Comparison of pneumatic, electric, and hydraulic systems

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Pneumatic, electric, and hydraulic energy storage systems use air tanks and compressed air cylinders as well as batteries; the amount of energy that can be stored is limited. Gas-based energy transfer makes it possible to reach a pressure of 1.000 m, with no restrictions, though the voltage may drop by up to 100 m due to pressure loss. Leaks pose no danger, as energy loss is minimal. There is a risk associated with exposed cables, as well as environmental contamination. These systems are explosion-proof and not affected by temperature changes; however, compressed air that is not dried in winter can freeze. There is a risk of explosion in certain areas, and while they are not affected by temperature, outdoor applications require heating. They are sensitive to temperature changes, and leaks can lead to fire hazards. Grasping is simple, but it can only be achieved through specialized techniques, making it more difficult than using pneumatic systems. A return water pipeline system is required for linear motion. Speed adjustment is very flexible, and gearboxes can be used, though this increases costs. Linear motion can also be achieved using cylinders, with good adjustability. Overload protection is available, ensuring no energy loss while maintaining the applied force; however, there is no overload protection function, which results in reduced efficiency of downstream mechanical components. Energy is continuously consumed while overload protection is in effect