and the corrosion behavior of dissimilar steel weld joints. The book contains over 300 original images and more than 600 references, offering great value as a reference for theoretical research and engineering applications. This book is suitable for researchers in fields such as welding, materials science, construction machinery, and electron microscopy, as well as for engineering and technical personnel involved in design and production. It can also be used as a textbook or reference material for postgraduate students in related disciplines at institutions of higher education. Contents
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1: Overview of Welding of Dissimilar Metals
1. Introduction
2. Issues Related to Weldability
2.1 Basic Characteristics and Weldability
2.2 Advantages and Major Problems
3. Main Welding Methods
1. Fusion Welding
2. Solid-State Welding
References
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Metal Electron Microscopy Analysis and Preparation of Specimens for Dissimilar Metal Weld Joints
1. Introduction
2. Introduction to Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Analysis
1. Structural Principles
2. Principles of Sample Preparation
3. Electron Diffraction
4. Principles of Diffraction Contrast
5. Applications of Metal Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis
3. Introduction to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
1. Interaction between the Electron Beam and Solid Samples
2. Structure and Working Principle
3. Imaging Principles
4. Applications of SEM
4. Introduction to X-Ray Composition Analysis
1. Structure and Working Principle of Energy Dispersive Spectrometers (EDS)
2. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
3. Characteristics of EDS Analysis
5. Preparation of Metallographic Specimens for Dissimilar Steel Weld Joints
6. Preparation of TEM Thin-Film Specimens for Dissimilar Steel Weld Joints
7. Preparation of Specimens for Special Mechanical Property Tests of Dissimilar Steel Weld Joints
References
Chapter 3: Welding of Austenitic and Pearlitic Dissimilar Steels
1. Introduction
2. Microstructural Characteristics and Transformation Mechanisms
1. Patterns of Structural Changes in the Weld Zone
2. Influence of Base Metal Carbon Content on the Morphology of the Fusion Zone
3. Characteristics of the Weld Boundary
4. Formation Mechanism of the “Austenite-Rich Zone”
5. Transformation of Microstructures at High Temperatures
6. Mechanism of “Hydrogen-Induced Delamination” in the Fusion Zone
3. Fracture Characteristics of Weld Joints
1. General Patterns of Fracture Morphology
2. Influence of Base Metal Carbon Content on Fracture Morphology in the Fusion Zone
3. Influence of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Fracture Morphology in the Fusion Zone
References
Chapter 4: Theoretical Calculation of Alloy Element Diffusion in the Fusion Zone of Dissimilar Steel Welds
1. Introduction
2. Diffusion of Carbon Atoms
2.1 Establishment of a Discrete Model and Theoretical Calculations
2.2 Experimental Verification and Discussion
3. Diffusion of Substitutional Atoms
3.1 Establishment of a Model and Theoretical Calculations
3.2 Experimental Verification of the Model
References
Chapter 5: Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels
1. Introduction
2. Patterns of Microstructural Changes in the Fusion Zone and Their Formation Mechanisms
3. Morphology of δ-Fe in the Weld and Its Microsegregation
1. Case of Premature Precipitation of δ-Fe Phase
2. Case of Premature Precipitation of Austenite Phase
4. Influence of Multi-Layer Welding on Weld Microstructure
1. Influence on δ-Fe Morphology
2. Influence on M23C6 Precipitation
5. Microscopic Defects in the Weld
1. Mechanism of Formation of Deformed Twins
2. TEM Morphological Characteristics of Low-Melting Eutectic Films
References
Chapter 6: Welding of Heat-Resistant Steels
1. Introduction
2. Weld Joints of 12Cr2MoWVTiB (Steel 102)
1. Microstructural Characteristics of the Weld Zone
2. Mechanism of Formation of Microcracks in the Weld Zone
3. Weld Joints of 12Cr1MoV, 12Cr2MoWVTiB (Steel 102)
1. Microstructural Characteristics of the Weld Zone
2. Mechanism of Formation of Reheat Microcracks
4. Transformation of Granular Bainite in Cr-Mo-V Steel Welds during High-Temperature Tempering
5. Weld Joints of X20CrMuV121 (F12) Steel
