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:kiss: I. Buildings 1. Concept of buildings A building is a structure designed to meet the needs related to production, daily life, cultural welfare, and other aspects. Structures that are needed for engineering and technical purposes, such as bridges, water towers, chimneys, dams, etc., are called structures. Buildings and structures refer to the collective term for buildings and structures. 2. Classification of buildings (1) Civil buildings There are many types of civil buildings, which differ in their intended use and structure. Depending on the parts of a building that are prone to catching fire, the pattern of fire spread varies as well. Especially in public buildings where there is a high concentration of people, safe evacuation is extremely important. (2) Industrial buildings: Industrial buildings come in a variety of forms and feature large interior spaces. Industrial buildings can be either single-story or multi-story. Among the raw materials and finished products that are produced and stored there, some are relatively safe, while others pose risks of fire and explosion. Industrial buildings can be classified by their purpose into production buildings, auxiliary buildings, power facilities, transportation buildings, warehouse buildings, buildings for water supply and drainage systems, as well as management and welfare buildings. (3) Agricultural buildings Agricultural buildings usually refer to greenhouses, livestock sheds, silkworm houses, tobacco curing rooms, grain stores, cotton stores, and sheds for agricultural machinery. 3. Building plan (1) Industrial buildings ① A decentralized, standalone building plan involves placing each stage of the production process separately or in part within its own separate factory building. ②A centralized, integrated building layout involves bringing together production of the same type, and sometimes even of different types, within a single factory building. Adopting a centralized, integrated layout reduces the land area required for the plant by about 30–40%, shortens various production pipelines and transportation distances, resulting in significant economic benefits. ③An open-frame structure is one in which, within a chemical production plant, production equipment is arranged in accordance with the production process flow in order to make full use of the available space; such structures consist of beams, slabs, and columns. (2) Civil buildings ① Corridor-type building layout: Rooms are located on one or both sides of a corridor, such as in schools, hospitals, hotels, etc. ②Plan of a through-type building: Its characteristic is the absence of corridors, with rooms connected to each other by doors or doorways. Such as museums. department stores, etc. ③Hall-style building plan: It is characterized by a large main room surrounded by smaller auxiliary rooms. Such as theaters, cinemas, circuses, stadiums, and shops, etc. ④Unit-type building layout: It is a type of architectural layout in which the units are separated from one another, with all its components having the same design. Such as apartment buildings, etc. ⑤Integrated building plan: one that is composed of the aforementioned types of plans, also known as a mixed-type building plan. 4. Building Structure (1) Types of building structures ① Steel structure: A steel structure is made up of beams, plates, and columns that are fabricated from shaped steel through riveting and welding. Among them, I-beams, columns, or channel-shaped strips formed by connecting larger steel members or steel plates are referred to as solid structures. Use smaller steel sections, such as angle steel and round steel. Beams and columns formed by connecting flat bars are called lattice beams and columns (also known as decorative beams and columns). Steel roof trusses are assembled from angle steel. Triangles are used in civil buildings, while pentagons are used in industrial factories. The span of flat steel roof trusses can generally reach 37 meters. ②Wooden structure: The advantage of a wooden structure is that it is easy to process and install. However, at present, due to the rapid development of infrastructure and high demand, the use of wooden structures is subject to certain limitations. Triangular wooden roof trusses are used only in forested and mountainous areas with poor transportation, as well as in large-scale public buildings where it is difficult to employ other types of structures. ③Masonry structure: Building brick and stone bridges, roofs, and lintels involves bonding stones together in a curved shape (circular, rectangular, parabolic) in the form of wedges, a practice commonly known as arching. Stone arch bridges and brickstone walls are common brickstone structures. ④Reinforced concrete structures have good integrity due to their casting on-site; they are commonly used in foundations, components for which standardized production is not feasible, buildings constructed using slip-form methods, as well as underground structures ； Components are manufactured in a prefabrication plant and assembled on-site; this is known as prefabricated construction, and such structures meet the requirements of rapid construction. Prestressed reinforced concrete is a new type of structure. It fully utilizes the potential of steel to reduce the structural weight. A good way to save steel. Civil buildings commonly use bricks and stones for foundations, bricks for load-bearing walls, and reinforced concrete for floor slabs. Roof – *It is customary to refer to this type of structure as a mixed structure. When there are many floors and heavy loads, reinforced concrete beams are often