Who has books on oil shale?

There is a magical stone that produces oil when cooled or subjected to high-temperature distillation; this stone is oil shale. When international oil prices reached $120 per barrel, this type of rock once again caught the world’s attention. As one of the countries with the richest oil shale reserves in the world, China saw a renewed surge in interest in oil shale development. Recently, our newspaper’s reporters drove to the northeast to cover Jilin, the region in China with the richest oil shale resources. Jilin has the largest reserves of oil shale. It is the region in China with the richest oil shale reserves, accounting for the highest amount in the country – 17.676 billion tons, which constitutes 56% of the total national reserves. Among them, Huadian City has the richest variety. Huadian City is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Jilin City, located more than 120 kilometers away from Jilin City. The Huadian area is surrounded by mountains, with higher terrain on the peripheries and lower terrain in the center; experts believe this constitutes a basin-type geological structure conducive to the formation of oil and gas. Huadian is not only part of Jilin Province but also the region in China with the highest oil content in its oil shale. The total area of its oil shale deposits is about 80 square kilometers, with a total reserve of 500 million tons of oil shale. Of this, 480 million tons are considered industrially viable reserves, and approximately 320 million tons can be extracted. Cao Qingxi, general manager of Hongsheng Weiye Company, told reporters that in 2007, the Fuxin Mineral Bureau was the first to enter Huadian, where it signed a comprehensive development agreement for oil shale with Huadian City in Jilin Province. In February 2008, Liaoning Chengda got involved and, together with the Fuxin Mineral Bureau, established Jilin Hongsheng Weiyee Energy Co., Ltd. with a registered capital of 300 million yuan. Liaoning Chengda held 60% of the shares while Fuxin Mineral Bureau held 40%. A comprehensive development plan for the Huadian oil shale project was also established; this comprehensive development included activities such as oil extraction, power generation, production of building materials, and environmental protection measures. Now this project has become the largest oil shale extraction project in the region. The oil shale project is progressing very rapidly. It is reported that Hongsheng Weiye Company began operating on a substantive basis in 2007, acquiring a local oil shale demonstration power plant and three oil shale mines in October of that year. Built in the mid-1990s with support from ** and the Jilin region, this power plant was a demonstration project for oil shale power generation; it is now the main power and heating provider in the Huadian area. The three mines consist of two large ones and one small one, with reserves of tens of millions of tons; they are inclined shafts at a depth of 200-300 meters, and most of their mining is carried out mechanically. Work is currently underway to renovate and expand three mines; this year, 1.2–1.5 million tons of ore are planned to be mined, and next year the extraction volume of shale ore will reach 3 million tons. Cao Qingxi said that the project also employs retorting technology, and preparations are underway to build a retorting refinery; the experimental furnace will begin producing oil this year. According to its plan, the first phase will utilize the three existing mines to achieve the targets of 3 million tons of ore and 250,000 tons of shale oil by 2009. Since the company signed an exclusive development agreement with Huadian, it has an advantage in developing phases two and three after 2009. Shale oil is sold at 4,700 yuan per ton – what is the economic value of oil shale? The 2007 U.S. World Oil Shale Conference provided the latest cost-benefit analysis: underground cooling retorting becomes profitable when oil prices reach $25 per barrel, while the rocks can be extracted when prices reach $35 per barrel; heating retorting can also reach the profit threshold. Due to its high oil recovery rate, this technology is widely used today. Currently, the price of shale oil in the market has reached over 4,700 yuan per ton, and there is even a shortage of supply. Developing oil shale not only brings substantial profits but also aligns with the energy strategy of **replacing petroleum**. Environmental protection and technology are other issues of concern. Cao Qingxi explained that there are no technical challenges associated with extraction; since oil shale mining does not require the use of gas, it is much simpler and safer than coal mining. The Huadian project will not face any issues regarding environmental protection or technology; the company’s projects involve comprehensive development, with water, gas, and slag being utilized in various ways – exhaust gases being used to generate electricity, wastewater being diluted and recycled, and slag being used as raw material for new building materials. According to those on site, in the past, oil refining involved heating shale through dry distillation to cause the decomposition of organic matter into oil and gas, which were then separated by condensation to obtain shale oil. The retorting equipment mainly consists of circular and square furnaces. The process is constantly being improved; Hongsheng Weiye Company is engaging experts to conduct technical evaluations and finalize the process parameters, with the aim of enhancing the efficiency of the process and increasing the oil yield further. (Source: Shanghai Securities News) In this issue, with international crude oil futures prices soaring to a record high of $110 per barrel, we take you to learn about a type of rock from which oil can be extracted – oil shale. It is a gray-brown rock; China has proven reserves of 483.5 billion tons, ranking it fourth in the world. The shale oil industry originated in France over 150 years ago, and a shortage of oil half a century ago led to its brief popularity in China as well. Throughout history, the level of development of oil shale has been directly correlated with oil prices: when oil prices rise, efforts to develop oil shale increase as well ； Conversely, oil shale is neglected. As international oil prices continue to reach new highs, the resource value of oil shale is being reassessed. A crude oil import price of $25 per barrel is the critical point; since the first half of the 19th century, the shale oil