The concept of non-ferrous metals

The purpose of my posting is to remind everyone: This section is about researching, discussing and exploring the "smelting technology" of two types of metals: "heavy metals" and "light metals". This section originally covers a large range. If other metals or even non-metals are also sent, it will dilute the theme!

Nonferrous metals refer to metals other than iron, chromium, and manganese. Generally divided into four categories: rare metals, light metals, precious metals and heavy metals. Among them, rare metals are divided into four categories: rare light metals, scattered metals, rare high melting point metals, and rare earths.

Nonferrous light metals 7 Aluminum magnesium potassium sodium calcium strontium barium Nonferrous heavy metals 10 Copper, lead, zinc, tin, cobalt, nickel, antimony, mercury, cadmium, bismuth precious metals 8 Gold, silver, platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, rare light metals 4, beryllium, lithium, rubidium, cesium, rare refractory metals 9, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, molybdenum, rare dispersed metals 4 Gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, rare earth metals 16, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, scandium, yttrium, lutetium semi-metal 5, silicon, boron, selenium, tellurium and arsenic, a total of 63 types

Non-ferrous metals refer to all metals except iron, chromium and manganese. In 1958, China listed iron, chromium and manganese as ferrous metals. ； And 64 kinds of metals other than iron, chromium and manganese are included in non-ferrous metals. These 64 nonferrous metals include: Aluminum, magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, strontium, barium, copper, lead, zinc, tin, cobalt, nickel, antimony, mercury, cadmium, bismuth, gold, silver, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, beryllium, lithium, rubidium, cesium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, Vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, rhenium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, Gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium, silicon, boron, selenium, tellurium, arsenic, thorium.

What is "non-ferrous metal"? (1) Non-ferrous metals There are many types of metals, and metals are usually divided into two categories: ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals include iron, manganese, chromium and their alloys. Eighty-three metals other than iron, manganese, and chromium are called nonferrous metals. Classification of non-ferrous metals, various * * Not entirely unified. Generally speaking, it is divided into five categories according to its proportion, price, reserves and distribution in the earth's crust, and how early it was discovered and used by people.: 1) Light non-ferrous metals ； 2) Heavy non-ferrous metals ； 3) Rare metals ； 4) Precious metals ； 5) Semi-metal. 　 (2) Ten kinds of non-ferrous metals The ten kinds of non-ferrous metals refer to the ten kinds of non-ferrous metals that are produced in large quantities and widely used. They are also called the ten kinds of commonly used non-ferrous metals. The output of nonferrous metals in various countries around the world generally refers to the total output of ten nonferrous metals: aluminum, magnesium, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, tin, antimony, and mercury. The ten kinds of non-ferrous metals in my country generally refer to: There are ten types of copper, aluminum, nickel, lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, antimony and mercury, that is, replacing foreign magnesium and diamond with tungsten and molybdenum. 　　The 109 elements that make up nature are divided into metallic elements, semi-metallic elements, non-metallic elements and gas elements. There are 81 kinds of metallic elements. Metal elements are divided into ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. 　　 Nonferrous metals are divided into several categories based on the properties of the elements, their abundance in the earth's crust, and their uses, including nonferrous heavy metals, nonferrous light metals, precious metals, rare light metals, rare high melting point metals, scattered metals, rare earth metals, natural radioactive metal elements, and artificial radioactive metal elements. The precious metal elements are: osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), silver (Ag). In addition to jewelry, precious metals are also widely used in electronic products and special alloys. ---------------------Then let’s eliminate literacy. Haha, just kidding. In fact, everyone explained it from different aspects. :lol

I am really illiterate, I came to the wrong place!