used. Plate. A frame structure composed of columns. The load-bearing structures of industrial buildings include brick-wood structures, mixed brick and reinforced concrete structures, and steel structures; multi-story factories are mostly framed structures. (2) Reasons for the collapse and damage of building structures: ① When wood catches fire and burns, its surface becomes carbonized; if the remaining cross-sectional area is still capable of bearing the original load, the structure will not collapse. If the carbon layer on the outer surface of the component absorbs a large amount of water during firefighting, it still serves as an excellent protective layer for the structure. So a larger cross-section is more advantageous. ②Although steel structures are non-combustible materials, they deteriorate rapidly when exposed to high temperatures in a fire. At 540°C, the strength loss reaches 50%; further heating causes it to soften rapidly, losing its load-bearing capacity and inevitably twisting and collapsing. Moreover, the damaged steel structure cannot be repaired and reused. ③When brick and stone masonry structures are exposed to heat, granite generally cracks due to the different thermal deformations of quartz, feldspar, and mica within it ； Silicate blocks become loose due to thermal decomposition within the country. ④When prestressed reinforced concrete structures are exposed to heat, they lose their pre-applied stress, thereby reducing the structural capacity. Prestressed reinforced concrete structures have inferior fire resistance compared to ordinary reinforced concrete structures, and it is necessary to increase the thickness of the reinforcement cover. ⑤The mechanical properties of building materials change at high temperatures, with strength decreasing as the temperature rises. ⑥The shock and vibration from an explosion inside a building can also destroy it. ⑦Due to reasons such as the collapse of the superstructure onto the floor slabs, the floor slabs collapsed under excessive loading. ⑧When the fire-fighting water hits the surface of hot brick, concrete, or reinforced concrete structures, the sudden cooling causes the surface to shrink and crack, damaging the protective layer of the reinforced concrete structure. This allows the fire to reach the main reinforcing bars, leading to a loss of strength and ultimately the destruction of the entire structure. (3) General patterns of building structure failure: ① In wooden-frame roofs, overall collapse is rare, while partial damage is more common. The steel structure roof was partially burned, and the remaining part was also often pulled from the top of the walls down to the ground. ②Ceilings, roof trusses, wooden floors. Hollow walls, walls made of mud, and flammable buildings are all prone to collapse and destruction. ③Adobe walls are fire-resistant and non-combustible, but they can be damaged by the force of water flow. ④The order of collapse is usually the ceiling first, then the roof, and finally the walls. ⑤The walls of ordinary houses lean inward. II. Fire protection for general urban buildings 1. Fire hazards in cities (1) Existing fire hazards in cities ① Underdeveloped urban fire protection infrastructure, such as unreasonable layout of fire stations, insufficient water sources, lack of fire-fighting equipment, and inadequate fire communication systems. ②Remaining fire protection issues. The old city still has a large number of flammable, makeshift buildings; some production facilities are mixed in with residential homes, lacking adequate fire separation and fire distances. Fire access routes are inadequate, and there are delays in reporting fires as well as mistakes in fire fighting command. (2) New fire hazards in cities: ① The increase in high-rise buildings raises the risk of fires, makes it more difficult to extinguish them, and in the event of a fire, it can easily lead to heavy casualties and significant property losses. ②The roads were crowded with vehicles, making it difficult for fire trucks to pass and reach the fire site in time. ③Accidents involving petroleum products and liquefied petroleum gas are on the rise. ④A large number of household appliances and high-power electrical devices became widely available quickly, leading to indiscriminate wiring, overloaded wires, and an increasing incidence of electrical equipment accidents. ⑤With the development of chemical manufacturing, fires caused by various oxidizers are on the increase. ⑥Polymer-based materials are widely used in buildings; not only are they prone to catching fire, but they also produce thick smoke and toxic gases when burning, which hinders evacuation and endangers human lives. ⑦Compressed gas. High pressure. The use of ultra-high-pressure gases will pose new dangers. ⑧By utilizing existing underground air-raid shelters and changing their purpose, these shelters are converted into underground shopping malls and warehouses. Workshops, hotels, and other facilities are facing new challenges in terms of fire safety. 