1. Influence of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Weld Microstructure and Properties
2. Formation of δ-Fe in the Weld and Its Transformation at High Temperatures
References
Chapter 7: Cladding of High-Chromium Cast Iron
1. Introduction
2. Morphology of Hard Phases and Wear Resistance
3. Microstructure of the Cladding Layer and Wear Resistance
References
Chapter 8: Friction Welding of Aluminum-Based Composites and Austenitic Stainless Steels
1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of Microstructural Changes in the Transition Zone
1. Plastic Deformation on the Austenitic Stainless Steel Side
2. Microstructural Characteristics of the Interface Zone
3. Microstructural Characteristics on the Aluminum-Based Composite (MMC) Side
3. Influence of Welding Process on Joint Microstructure and Properties
1. Influence on Microstructural Changes
2. Influence on Joint Properties
References
Chapter 9: Explosive Welding of Aluminum-Titanium-Steel Clad Sheets
1. Introduction
2. Microstructure and Fracture Characteristics of the Aluminum (Al)-Titanium (Ti) Explosive Welding Transition Zone
2. Microstructure and Fracture Characteristics of the Titanium (Ti)-Steel (Steel) Explosive Welding Transition Zone
References
Chapter 10: Welding of Copper and Steel
1. Introduction
2. Fusion Weld Joints of Copper and Steel
1. Microstructural Characteristics of the Weld Metal Zone
2. Microstructural Characteristics of the Fusion Zone
1. Diffusion Weld Joints of Copper and Steel
References
Chapter 11: High-Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion Characteristics of Dissimilar Steel Weld Joints
1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of High-Temperature Oxidation
3. Characteristics of Thermal Corrosion
1. Characteristics of Thermal Corrosion in the Characteristic Zones of Weld Joints
2. Influence of Temperature and Salt Coating Composition on Thermal Corrosion
3. Characteristics of Thermal Corrosion in the Fusion Zone
References
————— End ——————
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1: Overview of Welding of Dissimilar Metals
1. Introduction
2. Issues Related to Weldability
2.1 Basic Characteristics and Weldability
2.2 Advantages and Major Problems
3. Main Welding Methods
1. Fusion Welding
2. Solid-State Welding
References
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Metal Electron Microscopy Analysis and Preparation of Specimens for Dissimilar Metal Weld Joints
1. Introduction
2. Introduction to Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Analysis
1. Structural Principles
2. Principles of Sample Preparation
3. Electron Diffraction
4. Principles of Diffraction Contrast
5. Applications of Metal Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis
3. Introduction to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
1. Interaction between the Electron Beam and Solid Samples
2. Structure and Working Principle
3. Imaging Principles
4. Applications of SEM
4. Introduction to X-Ray Composition Analysis
1. Structure and Working Principle of Energy Dispersive Spectrometers (EDS)
2. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
3. Characteristics of EDS Analysis
5. Preparation of Metallographic Specimens for Dissimilar Steel Weld Joints
6. Preparation of TEM Thin-Film Specimens for Dissimilar Steel Weld Joints
7. Preparation of Specimens for Special Mechanical Property Tests of Dissimilar Steel Weld Joints
References
Chapter 3: Welding of Austenitic and Pearlitic Dissimilar Steels
1. Introduction
2. Microstructural Characteristics and Transformation Mechanisms
1. Patterns of Structural Changes in the Weld Zone
2. Influence of Base Metal Carbon Content on the Morphology of the Fusion Zone
3. Characteristics of the Weld Boundary
4. Formation Mechanism of the “Austenite-Rich Zone”
5. Transformation of Microstructures at High Temperatures
6. Mechanism of “Hydrogen-Induced Delamination” in the Fusion Zone
3. Fracture Characteristics of Weld Joints
1. General Patterns of Fracture Morphology
2. Influence of Base Metal Carbon Content on Fracture Morphology in the Fusion Zone
3. Influence of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Fracture Morphology in the Fusion Zone
References
Chapter 4: Theoretical Calculation of Alloy Element Diffusion in the Fusion Zone of Dissimilar Steel Welds
1. Introduction
2. Diffusion of Carbon Atoms
