How is the welding heat input for vertical, overhead, horizontal, and flat welding of spherical tanks controlled, and what are the specific differences?

Controlling the welding line energy is very simple: 1. Welders must carry out welding in accordance with a qualified WPS. 2 The welding position chosen by the welder must be correct. In theory, a welder who selects an appropriate welding position will not encounter problems with the input of heat energy due to changes in welding position; this aspect needs to be ensured through proper system design

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There are four main welding positions for spherical tanks: horizontal, vertical, upward, and horizontal again. In each of these positions, the location of the molten pool differs. The required welding current levels vary, as does the welding speed; consequently, the welding heat input also differs. The vertical and flat welding positions are the best, as the weld pool tends to accumulate there and can withstand higher currents. Welders prefer welding thick layers, but in such cases the welding heat input can easily exceed acceptable levels, requiring strict control. The overhead welding position cannot handle high currents; the welding speed is slow and the weld pool is small, so the heat input generally does not exceed acceptable levels. For the horizontal welding position, a higher heat input is needed to form a weld pool, but if the pool becomes too large, the welding speed increases, resulting in high currents and fast speeds, although the actual heat input remains low. To control the welding heat input, in addition to following the welding procedures, the following points should also be taken into account: 1. Current control of the welding machine – welders must not adjust the current beyond the specified ranges without permission. 2. Control of welding layers – welders must follow the prescribed layering scheme and must not reduce the number of layers arbitrarily