2. Fire prevention measures for urban buildings (1) Fire safety issues that need to be addressed in urban planning ① Selection of locations for flammable and explosive facilities. ②Treatment of rivers and coastal flammable liquid warehouses. ③Construction of fire escape routes and distribution of fire-fighting facilities. ④The installation of high-voltage overhead lines and gas pipelines, fire separation between blocks and buildings, personnel evacuation, and the fire resistance rating of buildings. (2) Overall urban fire prevention efforts: ① Improve the fire resistance rating of buildings and establish fire separation zones. ②Fire zones are delineated using roads, rivers, green spaces, etc. ③Strengthen the construction of urban fire protection infrastructure. ④There should be no flammable or explosive manufacturing enterprises or important buildings (structures) on either side of the high-voltage overhead lines. No flammable materials should be piled up under high-voltage power lines, nor should any buildings be constructed there. ⑤Plants that emit flammable gases, vapors, and dust should be located downwind of the prevailing wind direction in the area throughout the year ； Place flammable and explosive factories and warehouses in safe areas with a sparse population. ⑥Strictly control the construction and use of flammable buildings. The existing simple buildings should be gradually upgraded in line with urban development. If conditions permit, the areas can be renovated on a consolidated basis ； In areas where comprehensive renovation cannot be carried out immediately, fire safety measures must be strengthened to ensure safety. III. Fire prevention in construction sites and shanties 1. Fire hazards at construction sites (1) Many flammable buildings There are many temporary and flammable buildings such as shanties, warehouses, dormitories, offices, kitchens, and canteens. The site area is small, with these structures arranged closely together; some of them are even located right next to the construction site, without sufficient fire separation distances, resulting in high fire hazards. (2) There are many flammable and combustible materials, and cooking is often done at the construction site; combustibles such as asphalt shingles and wood can be seen everywhere. Shavings, sawdust, wood chips (planks), straw bags, etc. Especially during construction, there are many temporary welding operations such as electric welding, gas welding, asphalt heating, blowtorches, oven use, and boiler operation; even the slightest carelessness can easily lead to fires. Some materials are easily ignited, while others may catch fire spontaneously when exposed to moisture or left piled up for a long time. (3) There are many temporary lines. Electric leakage is likely to occur. Construction sites typically consume a large amount of electricity, and the temporary electrical wiring is intricate; short circuits, electric leakage, sparks, or excessive contact resistance can all lead to fires. (4) The construction period is short and subject to significant variations. Generally, a project can be completed in just a few months or a year. Within a very short time, it goes through several stages such as the construction preparation phase (including material preparation and the erection of temporary shelters), foundation work, the main structure construction, finishing work, and final inspection. In each of these stages, the types of work involved and the construction methods used differ, which in turn leads to varying fire hazards. (5) High staff turnover and numerous overlapping tasks: The nature of work at construction sites means that construction workers are often scattered and in constant movement, and the various construction tasks overlap with one another, making management difficult; as a result, fire hazards are often not easily detected. (6) Lack of fire-fighting water sources and access routes at construction sites. Construction sites usually only have temporary fire-fighting water sources, and these are affected by seasonal changes. Although some sites are supplied with water through municipal water pipelines, these systems are often temporary, resulting in insufficient water volume to meet fire-fighting needs. Construction sites often have foundation pits, ditches, enclosures, bamboo fences, etc., which make it difficult for fire trucks to reach the site of a fire, hindering the firefighting efforts and delaying the opportunity to extinguish the fire. 2. Fire prevention measures at construction sites (1) When preparing the construction design, fire safety requirements for the construction site should be taken into account together with the construction layout plan and construction methods. (2) The construction site must be clearly demarcated: fire-use area ； Flammable. Combustible material storage yards and warehouse areas ； Flammable waste collection stations and residential areas, etc. Care should be taken to locate areas with a high fire risk downwind or to the side of other areas, and a certain fire separation distance should be maintained between these areas. (3) The roads at the construction site should be equipped with lighting at night ； Do not construct temporary structures or pile up flammable materials under high-voltage overhead lines. (4) The fire access roads at the construction site must remain unobstructed under all circumstances, and their width should not be less than 3.5 meters. Construction sites must have sufficient fire-fighting water sources, with fire-supply pipelines and water storage tanks arranged in a logical manner for easy use. The fire water tank at the construction site should be located in a place where fire trucks can access it. (5) Regarding the management of welding, cutting, and other types of fire and electricity use in production and daily life, as well as the management of flammable and combustible materials and chemical hazards, effective management procedures must be established in accordance with relevant fire prevention regulations to prevent fires from occurring. (6) The planning and construction of temporary canteens and dormitories must meet fire safety requirements. A certain fire separation distance should be maintained between various temporary structures; special attention must be paid to locating temporary warehouses storing flammable and