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1. Phosphorus (P): makes steel cold brittle and reduces the impact toughness of steel, but can improve the cutting performance of steel. 2. Silicon (Si): can increase the strength, elasticity, heat resistance, acid resistance and resistivity of steel. The deoxidizer in smelting can increase the overheating and decarburization sensitivity of steel. 3. Manganese (Mm): can improve the strength, hardness and wear resistance of steel. Deoxidizer and desulfurizer during smelting. 4. Chromium (Cr): It can increase the mechanical properties and wear resistance of steel. It can increase the quenching degree and deformation ability of steel after quenching. It can also increase the hardness, elasticity, antimagnetic force and strength resistance of steel. It can increase the corrosion resistance and heat resistance of steel. 5. Nickel (Ni): It can improve the strength, toughness, heat resistance, anti-corrosion, acid resistance, magnetic conductivity, etc. of steel. It can increase the hardenability and hardness of steel. 6. Vanadium (V): It can give some special mechanical properties to steel: such as increasing the tensile strength and yield point. Significantly improving the high-temperature strength of steel. 7. Titanium (Ti): It can prevent and reduce the generation of bubbles in steel. Improve the hardness of steel. Refine the grains. Reduce the aging sensitivity, cold brittleness and corrosion of steel. 8. Copper (Cu): Generally, it is a residual harmful element like PS. The presence of Cu will reduce the mechanical properties of steel, destroy the welding performance of steel, and cause thermal brittleness of steel during forging and rolling. Adding a certain amount of Cu to steel can improve the annealing hardness of the steel and reduce the cost. If it contains 0.15-0.25% Cu, it can improve the atmospheric corrosion resistance of the steel. 9. Aluminum (Al): (1) 0.5-1% Al in low-carbon structural steel helps to increase the hardness and strength of the steel, (2) Al in chromium-molybdenum steel and chromium steel can increase its wear resistance, (3) The presence of Al in high-carbon tool steel can cause quenching brittleness. 10. W 11. Molybdenum (Mo): It can increase the strength of steel without reducing its plasticity and toughness. At the same time, it can make steel have sufficient strength at high temperatures. It can improve the cold brittleness and wear resistance of steel. 12. Cobalt (Co): It can increase and improve the high temperature performance of steel. Increase its red hardness. Improve the oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance of steel. 13. Niobium (Nb): It can refine the grains of steel, reduce the overheat sensitivity and temper brittleness of steel, improve the welding performance of steel, and improve the strength and corrosion resistance of heat-resistant steel. 14. Tantalum (Ta): improve the quality and mechanical properties of steel. Increase the melting point of the alloy, high temperature strength, and the stability of carbides and γ phases. 15. Zirconium (Zr): Oxygen removal, sulfur, phosphorus agent, Zr.Hf during the smelting process can improve the strength and hardness of steel, especially the lasting strength of steel and improve the welding performance of steel. 16. Rare earth (Re): It is a good deoxidizer and desulfurizer. It can eliminate or weaken the influence of many harmful elements in steel and improve the quality of steel. Adding Re to stainless heat-resistant steel can improve the hot processing performance of steel. Adding Re to structural steel can improve its plasticity and toughness. 17. Boron (B): The "vitamin" in steel. It can exponentially increase the quenchability, increase the hardness and tensile strength of the steel, improve the welding performance of the steel, etc. Add 0.1-4.5% B to low carbon steel. It has the function of absorbing neutrons. 18. Calcium (Ca): It can improve the strength and cutting performance of the steel. It is a purifier in the smelting process. (Oxygen removal, sulfur, phosphorus, etc.).