Equivalent to a fully penetrative butt weld with double-sided welding?
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Are the fully penetrative butt welds equivalent to double-sided welding required by the code limited to only those welds obtained by TIG welding with a backing layer and ceramic or copper inserts?
It cannot be understood in such a one-sided manner; in the regulatory specifications, isn’t there also a word like “and so on” after that statement? So there are other situations as well. For example, single-sided welding with free forming on the back side also falls under this category.
Single-sided welding with double-sided formation should indeed fall under this category as well.
One-sided welding with double-sided formation can be achieved through TIG welding and shielded metal arc welding