explosive materials in areas far away from temporary living areas and permanent structures. Some temporary public buildings (such as shops. Canteens, clubs, etc.) should have doors and passages that facilitate evacuation, as well as an appropriate type and sufficient number of fire extinguishers. (7) Strengthen fire prevention management during the rainy season and hot seasons. Strengthen lightning protection measures during the rainy season, and enhance the inspection and maintenance of exposed electrical equipment and wiring. For commonly used materials that catch fire when exposed to water, such as lime and calcium carbide, it is necessary to prevent leaks and moisture, and store them on elevated surfaces. During the hot seasons, special attention should be paid to the management of flammable and explosive materials. (8) Strengthen fire safety management during winter construction. During winter construction, when the average outdoor temperature during day and night is below 5°C, heat retention and insulation measures must be taken for the construction work. Methods of heat storage and insulation include electric heating, warm shed methods, hot water (or steam) heating, sawdust and quicklime-based heat storage, as well as the use of combustible insulating materials such as straw mats, straw bags, reeds, etc. for heat storage. All these methods of insulation and heat storage carry a certain risk of fire; therefore, scientific management in accordance with established procedures is necessary to prevent fire accidents. (9) For construction projects under general contracting, the general contractor shall take full responsibility for fire safety. In accordance with the principle of \"whoever carries out the construction is responsible\", it shall sign fire safety responsibility agreements with each subcontractor to clarify the responsibilities related to fire safety, identify fire prevention officers at all levels, and assign full-time or part-time personnel to handle daily fire supervision tasks (including organizing and establishing voluntary fire protection teams), ensuring strict implementation of the aforementioned fire safety measures. 3. To carry out fire safety work at construction sites, it is necessary to take into account the different fire hazards associated with each construction phase and implement appropriate fire safety measures. (1) Construction preparation phase: Construction companies must implement a fire prevention responsibility system. The person in charge of fire prevention within the company shall oversee the development of fire safety plans, clarify the hierarchical fire prevention responsibilities, and establish fire safety management systems. Additionally, this person is responsible for directing the company’s technical department to prepare floor plans of the construction site, specifying the locations of temporary structures, as well as the arrangement of fire lanes, fire supply pipelines, and fire hydrants. (2) Foundation works phase: Begin implementing the fire protection plan, lay out the fire protection water supply network, etc., and after conducting extensive outreach among the public, establish fire safety regulations specific to various types of work. For tasks with high fire hazards, such as heating asphalt to create a waterproof base layer, stricter fire prevention measures should be implemented. (3) Structural construction phase: This is the most intensive phase of project construction and carries the highest risk of fire. Fire prevention responsibilities must be implemented at each level, with these responsibilities assigned to team leaders. The foreman (or team leader) must ensure that for any work involving open flames, use of fire is approved in advance, there are personnel assigned to monitor the fire, and fire extinguishing equipment is available. It is prohibited for plumbers to work alongside carpenters or plumbers to work alongside welders. For the installation of electrical equipment, it is necessary to assign specific personnel and equipment for such tasks. Flammable materials, such as varnishes and solvents, should be under the supervision of designated persons, with their use being recorded according to a plan; meanwhile, preparations for extinguishing fires must also be in place. At structural construction sites, a fire fighting plan must be in place, fire hydrants should be installed, and portable fire-fighting equipment must be available. Test the water pressure of the fire hydrants, check the alarm phones and signals (alarms), and ensure that the firefighting equipment and communication devices are in good condition. It is necessary to ensure smooth communication within the facility, and to make preparations for evacuation in the event of a fire. (4) Interior decoration phase: This phase is characterized by a lot of welding in concealed areas and painting. A large amount of solvent is used. It is necessary to organize the construction workers involved in welding work in concealed areas, as well as electricians, welders, and fire monitors, to learn the relevant fire prevention knowledge during the construction period. Safety technical instructions for construction operations, control of material usage, fire prevention measures, and the provision of firefighting equipment – all of these are the responsibilities of the team leader, foreman (or shift supervisor). Responsibilities of the team leader). IV. Fire Prevention for Construction Shelters 1. Fire hazards of construction shelters: These shelters have a simple structure and poor fire resistance; their outer walls and partition walls are made of bamboo, while the roof and the outer wall facing the road are covered with asphalt paper. When this asphalt paper becomes damaged, the exposed bamboo is prone to catching fire, and once a fire breaks out, it can quickly spread and turn into a large blaze. 