In the material world, non-ferrous metals are a dazzling and colorful metal kingdom. Among the 109 elements discovered so far, 93 are called metals (including semimetals), and the remaining 16 are non-metals. Among these 93 metal elements, 92 metals (including semi-metals) other than iron are collectively called non-ferrous metals or non-ferrous metals. Classification of non-ferrous metals Non-ferrous metals are generally divided into five categories: non-ferrous light metals, non-ferrous heavy metals, precious metals, rare metals and semi-metals according to their properties, uses, output and reserves in the earth's crust. Among rare metals, according to their physical and chemical properties, symbiotic relationship of raw materials, production process and other characteristics, they are divided into rare light metals, rare heavy metals, rare refractory metals, sparse metals, rare earth metals, and rare radioactive metals. 1. Non-ferrous light metals Non-ferrous light metals generally refer to non-ferrous metals with a density of less than 4.5 g/cm3. There are seven types, including aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba). The common characteristics of these metals are: It has low density, high chemical activity, and is very stable with oxygen, sulfur, carbon and halogen compounds. For the extraction and industrial production of such metals, molten salt electrolysis or metal thermal reduction is usually used. 2. Non-ferrous heavy metals Non-ferrous heavy metals generally refer to non-ferrous metals with a density of more than 4.5 g/cm3. There are 12 types. They are copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), tin (Sn), cadmium (Cd), and bismuth (Bi). ； Antimony (Sb), mercury (Hs), manganese (Mn) and chromium (Cr). Such metals are usually extracted and produced industrially by pyrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy. 3. Rare metals Rare metals usually refer to those metals that are rarely found in nature, are sparsely distributed, or are difficult to extract from raw materials. Rare metals are subdivided into: (1) Rare light metals The common characteristics of rare light metals are small density (0.53~1.87 g/cm3) and strong chemical activity. Oxides and chlorides of such metals have high chemical stability. There are four types of rare light metals, namely lithium (Li), beryllium (Be), rubidium (Rb), and cesium (Cs). This type of metal is usually produced by molten salt electrolysis or metal thermal reduction. (2) Rare high-melting-point metals The common characteristics of rare high-melting-point metals are high melting points, generally higher than 1650°C, strong corrosion resistance, and the ability to form very hard and very refractory stable compounds with some non-metals, such as carbides, fluorides, silicides and borides. There are 9 rare high-melting point metals, which are titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), and rhenium (Re). Due to the high melting point of this type of metal, metal powder or sponge is generally obtained when compounds are reduced, and then powder metallurgy or arc melting is used to make dense alloys. (3) Scattered metals Scattered metals are very dispersed in the earth's crust and do not exist as separate minerals in nature. Even if there are individual minerals, their output is very small and has no industrial value. There are four types of scattered metals, namely gallium (Ca), indium (In), thallium (Tl), and germanium (Ce). The semimetallic selenium and tellurium are also listed as scattered metals. Since these metals are dispersed, they are extracted from waste materials from various metallurgical and chemical plants. For example, residues from gas plants, anode mud from electrolytic copper plants, slag and soot from the production of lead, zinc and aluminum, and waste residue from sulfuric acid plants are all raw materials for extracting such metals. (4) Rare earth metals Rare earth metals have the same atomic structure and their physical and chemical properties are very similar. They are always associated with each other in ores, and require complicated operations to separate them one by one during the extraction process. The origin of its name is: In the 18th century, the minerals used to extract such elements were relatively scarce, and only rare earth oxides that looked like alkaline earth (calcium oxide) could be obtained, so they were named rare earths, which has been used to this day. There are 17 kinds of rare earth metals, including lanthanide elements and scandium and yttrium, which are chemically similar to lanthanide elements. They are lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium * * , Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb), Lutetium (Lu), Scandium (Sc), Yttrium (Y). The extraction of such metals usually involves first precipitation as a mixture of oxides or a mixture of other compounds, and then separation and extraction using physical and chemical methods. (5) Rare radioactive metals Rare radioactive metals include various natural radioactive elements polonium (Po), radium (Ra), actinium (Ac), thorium (Th), protactinium (Pa) and uranium (U) and various artificial superelements francium (Pr), technetium (Tc), neptunium (Np), plutonium (Pu), americium (A) m), curium (Cm), berkelium (Bk), californium (Cf), einsteinium (Es), fermium (Fm), mendeium (Md), noium (No), thallium (L) There are 25 kinds in total: w), Rf (Rf), Db (Db), Sg (Sg), Bn (Bn), Hs (Hs), and Mt (Mt). Natural radioactive elements often co-exist in ores, and they are often associated with rare earth metal ores. This type of metal plays an extremely important role in the atomic energy industry. 4. Precious metals Precious metals are generally of relatively high value. They are low in the earth’s crust and difficult to mine and extract. Therefore, they are more expensive than ordinary metals. There are 8 types of precious metals, including gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh). This type of metal has stable chemical properties and high density, generally between 10.4 and 22.4 g/cm. Among them, platinum, iridium, and osmium are the heaviest metal elements, with high melting points, generally between 916 and 3000°C. Among the precious metals, gold, silver, and platinum are the exception. Except for some individual minerals that can be produced from ores, most of them must be recovered and extracted from by-products (anode mud) during the smelting and production of copper, lead, zinc, nickel and other metals. Hydrometallurgy is usually used to extract precious metals gold and silver from ores. 5. Semi-metal Semi-metal means that its physical and chemical properties are between metals and non-metals. There are 6 types. They are silicon (Si), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), arsenic (As), boron (B), and astatine (At). In addition, germanium, antimony, and polonium also have semi-metallic properties, and some * * It is also classified as semi-metallic. Such semi-metals are extracted in different ways according to their respective characteristics. They are usually extracted by arc smelting, zone smelting, thermal reduction, molten salt electrolysis and other methods, or they are extracted from anode sludge in the process of extracting other non-ferrous metals. In 1958, my country classified manganese and chromium in nonferrous metals as ferrous metals, and classified the actinide metals radium, technetium, polonium, francium and superactinide elements as radioactive metals. The remaining 64 metals were classified as nonferrous metals. These metals are: Aluminum, magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, strontium, barium, copper, lead, zinc, tin, cobalt, nickel, antimony, mercury, cadmium, bismuth, gold, silver, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, beryllium, lithium, rubidium, cesium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium , vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, rhenium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, giant, samarium , europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium, silicon, boron, selenium, tellurium, arsenic ； Among the 64 kinds of non-ferrous metals, 10 metals with large production volume and wide applications - copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, tin, antimony, mercury, magnesium, titanium, etc. are called 10 commonly used non-ferrous metals, which are used as a standard to measure the development level of the non-ferrous metal industry. This post was last edited by yzhms on 2009-1-12 17:49 ]

