Technical approaches and development of solar buildings

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summary: This article discusses the concept of solar buildings and puts forward the constraints, technical approaches and strategies for the development of solar buildings based on citing statistical data such as building energy consumption, energy status, and CO2 emissions. 1. Building energy consumption According to my country’s statistical requirements, building energy consumption generally refers to building energy consumption, that is, the energy consumed during the use of the building, including lighting, electrical appliances, heating, refrigeration, facilities, hot water, cooking, etc. Statistics in 2000 show that although the overall comfort level of my country's civil buildings is lower than that of other developed countries in the world, * * , but my country’s building energy consumption has accounted for 27.8% of the final energy consumption of the whole society that year, close to developed countries * * (about 1/3) level, heating and air conditioning-based building energy consumption has accounted for more than 10%. The latest reports show that my country’s total terminal energy consumption ranks second in the world. 2. Energy status According to the predictions of the United States, Japan, Shell, BP and other companies, the peak of world fossil fuel production and consumption will be between 2020 and 2030. my country has a large population, and its per capita energy resource occupancy is lower than the world average, and the resource guarantee level of the remaining reserves that can be developed by the energy economy is only 129.7 years. 3. Pressure to reduce CO2 emissions Relevant data show that CO2 emissions from building energy consumption in various countries around the world account for about 1/3 of the total global emissions. Among them, residences account for about 2/3 and public buildings account for 1/3. Estimates of future CO2 emissions are that if no measures are taken, the CO2 content in the atmosphere will be 3.5 times what it is today in 50 years. If various clean energy alternative technologies are actively adopted, significant effects will be seen within 25 years, and CO2 content can be reduced to the current level within 50 years. Systematic research on the emission reduction potential of renewable energy shows that the contribution of solar photothermal photovoltaic applications and solar buildings to CO2 emission reductions can reach 1-5~15-30 TtC/yr from 2010 to 2030. my country is rich in solar energy resources. Areas with annual sunshine hours of more than 2,200 hours account for more than two-thirds of the country's land area. The prediction results for solar energy application are that under the two modes of normal development and ecologically driven development, my country's solar energy utilization will reach 4.7% and 10% of the total energy supply in 2050, respectively. Its potential for my country's future CO2 emission reduction is estimated to be that after 2010, solar energy utilization will begin to have a more significant effect on emission reduction, and after 2020 it will begin to have a more significant effect. 4. Definition of solar building: Taking into account factors such as social progress, technological development, and economic capabilities, buildings that make full use of solar energy in the planning, construction, design, use, maintenance, and renovation of buildings are collectively referred to as solar buildings. In the field of solar buildings in my country, the most mature technology, the widest application range, and the fastest industrialization development are household solar water heaters (systems), followed by passive heating solar houses. Our country has carried out long-term and active research and practice in the field of solar buildings. Including solar thermal and photovoltaic equipment and facility manufacturers, various places * * , research institutions, design institutes and development companies have done a lot of detailed research, development, design and construction work at different levels, different regions and different buildings. It is on the basis of these works that the China Solar Energy Society decided to add a professional solar building committee. Its role is to meet the building's demand for clean energy, under the framework of sustainable development, to build an academic and technical exchange platform for the application of solar energy in buildings, and to promote technological progress in the two industries. 5. Technical approaches for solar buildings The application fields of solar buildings include the use functions of buildings and the owners’ environmental needs for safety, convenience, comfort and health. The technical approaches of solar buildings include passive application, active application and comprehensive application. For example, from the development of thermal insulation materials, the realization of natural lighting and ventilation functions, the application of solar photothermal photovoltaic technology to the creation of sunshade, light and shadow and comfortable environment, solar resources are comprehensively applied in an all-round way. As for the current fastest growing solar thermal utilization, it will also include multi-level energy efficiency utilization forms such as low temperature utilization, medium temperature utilization and high temperature utilization. ； The utilization of solar photovoltaics will also show broader development prospects in solar building integration. 6. Factors restricting the development of solar buildings * * and industry authorities have issued a series of regulations and standards, such as the Energy Conservation Law, Civil Building Energy Conservation Management Regulations, and energy-saving design standards in different regions. In addition to cost, technology, market and other constraints, the management system is too decentralized, the incentive policy system is not sound, and national education and concept dissemination are not enough. These are all relevant factors that restrict the development of solar buildings. At present, the promotion of the concept of solar buildings is more urgent than the promotion of a specific technology or product. 