2. Fire prevention measures for construction sheds (1) Actively adopt technical measures such as fire barriers to enhance the fire resistance of sheds, thereby improving the fire safety conditions at construction sites. (2) The construction of sheds must be subject to strict approval in accordance with the relevant fire safety regulations set by the Ministry of Public Security; it is strictly prohibited to store valuable important materials and equipment in areas where sheds are concentrated. The existing warehouses for supplies and equipment in areas with dense shanty towns should be relocated in a planned and systematic manner, or simple fire-resistant partitions should be constructed. For the newly built shed, the wall on the side facing the road should be constructed using simple brick walls. In existing shanty areas where the outer walls are made of bamboo mats or asphalt paper, these should be replaced with materials such as plywood or fiberboard, or fire-resistant treatments such as applying mud or plaster should be used to improve their fire resistance. (3) The materials used for constructing temporary sheds should be non-flammable or flame-retardant materials. Built on the deck. Room 1 in Category B factory. Materials that are non-flammable must be used in areas near warehouses. When temporary shelters are used as work sites or temporary production workshops in factories, they must be located in suitable locations; open flames and chemical hazards are not allowed inside such shelters. Their construction must be approved by the local public security and fire supervision authorities. The area of a workshop should generally not exceed 100 square meters; if it is indeed necessary for production purposes, the local fire safety authorities may determine an appropriate size based on the environmental conditions and the actual structure of the building. During construction, it is important not to interfere with the unit’s fire exits and safety distances. A usage period should be specified during use, generally not exceeding one year; upon expiration, it should be removed automatically. If it needs to be retained for production purposes, the fire protection measures of the shed should be improved, and it should be converted into a permanent structure with fire resistance ratings of level 1 or 2, subject to approval by the local public security fire supervision agency. V. Fire protection review and management in architectural design 1. Tasks of the public security fire department in building fire protection (1) Participating in the formulation of urban and town fire protection plans: Based on the actual needs of fire safety efforts, and in conjunction with urban planning, municipal fire protection facilities are planned in a timely manner. For newly developed urban areas, corresponding fire stations should be planned in accordance with relevant regulations and standards. Planning for specialized facilities such as fire water sources and fire communication systems. Fire prevention requirements should be established for facilities with high fire risk in cities, as well as for the layout of such areas and the renovation of flammable slums, and these requirements should be incorporated into planning for coordinated implementation. (2) Responsible for reviewing fire protection in building design. The supervision and guidance personnel responsible for inspection, acceptance, and design should earnestly implement the \"Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings,\" the \"Code for Fire Protection Design of High-Rise Civil Buildings,\" the \"Code for Fire Protection Design of Interior Decoration of Buildings,\" as well as relevant fire protection codes, regulations, and requirements. Regarding the site selection, general layout, production process, and architectural design of engineering projects. Fire water supply, heating and ventilation. Conduct necessary fire safety inspections for electrical equipment, building finishes, fire protection systems, etc. For key construction projects with a high fire risk, necessary supervision and inspection should also be carried out during the construction process to ensure the implementation of all fire safety measures, and participation in the acceptance upon project completion is required. (3) To ensure the implementation of building fire protection technical standards, it is recommended that planning and design agencies, along with their superior regulatory authorities, establish fire protection review teams responsible for studying fire protection technologies and reviewing building fire protection designs. Hold symposiums for leaders in charge of infrastructure work from various units to exchange experiences, summarize lessons learned, and emphasize the necessity of implementing fire protection technical standards in planning, design, and construction. At the same time, opinions are sought regarding the fire safety review of architectural designs, issues identified in the work are addressed, relevant personnel from planning and design agencies are organized to visit typical fire scenes, and lessons are drawn from practical experience. Carry out various academic activities to motivate relevant personnel and continuously improve the quality and standards of fire protection design. (4) Addressing new issues in building fire protection resulting from the development of science and technology, along with new construction techniques. New materials. The emergence of newly designed buildings presents new challenges for fire safety, and it is necessary to conduct investigations and research to identify and address these issues promptly. 