Information on thiourea

1. Physical and chemical constants of the substance: National standard code 61821; CAS number 62-56-6; Chinese name: Thiourea; English name: Thiourea； Thiocarbamide, also known as thiourea, has the molecular formula CH4N2S ； SC(NH2)2 Appearance and properties: White, shiny, bitter crystals. Molecular weight: 76.12. Boiling point: Decomposes before boiling. Melting point: 176–178°C. Solubility: Soluble in cold water and ethanol; slightly soluble in ether. Its solubility in water at 20°C is 137 g/L. Density: Relative density (water = 1): 1.41. Stability: Stable. Hazard symbol: 15 (Toxic). Main uses: Used in organic synthesis, as well as in pharmaceuticals, rubber additives, and gold plating materials. 2. Environmental impact: I. Health hazards: Routes of exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption. Health hazards: Repeated exposure to this substance can suppress the thyroid gland and hematopoietic organs. It may cause allergic reactions. Inhaling dust of this product can irritate the upper respiratory tract, causing chest discomfort, coughing, and other symptoms. Irritating to the eyes. Oral administration stimulates the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic effects: Prolonged exposure can lead to headaches, drowsiness, weakness, pale complexion, facial swelling, reduced basal metabolism, and a decrease in white blood cell count. It causes damage to the skin, leading to symptoms such as itching, sweating of the palms, dermatitis, and chapping. II. Toxicological data and environmental behavior: Toxicity: Very low toxicity. Irritation: In rabbits, when applied to the eyes: 2 mg, causes severe irritation. Rabbit percutaneous open irritation test: 10 mg/(24 hours), severe irritation. Mutagenicity: Microbial mutagenesis: Salmonella typhimurium 150 ug/plate ； Brewing yeast: 52,600 umol/L. Reproductive toxicity: The lowest oral toxic dose (TDL0) in rats is 40 mg/kg (administered for 1 day after conception); it has effects on the central nervous system, as well as the muscular and skeletal systems of the fetal rats. Carcinogenicity: IARC carcinogenicity assessment: Positive in animals. Hazardous characteristics: Flammable in the presence of open flames or high heat. It can react violently with oxidizers. It decomposes when heated, releasing toxic gases such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides. Combustion (decomposition) products: nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides. 3. On-site emergency monitoring methods: Rapid determination method for the coexistence of ammonium thiocyanate and thiourea / Moskalevic V,L. ； Lebedinskii N.A//Boпр,хим. хим.технол.-1984,(74).-23～26. “Analytical Chemistry Abstracts” 1986.1.4. Laboratory monitoring methods: High-performance liquid chromatography; refer to “Manual of Analytical Chemistry” (Volume 4, Chromatographic Analysis), Chemical Industry Press. 5. Environmental standards: In the former Soviet Union, the maximum allowable concentration of harmful substances in workshop air is 0.3 mg/m3; in water bodies, it is 0.5 mg/L (former Soviet Union, 1975). 6. Emergency response measures: I. Emergency handling in case of leakage: Isolate the area affected by the leakage and place warning signs around it. It is recommended that emergency responders wear gas masks and chemical protective clothing. Do not come into direct contact with the spill. Collect it with a clean shovel into a dry, clean, covered container, and transport it to a waste disposal site. It can also be rinsed with a large amount of water, and the diluted rinse water is discharged into the wastewater system. In the event of a large-scale leak, it should be collected, recycled, or disposed of after being rendered harmless. II. Protective Measures: Respiratory protection: Wear a gas mask when the concentration of the substance in the air exceeds the safe level. Eye protection: No special protection is generally required. Wear chemical safety goggles if necessary. Protective clothing: Wear appropriate protective clothing. Hand protection: Wear chemical-resistant gloves. Others: Take a shower and change after work. Store clothes contaminated with toxins separately, and use them after washing. Maintain good hygiene* habits. III. First aid measures: Skin contact: Remove contaminated clothing and rinse with flowing water. Eye contact: Immediately lift the eyelids and rinse with flowing water. Inhalation: Remove from the area to fresh air. Perform artificial respiration if necessary. Seek medical attention. Ingestion: If swallowed accidentally, give the victim plenty of warm water to drink to induce vomiting. Seek medical attention. Extinguishing methods: fog water, carbon dioxide, sand, foam.