industry has experienced several ups and downs. Based on the experience of **Estonia**, which has the highest level of utilization of oil shale, a critical point is an import price of $25 per barrel for crude oil or $95 per ton for heavy oil. When oil prices are higher than the aforementioned level, extracting shale oil from oil shale offers a significant cost advantage. During World War II, demand for oil surged sharply, causing oil prices to rise dramatically, which led to a boom in the development of oil shale. In the 1970s, faced with the global energy crisis, oil shale became highly sought after once again. In 1980, there was a third peak in the development and utilization of oil shale, with production reaching 45.4 million tons. Later, large amounts of oil were discovered, oil prices dropped, and shale oil production plummeted. By 2000, shale oil production was only 16 million tons. In 1955, due to a shortage of oil, China began to pay attention to the exploitation of oil shale. A senior technical expert from Guangzhou Petrochemical told a reporter from Caijing Weekly that in 1963, the company began sending people to Maoming, where oil shale is produced, to learn oil refining techniques. At that time, Maoming was home to nearly 10,000 oil shale developers. ”After that, oil prices dropped, and the negative environmental impact of the waste gases and wastewater generated by shale pyrolysis led to a decline in shale oil production in Maoming. In 1992, Maoming ceased large-scale development and utilization of oil shale. Entering the millennium, as oil prices continued to rise and technology advanced, the development and utilization of oil shale regained attention, and its price kept climbing. According to public data from 2005, the processing cost of oil shale was between 1,000 and 1,500 yuan per ton, while the market selling price was above 3,000 yuan per ton, resulting in a high gross profit margin on sales. After going through several ups and downs, oil shale has once again gradually become the \"new favorite\" for energy production in various countries. China’s reserves can produce 14.2 billion tons of shale oil. Based on the sedimentary environment, source shale can be divided into three basic genetic types: continental, lacustrine, and marine. Unlike coal, which is formed from the carbonization of higher terrestrial plants, oil shale originates from mud deposits resulting from the decay of lower organisms such as aquatic algae; therefore, oil shale deposits are often found in basins. The world has abundant oil shale reserves; by the end of 2005, the total proven oil shale reserves in 37 countries amounted to approximately 410 billion tons when converted into shale oil, which is several times higher than the world’s proven recoverable oil reserves of 160 billion tons. In China, the proven and estimated total reserves of oil shale amount to 483.5 billion tons, ranking it fourth in the world; over 85% of these reserves are located in Jilin, Liaoning, and Guangdong. Among them, Jilin has proven recoverable reserves of 17.45 billion tons, while Guangdong has 5.515 billion tons. Based on the assumption that 1 ton of shale oil can be produced from every 33 to 35 tons of oil shale, 14.2 billion tons of shale oil could be produced, which is close to the total amount of natural oil reserves currently identified in our country. Many listed companies have already gotten involved in the exploitation of this valuable resource that is oil shale. In February this year, Liaoning Chengda (600739.SH) announced that it was in talks with Fuxin Mining Group to jointly extract shale oil in Jilin Province, and that it planned to carry out comprehensive utilization of oil shale through methods such as dry distillation for oil production, generating electricity from semi-coke, and using shale ash to produce building materials. As early as November 2005, five large enterprises including Guangdong Power (000539.SZ), Guangzhou Evergrande (3333.HK), and Dongfang Boiler (600786.SH) jointly established Guangdong Yuedian Oil Shale Mine Power Joint Venture Co., Ltd. The company invested 3.7 billion yuan in the initial phase to develop the Maoming oil shale resources, which hold reserves of over 5 billion tons, and to build an oil shale power plant with a capacity of 1.2 million kilowatts. Many organizations have spotted investment opportunities in oil shale. Shell’s patented shale extraction technology, the In-Situ Conversion Process (ICP), can significantly reduce production costs. The common technique is to first extract the oil shale, crush it, and then feed it into a furnace for dry heating ； Shell’s technology involves directly heating and pyrolyzing oil shale underground, which is efficient and produces less pollution. Based on the development cost per barrel of crude oil in May 2005, the traditional carbonization technique cost 20 dollars per barrel, while the use of ICP technology reduced the production cost to 12 dollars per barrel. A report by the Development Research Center of the China Geological Survey indicates that prospects are bright as the development technologies for oil shale continue to improve. Oil shale can not only be turned into \"synthetic oil\"; it has many more uses. After hydrocracking and refining of shale oil, various chemical products such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, paraffin, and petroleum tar can be obtained. Furthermore, oil shale can also be used directly in the production of organic fertilizers. For example, Huiyuan Industrial Development Corporation in Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, plans to invest 10 million yuan to build a production line capable of manufacturing 50,000 tons per year of organic composite fertilizers made from oil shale. A researcher at a buying institution told a reporter from Caijing Weekly that his institution is preparing to conduct on-site investigations into the value of oil shale. “I heard that Southern, E Fund, and Huaxia have already gone for inspections. ”The interviews revealed that institutions still know very little about oil shale, but they have already sensed the investment opportunities therein.

Are there any books? I’m looking for information on equipment for extracting oil shale

There was a conference on oil shale in 2009; everyone from the oil shale subgroup attended it. There’s no electronic version, but I do have the conference proceedings

If there are any books, upload them so everyone can study from them*

There isn’t much of this kind of content on forums.