2. Review of building design drawings by public security fire departments (1) Principles to be adhered to in reviewing building design drawings: ① Adhere to the principles of seeking truth from facts and ensuring safety for production; production must take place in a safe environment. ②The transformation of existing enterprises should follow the principles of rational utilization, appropriate adjustment, and gradual reform. ③The principle that key projects should be the focus of supervision. (2) Procedures for fire safety review of architectural design ① Read the documents. Understand the situation, location, environment of the engineering project, as well as its production processes and fire hazards. ②On-site inspection. Understand the surrounding environment, assess whether the site selection is appropriate, and check for any potential impacts of fire spread from adjacent enterprises or production facilities and structures. Review the master plan to determine whether conditions such as spacing between buildings, roads, and water sources meet the requirements for fire safety. ③Review the drawings. Review the locations of various buildings and structures in the plan, as well as the spacing between them ； Examine the combustion properties and fire resistance limits of the main components of various buildings and structures as specified in the architectural design drawings and specifications, in order to determine the fire resistance rating of the building ； Inspect whether the building, structure, heating, ventilation, electrical equipment, and fire protection systems meet the requirements of relevant regulations. ④Construction supervision. The construction site should be inspected regularly to check the implementation status during construction, to ensure compliance with fire safety regulations. ⑤Completion acceptance. Upon the completion of key projects, it is also necessary to check the construction quality and test whether the installed fire protection facilities are functional. (3) Methods for fire safety review of architectural design drawings ① The review process must be based on certain criteria. It should be implemented in accordance with fire protection regulations and codes, taking into account the lessons learned from fire accidents. ②There should be a clear approach to reviewing project drawings. It is necessary to have a proper perspective on handling the contradictions between the present and the long term, and to be practical and result-oriented. Adhere to standards, but it is also necessary to exercise appropriate flexibility while upholding principles. ③When reviewing building drawings, it is essential to focus on the key points. Strict requirements should be applied to projects with a high fire risk, which can result in heavy casualties in case of a fire and have significant impacts. The critical departments of key entities that pose a fire risk must be carefully and thoroughly examined to ensure safety. ④Points to note during review. In accordance with the relevant fire safety regulations, a thorough review is carried out item by item to prevent any omissions; based on the common fire hazards encountered in the area and taking into account the purpose of use, potential fire risks beyond what is specified in the regulations are also assessed. 3. The public security fire department conducts the fire protection completion inspection of buildings. (1) Tasks of the building fire protection completion inspection: ① Check whether the construction of the building was carried out in accordance with the designed fire protection requirements. ②Check. Review whether the selection of fire protection equipment used inside the building is appropriate. ③Thoroughly test the performance parameters of the fire protection system to verify whether it meets the requirements of **the standards. ④Prepare the fire protection completion acceptance report. (2) Main contents of the completion inspection for building fire protection ① General layout. ②The fire resistance rating of buildings, the combustion behavior of materials, and the fire resistance limit of components. ③Design of fire compartments, smoke compartments, and building construction. ④Safety evacuation facilities. ⑤Indoor and outdoor fire water supply networks, fire hydrants, pump rooms, and related fire-fighting facilities. ⑥Smoke prevention and exhaust system. ⑦Whether the ventilation and air conditioning systems are installed in compliance with fire safety requirements. ⑧Emergency power supply in case of accidents. Emergency lighting and safety evacuation guidance facilities. ⑨Automatic fire alarm and emergency announcement system. ⑩Information on the performance of building fire protection materials and fire-fighting products, as well as details regarding quality assurance, quality inspection, and product certification. ⑾Fire safety management systems and practical fire prevention measures (3) Forms of completion inspection for building fire protection ① The form of inspection to be adopted can be determined based on the scale of the building, the type of fire protection system, and the number of people who may be involved in the inspection. ②The organizational format for acceptance is divided into two types according to the content of the acceptance: comprehensive fire protection acceptance and individual acceptance of fire protection projects ； Based on the composition of the inspection personnel, it is divided into separate fire protection inspections and joint fire protection inspections.