Thiourea: The IUPAC English name is thiourea; its CAS number is 62-56-6, and its PubChem ID is 2723790. The SMILES formula for it is C(=S)(N)N. Its chemical formula is CH4N2S, with a molecular mass of 76.1219 g mol-1. The density is 1.405 g/ml or 1.405 g cm-3. The melting point is 176–178°C. Its solubility in water is 95 at 10 °C and 137 at 20 °C. Unless otherwise specified, all data are given in accordance with the International System of Units, under standard conditions of 25 °C and 100 kPa. Description and references for the chemicals box: Thiourea is a compound formed when the oxygen in urea is replaced by sulfur; it belongs to the class of thioamides (RC(S)NR2, where R is a hydrocarbon group). Due to the difference in electronegativity, thiourea and urea have very different properties despite their similar structures. Thiourea is widely used in organic synthesis. In addition, thiourea also refers to a class of organic compounds with the general formula (R1R2N)(R3R4N)C=S, that is, derivatives in which the hydrogen of simple thiourea is replaced by hydrocarbon groups. Table of contents 1 Structure 2 Synthesis 3 Applications 4 Hazards 5 References 6 External links [Edit] The structure of thiourea is a planar molecule. Among the various thiourea derivatives, there is no significant difference in the C=S bond length, all of which fall within the range of 1.60±0.1 Å. The C-N bond has dual-bond characteristics to some extent; therefore, similar to thiourea and urea, it does not readily react. Thiourea has the following tautomers: [Edit] The annual global production of thiourea is approximately 10,000 tons, of which about 40% is produced in China, 40% in Germany, and 20% in Japan. Thiourea can be produced from ammonium thiocyanate, but more commonly it is obtained by the reaction of calcium cyanamide with hydrogen sulfide in the presence of carbon dioxide. Relatively important N,N-substituted thioureas can be synthesized using diethyl ether as a solvent, from the corresponding aminonitriles and LiAlHSH in the presence of hydrochloric acid. And LiAlHSH can be obtained by reacting sulfur with lithium aluminum hydride. [Edit] The application of thiourea can reduce peroxides to the corresponding diols, with the reaction proceeding via an unstable dioxirane intermediate. As shown in the following reaction: Therefore, thiourea is also used in the ozonation of alkenes, that is, to reduce the ozonide intermediates to the corresponding carbonyl compounds. Methanethiol can also undergo similar reactions, but its volatility and unpleasant odor limit its applications. Thiourea is difficult to volatilize and odorless, which is why it is widely used. Thiourea is also used to convert halohydrocarbons into thioalcohols, with the intermediate being isothiourea salts. The reaction mechanism is as follows: CS(NH2)2 + RX → RSC(NH2)2+X-; RSC(NH2)2+X- + 2 NaOH → RSNa + OC(NH2)2 + NaX; RSNa + HCl → RSH + NaCl. This reaction demonstrates the strong nucleophilicity of the sulfur-containing center, as well as the easy hydrolyzability of isothiourea salts. Alkali metal sulfides can also undergo this reaction, but dialkyl sulfides are produced. The use of thiourea prevents the formation of by-products. Thiourea can also be used for the construction of pyrimidine rings; the process involves the enol condensation of the amino group in thiourea with the carbonyl groups in β-diketone compounds, followed by desulfurization. Similarly, aminothiazole can also be prepared from thiourea and α-haloketones through the same reaction. Semiconductor cadmium sulfide nanoparticles can be prepared by reacting cadmium sulfate with thiourea. The specific procedure is as follows: a suspension containing 1 g of cadmium sulfate (1.3 mmol), 0.5 g of thiourea (6.6 mmol), and 0.1 g of silica was reacted at room temperature with ventilation in the presence of ultrasound for 3 hours. A yellowing of the reactants indicates the formation of the product cadmium sulfide. Thiourea is used in the production of flame-retardant resins, rubber vulcanization accelerators, photographic paper (photoconductive copying paper), and almost all copying papers. The thiourea method for extracting gold and silver avoids the contamination and odor caused by cyanides in traditional cyanidation methods. [Edit] Hazards: Reports indicate that exposure to thiourea may cause goiter, liver tumors (chronic), or a decrease in bone marrow cells.

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The equipment includes reaction vessels, crystallization vessels, filters, centrifuges, dryers, etc. The investment amount is determined based on the scale of production. The process is simple.

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Reply to 8# jbcyf: I am currently working on a thiourea project. Could you provide some information regarding the production process? Thank you

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