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Biomass liquid fuels refer to fuel ethanol and biodiesel produced from biomass resources. Many scientists believe that bio-liquid fuels are the alternative energy sources most likely to replace oil on a large scale, and many have **formulated ambitious development plans. The United States plans to reduce its domestic gasoline consumption by 20% over the next 10 years, with 15% of this reduction achieved through the use of alternative fuels. By 2017, it aims to use 100 million tons of fuel ethanol per year, which is seven times the current annual usage level. The EU plans to achieve 10% of vehicle fuel coming from biofuel ethanol by 2020. In the past two years, there has been a surge in the development of biofuel ethanol in our country; in 2006, production reached 1.44 million tons, making us the third-largest producer and consumer of fuel ethanol after Brazil and the United States. Since second-generation technologies that use cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin as raw materials are not yet mature, the raw materials used for producing fuel ethanol at present are grain crops. Considering global food supply and security, the production of fuel ethanol is unsustainable. Second-generation bio-liquid fuels are made from lignocellulose, and the maturity of this technology is key to determining whether it can replace petroleum on a large scale. At present, cellulose-based fuel ethanol still faces challenges in terms of raw material pretreatment technologies and reducing enzyme costs. There are significant differences regarding when significant breakthroughs will be achieved; the United States believes it will be around 2012, Europe thinks it will be around 2015–2020, while some research institutions believe it will be after 2025. The U.S. industry generally believes that the current cost of producing cellulosic ethanol is between $0.8 and $1 per liter. After the commercial production of cellulose fuel ethanol becomes feasible, the cost is expected to be around 0.53 dollars per liter. The initial investment required for producing cellulosic ethanol is high; according to estimates by American agencies, under the same production scale, the investment needed for cellulosic fuel ethanol is 7 to 8 times that of corn-based fuel ethanol. China has not yet achieved any fundamental breakthroughs in cellulose ethanol technology. At present, the raw material consumption per ton of cellulose ethanol in the pilot studies conducted by various organizations is over 6 tons, and the production cost is estimated to be between 5,000 and 6,500 yuan per ton of ethanol, which makes it unsuitable for industrial production. Rationally estimated, it will take at least another 3 to 4 years before large-scale production of cellulosic ethanol takes off in China. Companies such as Henan Tianguan and Anhui Fengyuan are at the forefront of the country in terms of the research, development, and demonstration of cellulose-based fuel ethanol.