Water supply and drainage

According to the user's requirements for water quality, water pressure, water volume, and water temperature, and combined with the external water supply system conditions, there are three basic water supply systems.: Domestic water supply system, production water supply system, fire water supply system. Characteristics of domestic water supply system: The water consumption is uneven, and the water quality should meet the "Hygienic Standards for Drinking Water". Characteristics of the production water supply system: Characteristics of fire water supply systems with uniform water consumption and large differences in water quality requirements: The water consumption is large, there are no special requirements for water quality, and the pressure requirements are high. :handshake

I don’t know what the basic knowledge the poster refers to? http://www.chinacitywater.org/xsdt/sktj/jzgps/12129.shtml On this website, you can look for basic related books. Learn about it first, register and then you can download it. If you have other questions, you can continue to communicate. This post was last edited by zhuimengren on 2008-2-19 16:31 ]

Thank you. I mainly want to know about construction aspects, such as the materials and welding methods of pipelines in the current construction industry.

I have done industrial pipeline construction, and I mainly want to know some knowledge about civil water supply and drainage. Can you recommend some practical books? :P

Specifications for construction quality acceptance of building water supply, drainage and heating projects.

Water quality standards for drinking water━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━ Project┃ Indicators━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━ Sensory properties and general┃ Color┃Does not exceed 15 degrees of hardness Chemical indicators┃ Turbidity ┃ not exceeding 3 degrees of hardness ┃ Smell and taste ┃ No peculiar smell or taste ┃ Things visible to the naked eye ┃ Shall not contain ┃ PH ┃６.5--８.5 ┃ Total hardness ┃４50 mg/L ┃ Iron ┃0.3 mg/L ┃ Manganese┃0.1 mg/L ┃ Copper┃1.0 mg/L ┃ Zinc┃1.0 mg/L ┃ Volatile phenols (calculated as phenol) ┃0.002mg/L ┃ Anionic synthetic detergent┃0.3 mg/L ┃ Sulfate┃250 mg/L ┃ Chloride┃250 mg/L┃ Total dissolved solids┃1000mg/L ━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━ Toxicological indicators┃ Fluoride┃1.0 mg/L ┃ Cyanide ┃0.05mg/L ┃ Arsenic ┃0.05mg/L ┃ Selenium ┃0.01mg/L ┃ Mercury ┃0.001mg/L ┃ Cadmium ┃0.01mg/L ┃ Chromium ┃0.0５mg/L ┃ Lead ┃0.05mg/L ┃ Silver ┃0.05mg/L ┃ Nitrate (calculated as nitrogen) ┃20 mg/L ┃ Chloroform ┃６0 μg/L ┃ Carbon tetrachloride ┃３ μg/L ┃ Benzo ratio ┃0.01μg/L ┃ DDT┃1 μg/L ┃ BHC┃５ μg/L ━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━ Bacteriological indicators ┃ Total number of bacteria ┃ 100/mL ┃ Total coliforms ┃ 3/L ┃ Free residual chlorine ┃ after contact with water for 30 minutes ┃ ┃ should not be less than 0.3mg/L ┃ ┃ The end of the pipe network should not be less than ┃ ┃0.05mg/L ━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━ Radioactivity index┃ Total alpha rays┃0.1Bq/L ┃ Total beta ray┃1.0Bq/L ━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━━ Deep water treatment water quality reference index 1 A certain project is equivalent to reception* * A high-end foreign-related hotel at the head of state level is required to meet the expected water quality standards: turbidity less than 2 degrees, no abnormal odor, chromaticity less than 5 degrees, oxygen consumption (CODMn) less than 10 mg/L2. A certain project is a five-star hotel specially designed to receive high-level foreign guests. The water supply quality requirements are as follows: turbidity < 2 degrees chroma < 5 No abnormality in oxygen consumption (CODMn) 〈 10 mg/L CN 0.001 mg/L Hg 0.0005 mg/L Cu 〈 1.0 mg/L Fe 〈 0.3 mg/L Mn 〈 0.3 mg/L Zn 〈 1.0 mg/L Pb 〈 0.1 mg/L Cr 〈 0.05 mg/L Cd 〈 0.01 mg/L As 〈 0.05 mg/L Phenols 〈 0.005 mg/L Nitrite Nitrogen 〈 10 mg/L Evaluation of water quality analysis results In order to determine whether the source water needs to be treated, water quality data of the water source should be obtained before the design begins. Different water sources and different water users require different content of water