2.1 Establishment of a Discrete Model and Theoretical Calculations
2.2 Experimental Verification and Discussion
3. Diffusion of Substitutional Atoms
3.1 Establishment of a Model and Theoretical Calculations
3.2 Experimental Verification of the Model
References
Chapter 5: Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels
1. Introduction
2. Patterns of Microstructural Changes in the Fusion Zone and Their Formation Mechanisms
3. Morphology of δ-Fe in the Weld and Its Microsegregation
1. Case of Premature Precipitation of δ-Fe Phase
2. Case of Premature Precipitation of Austenite Phase
4. Influence of Multi-Layer Welding on Weld Microstructure
1. Influence on δ-Fe Morphology
2. Influence on M23C6 Precipitation
5. Microscopic Defects in the Weld
1. Mechanism of Formation of Deformed Twins
2. TEM Morphological Characteristics of Low-Melting Eutectic Films
References
Chapter 6: Welding of Heat-Resistant Steels
1. Introduction
2. Weld Joints of 12Cr2MoWVTiB (Steel 102)
1. Microstructural Characteristics of the Weld Zone
2. Mechanism of Formation of Microcracks in the Weld Zone
3. Weld Joints of 12Cr1MoV, 12Cr2MoWVTiB (Steel 102)
1. Microstructural Characteristics of the Weld Zone
2. Mechanism of Formation of Reheat Microcracks
4. Transformation of Granular Bainite in Cr-Mo-V Steel Welds during High-Temperature Tempering
5. Weld Joints of X20CrMuV121 (F12) Steel
1. Influence of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Weld Microstructure and Properties
2. Formation of δ-Fe in the Weld and Its Transformation at High Temperatures
References
Chapter 7: Cladding of High-Chromium Cast Iron
1. Introduction
2. Morphology of Hard Phases and Wear Resistance
3. Microstructure of the Cladding Layer and Wear Resistance
References
Chapter 8: Friction Welding of Aluminum-Based Composites and Austenitic Stainless Steels
1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of Microstructural Changes in the Transition Zone
1. Plastic Deformation on the Austenitic Stainless Steel Side
2. Microstructural Characteristics of the Interface Zone
3. Microstructural Characteristics on the Aluminum-Based Composite (MMC) Side
3. Influence of Welding Process on Joint Microstructure and Properties
1. Influence on Microstructural Changes
2. Influence on Joint Properties
References
Chapter 9: Explosive Welding of Aluminum-Titanium-Steel Clad Sheets
1. Introduction
2. Microstructure and Fracture Characteristics of the Aluminum (Al)-Titanium (Ti) Explosive Welding Transition Zone
2. Microstructure and Fracture Characteristics of the Titanium (Ti)-Steel (Steel) Explosive Welding Transition Zone
References
Chapter 10: Welding of Copper and Steel
1. Introduction
2. Fusion Weld Joints of Copper and Steel
1. Microstructural Characteristics of the Weld Metal Zone
2. Microstructural Characteristics of the Fusion Zone
1. Diffusion Weld Joints of Copper and Steel
References
Chapter 11: High-Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion Characteristics of Dissimilar Steel Weld Joints
1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of High-Temperature Oxidation
3. Characteristics of Thermal Corrosion
1. Characteristics of Thermal Corrosion in the Characteristic Zones of Weld Joints
2. Influence of Temperature and Salt Coating Composition on Thermal Corrosion
3. Characteristics of Thermal Corrosion in the Fusion Zone
References
————— End ——————
For interwelding of TP347H and P11, nickel-based welding materials are a common choice; ERNiCrMo-3 and ENiCrMo-3 are recommended. Process qualification support is required.
TP347H？ Is it that country’s standard? Asking the original poster
This post has been discussed on many other forums as well. It seems that welding different types of materials together isn’t inevitable; it depends on what priorities you have. If you insist on welding different materials together, it means that there aren’t any serious safety hazards or quality issues at present. I’m not involved in welding work, so my understanding of this topic isn’t very deep. Based on a little experience and the practices we use here, we generally avoid welding different materials together, unless it’s for things like support bases. For pipelines, containers, and important structural elements, we never do this
TP refers to the pipe material, 347 is the material grade, and H indicates a high carbon content