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Petroleum related terms and explanations 1. Petroleum: Naturally occurring underground, it is primarily a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (which may contain non-metallic elements such as sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen). 2. Density: Sinopec|Refining|equipment|lubricating oil|engine oil|* * standard|Environmental protection refers to the mass of substances contained in unit volume at a specified temperature, expressed in kg/m3 or g/cm3. It is mainly used for measurement of quantity conversion and delivery acceptance, quality control of certain oil products, and simple judgment of oil product performance. 3. Sulfur content: It refers to the content of sulfur and its microorganisms (hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, disulfides, etc.) present in oil. When the sulfur content in the fuel is high, more sulfur dioxide will be generated after combustion and then converted into sulfur trioxide. When it encounters condensed water, it will generate highly corrosive sulfuric acid, which will corrode mechanical parts and pollute the surrounding environment. Sinopec|Refining|lubricating oil|engine oil|* * standard|industry standard|Environmental protection 4. Thiol sulfur: Here we provide standards and expertise related to PetroChina's petrochemical processing technology, petrochemical environmental protection, and lubricants. It is a corrosive active substance in jet fuel or gasoline, with the general formula R * SH. Mercaptan sulfur not only causes corrosion of the fuel system, but also causes corrosion of the engine itself and corrosion of the sealing rubber. In particular, volatile mercaptans have a special pungent odor and cause air pollution. 5. Carbon residue: It refers to the residue formed during the heating, evaporation and cracking of oil under specified conditions. More carbon residue indicates that the oil is prone to oxidizing raw rubber or generating carbon deposits. 6. Ash content: It refers to the residue left after oil is calcined under specified conditions. Engine fuel has high ash content, which will increase the wear of the cylinder block. R/G China Petrochemical Forum 7. What is the distillation range of oil products? Distillation range refers to the temperature range that represents the evaporation characteristics from the initial boiling point to the final boiling point obtained by distilling oil under specified conditions. It is mainly used to determine the composition of light and heavy fractions of oil products, and to control product quality and performance. 8. What is octane number? Sinopec|Refining|lubricating oil|engine oil|* * standard|industry standard|Environmental protection represents an agreed value for the detonation resistance of spark-ignited engine fuels. Determined by comparison with standard fuel in standard engine tests under specified conditions. Expressed by the volume percentage of isooctane in a standard fuel with the same antiknock properties as the fuel being tested. Different methods of measuring octane number produce different values, so the method used should be specified when quoting the octane number. Here we provide standards and expertise related to PetroChina's petrochemical processing technology, petrochemical environmental protection, and lubricants. 9. What is the motor octane number? Sinopec|Refining|lubricating oil|engine oil|* * standard|industry standard|Environmental protection Octane number is measured on experimental standard engines characterized by harsh conditions of higher mixture temperature (generally heated to 149°C) and higher engine speed (generally up to 900 rpm). 10. What is research octane number? Here we provide standards and expertise related to China Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Technology, Petrochemical Environmental Protection, and Lubricating Oils. The octane number measured by the experimental standard engine is characterized by moderately harsh conditions of lower mixture temperature (generally not heated) and lower engine speed (generally up to 600 rpm). Here we provide standards and professional knowledge related to China Petroleum and petrochemical processing technology, petrochemical environmental protection, and lubricants. 11. What is saturated vapor pressure? Sinopec|Refining|equipment|lubricating oil|engine oil|* * standard|Environmental protection saturated vapor pressure is used to describe the evaporation capacity of oil, the possibility of oil forming vapor lock in the pipeline oil inlet system, and the tendency to lose light fractions during storage and transportation. The saturated vapor pressure of gasoline is high, so the evaporability is high, and the possibility of forming vapor lock is also high. During storage and transportation, the evaporation loss is also high. 12. What is flash point? Flash point refers to the lowest temperature at which a petroleum product is heated to the point where its vapor comes into contact with a flame to cause an instant flash fire under specified conditions. The lighter the oil, the lower the flash point. The hazard level of oils is classified based on their flash point. From the flash point, the composition of the oil can be judged and the fire hazard of the oil can be identified. The flash point measured with a closed flash point tester is called closed flash point and is generally used to measure light oil products. The higher the flash point, the safer it is. 13. What is a PhD experiment? Test for checking mercaptans or hydrogen sulfide in oil using sodium leadite and light petroleum products in the presence of sublimated sulfur. 