quality data analysis. Generally, a complete analysis of water quality is required, including sensory properties and general chemical indicators, toxicological indicators, bacteriological indicators, etc. 1 Chroma The color of water is divided into true color and apparent color. The color of water quality analysis refers to the true color. The true color is caused by the dissolved substances and colloids contained in the water, that is, the color after removing the suspended matter in the water. When measuring color, clarification or centrifugation must be used to remove suspended solids, but filter paper cannot be used because the filter paper can absorb part of the color. When water contains certain substances, it often shows a special color. Such as: ━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━ The substances present in the water ━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━ Hard water┃ Light blue with low iron┃ Light gray with high iron┃ Rusty hydrogen sulfide┃ Emerald green sulfur bacteria┃ Red manganese compounds┃ Dark red humate┃ Dark yellow or gray black━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━ 2 Pure water is colorless and tasteless. When the water contains certain substances, it will produce some special taste. Therefore, the taste of water can roughly judge whether the content of certain substances in the water is higher. Smell and taste are not very important from a hygienic point of view, but unpleasant odors in drinking water are very objectionable. 　　　　　　　━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━ 　　　　　　　　Substances present in water┃ Taste of water━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━ NaCL ┃ Salty Na2SO４ ┃ Astringent MgCL2＋MgSO４┃ Bitter A large amount of organic matter┃ Sweet iron salt┃ Ink smell humus┃ Swamp smell H2S ┃ Sour taste CO2+Ca(HCO３)2┃ Delicious and clear+Mg(HCO３)2 ┃ ━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━━ 3 Water temperature The temperature classification of water is shown in the table below━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━ Classification of water┃ Temperature ℃ ━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━ Very cold water┃ 〈0 Very cold water┃ 0--４ Cold water┃ ４--20 Warm water┃ 20--３７ Hot water┃ 37--42 Extremely hot water┃ 42--9５ Boiling water┃ 〉100 ━━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━━ 4 Turbidity Turbidity of water indirectly indicates the content of suspended substances contained in the water, but there is no direct quantitative relationship. The unit of turbidity is the degree of turbidity produced by one gram of diatomaceous earth in one liter of water, which is called one degree, or expressed in milligrams per liter. The lower the turbidity, the higher the transparency of the water, the fewer impurities in the water, and the cleaner the water. Drinking water requires very clear water, while other water (such as cooling water) is allowed to have appropriate turbidity. 5 Dissolved solids refer to soluble salts and organic matter contained in water. Salt is a combination of cations and anions. Chemical analysis can only distinguish different ions, but cannot indicate the nature and quantity of soluble salts. It is not important to know the exact properties of soluble salts. In fact, water only contains many ions. It is enough to know the respective ratios of different cations and anions. Marking with equivalents can indicate various possible combinations between cations and anions, and the analysis results can also be accurately checked, because the sum of cations must be equal to the sum of anions. 6 PH value The PH value indicates whether the water is acidic or alkaline. The PH value itself has no hygienic significance, but it is an important indicator when determining the corrosive effect of water. The pH value also plays an important role in the coagulation process. 