7. Solar building development strategy 7.1 The development ideas of solar buildings at all levels * * On the basis of policy guidance and incentive mechanisms, we should improve vocational training and public education, strengthen product (system) testing and certification and building access systems, improve standards and related technical procedures, and unleash the enthusiasm of all levels from enterprises to owners to jointly promote the orderly and healthy development of solar buildings. 7.2 Development strategy of solar buildings 1) Comprehensive utilization of mature passive solar technology and modern solar photovoltaic and photothermal technology ； 2) The organic combination of thermal insulation envelope structure technology and natural ventilation, lighting and shading technology ； 3) Integration of traditional building structures with modern technology and concepts ； 4) Balance between initial investment and investment in the life cycle of the building ； 5) Penetration of ecologically driven design concepts into conventional architectural design ； 6) Consider differences in regional climate characteristics and economic development levels ； 7) Pay attention to different architectural features and people’s lives * used. 7.3 The development goals of solar buildings are to make full and comprehensive use of solar energy to meet the energy supply needs of buildings for use functions and environmental functions as much as possible, so as to reduce the proportion of building energy consumption in total social energy consumption. Therefore, further consideration should be given to combining the utilization of solar energy with the utilization of composite energy such as geothermal energy, wind energy, biomass energy, and low-temperature thermal energy in nature, and optimizing the system configuration to meet the needs of the building's energy supply and healthy environment. This is the highest goal for the development of solar buildings. Zero-emission buildings represent the highest ideal of integrated solar energy applications. Recent research and development has focused on the integration of solar thermal products and systems with buildings. 7.4 Comprehensive determination of solar building development strategy 1) Climate characteristics and economic development level: Economically underdeveloped areas in the west are often areas rich in solar energy resources. We should still focus on passive utilization of solar energy buildings, and strengthen the research and development and promotion of materials and technologies such as heat collection, heat storage, and heat conduction. ； For economically developed coastal areas, summers are hot and winters are cold, but they also have living needs and economic capabilities for heating in winter and air conditioning in summer. Therefore, we should actively expand the investment advantages of comprehensive utilization of new solar building technologies and become the first choice area for the implementation of solar or water source heat pump and other heating and air conditioning technology demonstration buildings. 2) life * habits and economic level: With the development of my country's society and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, stable hot water supply has gradually become one of the basic living needs of residents. This is the main reason why the integration of solar water heating equipment and systems with buildings has become the fastest growing field of solar buildings. 3) Architectural characteristics and policy guidance: For different building types and social functions, different demonstration orientations and tax incentives should be given in areas such as solar energy utilization. For example, the policy of mandatory solar energy utilization is adopted for public welfare buildings. ； For commercial buildings, tax and other incentive policies are provided ； For large-scale residential buildings, a strategy combining tax incentives, energy investment opportunities and paid use by owners will be implemented. Of course, these strategies are also applicable to the renovation of existing buildings. In the near future, you can choose special-purpose buildings, large-scale public welfare buildings and * * Demonstration promotion and policy guidance for office buildings, etc. 4)Solar building technology and system: Compiling design specifications, standards and related atlases, establishing product (system) testing centers and certification agencies, and improving construction acceptance and maintenance technical regulations are the prerequisites for solar energy utilization (such as hot water supply) to be included in the design process of construction projects and included in the building system as a "professional". 5) Concept promotion: The importance of energy-saving and ecological education, lifestyle changes and dissemination of ideas in the development of solar buildings has become highlighted. Educating people about general knowledge about conventional energy sources, the advantages of solar energy, and healthy lifestyles is an important task for the whole society, at all levels * * Sufficient attention should be paid to it and special financial support should be provided. 6) Research and promotion of solar building application technology: In view of my country's social development, technological progress, economic capacity, regional climate, living needs and other factors, we use hot water supply in the field of solar buildings as the entry point to expand the existing conceptual advantages of solar hot water supply, advocate the principle of "concept first, demonstration breakthrough, policy follow-up", implement the mechanism of "standard design, testing and certification, building access", gradually promote the development of solar buildings in China in stages, and ultimately achieve the popularization and promotion of solar buildings. 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