14. What is closed flash point? .The flash point measured with a specified closed flash point measuring instrument, expressed in °C. 15. What is the opening flash point? Sinopec|Refining|lubricating oil|engine oil|* * standard|industry standard|The flash point measured by an open flash point measuring device specified for environmental protection is expressed in °C. 16. What is the ignition point? Under specified conditions, when the flame is close to the oil, gas and air mixture on the surface of the oil, it will ignite and continue to burn to the required low temperature for the specified time, expressed in °C. 17. What is the spontaneous ignition point? The temperature at which oil spontaneously ignites when there is no flame, expressed in °C. 18. What is cetane number? An agreed quantitative value representing the ignition performance of diesel fuel in an engine. Determined by comparison with standard fuel in standard engine tests under specified conditions. It is expressed as the volume percentage of the cetane number in the standard fuel with the same ignition delay period as the fuel being measured. Here we provide standards and expertise related to PetroChina’s petrochemical processing technology, petrochemical environmental protection, and lubricants. 19. What is the cetane index? Sinopec|Refining|equipment|lubricating oil|engine oil|* * standard|Environmental protection represents a calculated value of the ignition performance of diesel fuel in an engine. This value is calculated from the standard density of diesel fuel and the 50% distillation temperature. Generally, it is used when there is no cetane number machine or the samples are too small to carry out standard engine tests. 20. What is the freezing point? Here we provide standards and expertise related to PetroChina's petrochemical processing technology, petrochemical environmental protection, and lubricants. The pouring point refers to the highest temperature at which oil is cooled to stop flowing under specified conditions. Condensation point is an item used to evaluate the low-temperature performance of oil. The more wax in an oil, the higher its freezing point. Sinopec Forum 21. What is pour point? Pour point refers to the lowest temperature at which a cooled oil sample begins to flow continuously under specified conditions. Since the pour point can better reflect the fluidity at low temperatures than the freezing point, our country will use the pour point to express its low-temperature fluidity in the future. Different crude oils have different differences between their pour point and freezing point. Generally, the pour point is 3 to 5°C higher than the freezing point. 22. What are mechanical impurities? Sinopec|Refining|lubricating oil|engine oil|* * standard|industry standard|Environmental mechanical impurities refer to precipitates or suspended solids in petroleum or petroleum products that are insoluble in oil and specified solvents, such as sand, dust, iron filings, fibers and certain insoluble salts. Mechanical impurities can be removed by precipitation or filtration. For light oil, mechanical impurities will block the oil circuit and promote rubber or corrosion. ； For boiler fuel, it will block the nozzle, reduce combustion efficiency and increase fuel consumption. ； For lubricating oil, it will destroy the oil film, increase wear, clog the oil filter, and promote the formation of carbon deposits. Here we provide standards and professional knowledge related to PetroChina’s petrochemical processing technology, petrochemical environmental protection, and lubricants. 23. What is viscosity? Viscosity is a measure of the internal friction that occurs between molecules when a liquid is moved by an external force. It is an indicator to evaluate the fluidity of oil products. Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature. Lubricating oil must have the appropriate viscosity to provide good lubrication ； Internal combustion engine fuel must have the right viscosity to inject small and even amounts of fuel for complete combustion. Sinopec|Refining|equipment|lubricating oil|engine oil|* * standard|Environmental Protection 24. What is kinematic viscosity? A measure of the internal friction force when a liquid flows under gravity. Its value is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity to its density at the same temperature, expressed in meters per second in the International System of Units. * The customary unit is centistokes (cSt). 1 centistoke = 10-6 m2/s = 1 mm2/s. Here we provide standards and expertise related to PetroChina’s petrochemical processing technology, petrochemical environmental protection, and lubricants. 25. What is calorific value? Here we provide standards and expertise related to China's petroleum and petrochemical processing technology, petrochemical environmental protection, and lubricants. Under specified conditions, the heat released when a unit weight of oil is completely burned. In the International System of Units (SI), expressed in joules.