7 Hardness and Alkalinity Total hardness indicates the total concentration of calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in the water. Including carbonate hardness (temporary hardness) and non-carbonate hardness (permanent hardness). Hardness forms insoluble compounds with soap, causing soap to lose part of its detergency and making it difficult to generate foam. Calcium salts and magnesium salts affect the cooking of vegetables. Our country stipulates that the total hardness of drinking water should not exceed 450 mg/L, but the most delicious water should have a hardness between 80 and 150 mg/L. Alkalinity refers to the content of substances in water that can interact with strong acids. Water with high alkalinity is not suitable for boilers because it easily causes boiler steam-water co-evaporation and caustic embrittlement. Generally, the alkalinity in natural water is only the bicarbonate alkalinity, that is, the alkalinity is equal to the carbonate hardness. If the water quality analysis results show that the total alkalinity is greater than the total hardness, it means that there is potassium and sodium alkalinity in the water, and there is no non-carbonate hardness. This part of the potassium and sodium alkalinity is called negative hardness. 8 Iron and Manganese Even if the concentration of iron in the water is very low, it will come into contact with the air and precipitate, forming red flocs. Manganese in the water will also turn the water red, causing rust spots on washed clothes and utensils, giving the water a metallic smell, causing iron bacteria to multiply, corroding iron pipes, and forming large piles of hard nodules. 9 Toxicological indicators refer to the maximum allowable concentration of harmful substances. Exceeding the indicators will cause acute or chronic poisoning. There are specific provisions in the "Hygienic Standards for Drinking Water". 10 Bacteriological indicators are indirect measures of contamination. The total number of bacteria is an indicator that reflects the degree of pollution of the water body by domestic sewage or other organic matter and the water treatment effect. Exceeding the standard indicates serious water pollution or poor water treatment effect. 　Water quality of hot water supply: In addition to meeting the domestic drinking water quality standards, the quality of hot water for domestic use should also consider whether the hardness of the cold water requires softening of the cold water. The most suitable temporary hardness for hot water supply systems is 2 to 3 milliequivalents/liter (5.6 to 8.4 German degrees). Water that is temporarily too hard will speed up the corrosion of pipes and equipment, and can also make people feel uncomfortable when using it for bathing. When the temporary hardness of water is 8.4~11.2°H (German degree), scale only occurs in the heater and does not scale in the pipes. When the temporary hardness reaches 11.2~14°H, scale will also form in the hot water pipe network. Water with a temporary hardness exceeding 15°H should be softened before heating. However, according to survey data in Beijing, some joint venture projects have softening treatment equipment, while quite a few high-end public buildings do not undergo softening treatment before heating, or even though the project is designed with softening treatment equipment, it is shelved due to high regular costs. 　━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━┯━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━ 　Water quality classification│ Very soft water│Soft water│Medium hard water│Hard water│Very hard water─┬────────┼────┼─────┼──────┼───────┼──── Total│Germany (°Ｈ) │ 0～４│ ４～８ │ ８～１６ │ １６～３0 │〉３0 │Based on CaO2│ │ │ │ │ Hard├─────────┼────┼──────┼──────┼───────┼──── │US (mg/L)│ │ │ │ │ Degree│calculated as CaCO3│0～71│71～143│143～286│286～535│〉535 ─┴──────────┼─────┴───────┼───────┼───────┴──── Situation of pipelines and equipment scaling│ Pipeline equipment is not scaled│Scaleing│ Severe scaling━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━ ━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━ Water quality standards for domestic miscellaneous water────────────────┬───────┬────── Projects│Toilet flushing│ Car washing and cleaning│ and urban greening│────────────────┼───────┼─────── Turbidity (degree) │ 10 │ 5 ───────────────────┼────────┼─────── Dissolved solids (ｍｇ/Ｌ) │ 1200 │ 1000 ──────────────────────────┼────── Suspended solids (ｍｇ/Ｌ) │ 10 │ ５ ─────────────────┼────────┼─────── Chroma (degree) │ ４５ │ ３0 ──────────────────┼───────┼─────── Smell│ No unpleasant feeling│ No unpleasant feeling─────────────────┼───────┼────── PH value│６５～９.0│ ６５～９.0 ──────────────────┼────────┼──────── BOD │ 10 │ 10 ─────────────────┼────────┼────── ＣＯＤ │ ５0 │ ５0 ──────────────────┼───────┼────── Ammonia nitrogen (in N) (mg/Ｌ) │ 20 │ 10 ─────────────────┼───────┼─────── Total hardness (in CaCO3) (mg/Ｌ) │ 450 │ 450 ────────────────────────────┼─────── Chloride (mg/Ｌ) │ 350 │ 300 ──────────────────────────┼─────── Anionic synthetic detergent (mg/Ｌ) │ 1.0 │ 0.