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These are common terms related to instruments that I encounter frequently in my work. Here is a version with Chinese-English translations along with annotations: Performance characteristic: Parameters related to determining the functions and capabilities of an instrument, along with their quantitative expressions. Reference performance characteristic: The performance characteristic achieved under reference operating conditions. Range: An interval of a quantity defined by upper and lower limits. Note: “Range” is usually accompanied by modifiers. For example: measurement range, scale range. It can be applied to the measured quantity or operating conditions, etc. Measuring range: The range of the quantity being measured that can be determined with the specified accuracy. Measuring range lower limit: The minimum value of the quantity being measured, as determined by the specified accuracy. Measuring range higher limit: The maximum value of the quantity being measured, as determined by the specified accuracy. Span: The algebraic difference between the upper and lower limits of a range. For example: when the range is from -20°C to 100°C, the span is 120°C. Scale: a set of ordered scale marks that form part of an indicating device, along with all the relevant numbers. Scale range: The range defined by the starting value and ending value of the scale. Scale mark: A scale line or other marking on a device that indicates a corresponding one or more specific measured values. Note: For digital readings, the digits themselves are equivalent to the scale markings. Zero mark, synonym: zero scale line – a scale mark or line on a dial (plate) marked with the number “zero”. Scale division: The portion of the scale between any two adjacent scale marks. The value of scale division, also known as the division value, is the difference in the measured value between two adjacent scale marks on a scale. Scale spacing, the length of a scale division: the distance between the centers of any two adjacent scale marks measured along the same line segment that represents the scale length. Scale length: On a given scale, it is the length of the line segment passing through the midpoints of all the shortest marks, between the starting and ending scale marks. Note: This line segment can be a real or imaginary curve or straight line. Minimum scale value: The measured value corresponding to the scale starting mark. Ma*mum scale value: The measured value corresponding to the scale endpoint marker. Scale numbering: The set of numbers marked on the scale, which correspond to the value being measured as determined by the scale marks, or simply indicate the numerical order of the scale marks. Linear scale: A scale in which the distance between adjacent divisions is in a constant proportional relationship with the corresponding values of those divisions. Note: A linear scale with a constant spacing between scale divisions is called a regular scale. Nonlinear scale: A scale in which the spacing between various scale divisions is in a non-constant proportional relationship with the corresponding division values. Note: Some nonlinear scales have specific names, such as logarithmic scale and square-law scale. Suppressed-zero scale: a scale that does not include a scale value corresponding to the zero value of the quantity being measured within its range. For example: the scale of medical thermometers. Expanded scale: a scale in which, within its range, the disproportionately large portions account for most of the scale’s length. Zero of a measuring instrument: The direct reading of a measuring instrument when any auxiliary power source required for its operation is connected and the value being measured is zero. ①When measuring instruments use an auxiliary power supply, this term is usually referred to as \"electrical zero point\". ②The term “mechanical zero” is often used when any auxiliary power source for the instrument is disconnected and it is not in operation. Instrument constant: It is a coefficient that must be multiplied by the direct reading in order to obtain the value indicated by the measuring instrument. Note: When the direct reading is equal to the value being measured, the constant of the measuring instrument is 1. Characteristic curve: A curve that shows the functional relationship between the steady-state output value of an instrument and a certain input value, with all other inputs maintained at specified constant values. Specified characteristic curve: Under specified conditions, it is a curve that shows the functional relationship between the steady-state output value that an instrument should exhibit and a certain input value. Adjustment: The operations carried out to bring the instruments into normal working condition and eliminate deviations so that they can be used properly. User adjustment: The adjustments that users are allowed to make. Calibration: Under specified conditions, it is the process of establishing a relationship between the reading indicated by a measuring instrument or system, or the value represented by a physical measuring tool, and the known value corresponding to the quantity being measured. Calibration curve: Under specified conditions, it is a curve that shows the relationship between the value to be measured and the value actually measured by the instrument. Calibration cycle: A combination of the upward calibration curve and the downward calibration curve within the limits of the calibration range of an instrument. Calibration table: refers to the data table format of the calibration curve.