What categories of metal minerals are classified into? Metal minerals can be divided into the following 4 categories according to their material composition, properties and uses.: 　　(1) Ferrous metal minerals, the main minerals include iron, manganese, chromium, titanium, and vanadium ； 　　(2) Non-ferrous metal minerals, the main minerals include copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, antimony, bismuth, mercury ； 　　(3) Precious metal minerals, the main minerals include gold, silver, platinum group metals (platinum, osmium, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium) ； 　　(4) Rare rare earth dispersed element minerals, which are divided into two subcategories, namely rare rare earth metals (the main mineral species are lithium, beryllium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, rubidium, cesium, hafnium, strontium, and rare earth metals) and dispersed elements (the main mineral species are germanium, gallium, indium, thallium, rhenium, cadmium, selenium, and tellurium).

Heavy, light, rare and precious are generally classified as semi-metals. This classification method is used less often.

(4) Rare earth metals I mainly analyze this type of metal haha

Classification mainly depends on different occasions and uses. No classification is absolute.

:) is quite well distinguished, we need to learn from it*

I don’t quite understand. It seems I need to learn.* :lol

Does the original poster mean to exclude iron and steel metallurgy? According to the title of the section, naturally only non-ferrous metals can be discussed here. However, iron and steel metallurgy, as a large part of metallurgy, also belongs to the field of chemical industry. If it cannot be discussed here, is it necessary to open another iron and steel metallurgy section? In fact, this is the metallurgy section. I would suggest changing the name of the section to Metal Smelting Technology Exchange Area, so there is no need to emphasize that it is non-ferrous metals.

“When everyone adds firewood, the flames rise." Now the concept and classification of non-ferrous metals are clearer. :lol

Those who have been literate by everyone originally only knew about ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. Thanks!

have * Customary classification, authoritative classification, official classification. Haha, they are all different. Just look at the one above.

The classification is very comprehensive and worth learning.*