５ ──────────────────┼───────┼─────── Iron (mg/Ｌ) │ 0.4 │ 0.4 ─────────────────────────────┼─────── Manganese (mg/Ｌ) │ 0.1 │ 0.1 ─────────────────┼────────┴────── Free residual chlorine (mg/Ｌ) │ The end of the pipe network is not less than 0.2 ─────────────────┼───────┬────── Total coliforms (pieces/L) │ 3 │ 3 ─────────────────┴────────┴─────── Beijing Gray Water Quality Standard━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ No.│ Project│ Standards━━┿━━━━━━━━━━━━┿━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 1│Color│Not super 40 degrees──┼────────────┼──────────────── 2│Smell│No unpleasant feeling──┼────────────┼───────────────── ３│ＰＨ value│６５～９.0 ──┼────────────┼────────────────── 4│Suspended solids│Not exceeding 10 mg/L──┼───────────┼────────────────── 5│Biochemical oxygen demand (five days at 20°C)│Not exceeding 10 mg/L──┼────────────┼───────────────── ６│Chemical oxygen demand (potassium dichromate method)│Not exceeding 50 mg/L──┼───────────┼────────────────── 7│Anionic synthetic detergent│Not exceeding 2 mg/L──┼───────────┼────────────────── ８│Total number of bacteria│No more than 100 in 1 ml of water──┼───────────┼────────────────── 9│Total coliforms│No more than 3 in 1 liter of water──┼───────────┼───────────────── 10│Free residual chlorine│The end of the pipe network is packed with 0.2 mg/L━━┷━━━ ━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ The percentage of drainage in the building │ Discharge percentage (%) │ ┃ ┃Category├─────┬──────┬─────┤Notes┃ ┃ │Residential│ Hotel·Restaurant│Office building│ ┃ ┣━━━┿━━━━━┿━━━━━━┿━━━━━━┿━━━━━━━━┫ ┃Bath│19～20│７９～７1 │４0～３４ │ ┃ ┠───┼─────┼─────┼──────┼────────┨ ┃Wash up│ １５ │ ８～10 │ │ ┃ ┠───┼─────┼──────┼──────┼────────┨ ┃Laundry│ 12 │ │ │ ┃ ┠───┼─────┼──────┼──────┼────────┨ ┃Kitchen│２３～２１│ │ │ ┃ ┠───┼────┼──────┼──────┼────────┨ ┃Flush│３１～３２│１３～１９ │６６～６６ │ ┃ ┠───┼────┼──────┼──────┼────────┨ ┃Total│ 100 │ 100 │ 100 │ ┃ ┗━━━┷━━━━━┷━━━━━━┷━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━┛ Typical domestic sewage quality in China━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━ ━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━ │ Concentration (mg/Ｌ) │ │Concentration (mg/Ｌ) Item├────┬───┬───┤ Item├───┬───┬─── │ High│ Medium│ Low│ │ High│ Medium│Low━━━━━━━━┿━━━━┿━━━┿━━ ━┿━━━━━━━━━━┿━━━┿━━━┿━━━ Total solids│1200│720│350│Biodegradable│750│300│200 Soluble│850│500│250│ Soluble│375│150│100 Insoluble│525│300│145│ Suspension│375│150│100 Volatile│ 325│200│105│Total nitrogen│ 85│ 40│ 20 Suspended solids│ 350│220│100│ Organic nitrogen│ 35│ 15│ 8 Non-volatile│ ７５│ ５５│ 20│ Free nitrogen │ 50│ 25│ 12 Volatile │ 275│１６５│ ８８│ Nitrite │ 0│ 0│ 0 Sedimentable matter │ 20│ 10│ 5 │ Nitrate│ 0│ 0│ 0 Biochemical oxygen demand BOD│ 400│200│100│Total phosphorus│ 15│ 8│ 4 Soluble│ 200│100│ 50│ Organic phosphorus│ 5│ 3│ 1 Suspended│ 200│100│ 50│ Inorganic phosphorus│ 10│ 5│ 3 Total organic carbon│ 290│160│ 80│Chloride│200│100│ 60 Chemical oxygen demand COD│1000│400│250│Alkalinity (calculated as caco3)│200│100│ 50 Solubility│ 400│150│100│Grease│150│100│ 50 Suspensionable│ 600│250│150│PH value│ 8│7.5│ 7 ━━━━━━━━┷━━━━┷━━━┷━━━ ┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━┷━━━┷━━ Bathing wastewater test results━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━ ━━┯━━━━━━━━┯━━━━┯━━━━━━ Laboratory items│Hotel│ Institutional bathroom│Public bathroom│Note━━━━━━━━━┿━━━ ━━━━┿━━━━━━━━┿━━━━┿━━━━━━ Color │ Milky white │ Milky white │ Gray white │ Odor │ Soap smell │ Noisy smell │ Soap smell │ PH value │ 8.1 │ 8.2 │8.0 │ Suspended solids mg/L│ 15～46 │ 44～63 │167 │ Chemical oxygen demand mg/L│ 52～218│103～142 │466 │ Biochemical oxygen demand mg/L│ 25～71 │ 56～71 │107 │ Surfactant mg/L│2.7～14 │ 4.3 │1.6 │ Coliforms/mL│1.6×104│2.1×1010│Uncountable│ Total bacteria/L│2.4×104│2.4×108　│　　　　│