Staffing issues in thermal power plants

Each factory is different; it depends on the equipment, the level of automation, the reliability of the equipment, and the scope of work!

It’s best to clarify the installed capacity and the level of equipment automation, so it’s easier to discuss.

It depends on what size crew you have A few furnaces, steam turbines? Slag discharge method? What is the level of automation? What is the quality of the equipment? ? ?

Domestic engines or foreign engines?

Thank you all for the replies. Newly built: thermal power capacity of 3*75 t/h CFB + 1*12 MW boilers, with 2 in operation and 1 as backup. Bag dust removal, hydraulic slag removal, pneumatic ash conveying. Coal conveyor belt. I only asked the operator about the capacity. Socialized maintenance DCS control. Also, it’s obvious that you guys didn’t read my post carefully. What I’m asking is, are there any standards or something regarding the origin of the quota?

**Electricity Companies – Standards for Staffing Levels in Thermal Power Plants (Trial Version) (1998). Reprinted by Hubei Huasheng Power Plant. Table of Contents: Part I: New-Type Thermal Power Plants…………………………•1 Part II: Conventional Thermal Power Plants…………………………•11 Appendix A: Reference Standards…………………………………•25 Instructions for Use………………………………………………•31 Standards for Staffing Levels in Thermal Power Plants (Trial Version) Part I: New-Type Thermal Power Plants 1. Scope of Application These standards specify the scope of work and the appropriate staffing levels for production, management, party and mass organization tasks, as well as for administrative staff in new-type thermal power plants (coal-fired, oil-fired, gas-fired). This standard applies to the management of labor staffing in new thermal power plants (coal-fired, oil-fired, gas-fired). 2. Referenced standards: «Safety Procedures for Electric Power Work», «Operating Procedures for Thermal Power Plants», «Maintenance Procedures for Thermal Power Plants». 3. Definitions of nouns and terms 3.1 New-type thermal power plants: New-type thermal power plants refer to those with a single-unit capacity of 200MW or above ； ②The main unit implements a computer-based distributed control system, while various auxiliary production systems enable centralized monitoring ； ③Thermal power plants that have organized their production and operations in accordance with modern management methods. Furthermore, new thermal power plants require a high-quality workforce with a rational structure, where employees generally possess multiple skills and take on multiple responsibilities. The operators in key operational positions, having completed training using simulation devices, are capable of performing tasks at an all-round level. 3.2 Class A units: Class A units refer to those in which the main engine is equipped with an advanced computer-based distributed control system, and whose technical level, degree of automation, and equipment reliability all reach internationally advanced standards. 3.3 Class B units: Class B units refer to those in which advanced computer-based distributed control technology is used for the main machinery, enabling the units to achieve a domestic leading level in terms of controllability and operating efficiency. 3.4 Average annual daily coal input: The average amount of coal supplied per day during the actual operating days of the fuel coal transport system throughout the year. 4. Staffing standards for various categories 4.1 Production staff 4.1.1 Unit operation 4.1.1.1 Control room: Responsibilities include monitoring and inspection of steam turbines, boilers, generators, as well as other primary and auxiliary equipment (including the fire protection system in the main plant), maintaining records using instruments, and handling accidents. Positions include: shift supervisor, chief operator, assistant operator, and inspection operator. Quota standards: see Table 1. Table 1: Staffing standards for control room operators. Unit type – Number of staff required (persons): For two-unit systems, for each additional unit: Category A: 50 20; Category B: 60 25. Additional provisions: A) If the network control room is located separately from the control room, an additional 5 staff members are required. B) For on-site monitoring of the external circulation water pumps in the main plant, 5 additional personnel are required per unit. C) For four or more units, the additional staffing quota is 5 people. D) For heating stations located separately outside the main plant of heat supply power plants, an additional 5 personnel are assigned per station. E) If the equipment in the air compressor room located outside the factory building cannot be managed concurrently, add 5 personnel per room. F) For fuel (gas) turbine units, the staffing is reduced by 5 persons for every two units. G) 10% spare crew. 4.1.1.2 Ash and dust removal Scope of work: Monitoring of ash and dust removal equipment, routine inspection operations, meter recording, accident handling, etc. Positions include: chief duty officer and deputy duty officer. Quota standard: 10 people per control room for centralized monitoring ； 5 people per control room, monitored separately. Additional provision: 10% spare crew. 4.1.1.3 Desulfurization: Scope of work includes monitoring of desulfurization equipment, routine inspection operations, meter recording, accident handling, etc. Positions include: chief duty officer, deputy duty officer, and inspection operator. Quota standard: 15 people per control room for centralized monitoring ； 10 people per control room, monitored separately. Additional provision: 10% spare crew. 4.1.1.4 Chemistry 4.1.1.4.1 Chemical Operations: Monitoring and inspection of equipment for water production, hydrogen production, wastewater treatment, used oil treatment, circulating water treatment, etc.; data recording using meters; handling of accidents; and on-site testing. Positions include: chief duty officer and deputy duty officer. Quota standard: 10 people per program control room; an additional 5 people are added for each additional program control room. Additional provision: A) For those without an online instrument monitoring system, 3 additional personnel shall be assigned. B) If the coagulation water treatment equipment cannot handle it, add 5 staff members. C) For on-site operation of hydrogen refueling equipment at the hydrogen production station, 4 additional personnel are required. D) 10% standby crew. 4.1.1.4.2 Testing: Scope of work includes sampling and testing of the quality of steam, water, coal, oil, and gas, as well as analysis supervision and environmental protection. Staffing standard: 8 people for two units; 1 additional staff member for every two additional units. 4.1.2 Unit Maintenance Scope of Work: Thermal engines: (1) Temporary repairs, emergency repairs, and maintenance of steam turbines, boilers, and their auxiliary equipment, as well as daily management of maintenance activities. (2) Maintenance of chemical and fuel (gas) equipment, basic mechanical processing. (3) Maintenance management, including maintenance plans, budgets, quality inspections, and acceptance. Electrical: (1) Temporary maintenance, emergency repairs, and upkeep of generators and their auxiliary equipment (excluding low-voltage electrical equipment in the fuel system), as well as daily management of maintenance activities. (2) Maintenance of electrical instruments and relay protection devices, high-voltage testing, as well as operation and maintenance of communication equipment and remote control devices. (3) Maintenance management, including maintenance plans, budgets, quality inspections, and acceptance. Thermal control: Maintenance of the unit’s thermal automation control systems and thermal instruments, as well as the ash and dust removal control systems and chemical control systems along with their associated instruments; daily management of such maintenance activities. Quota standard: See Table 2. Table 2: Staffing standards for unit maintenance personnel
Unit capacity (MW) | Staffing (persons) | Two units | Additional unit per unit | Total | Thermal engineering | Electrical engineering | Thermal control | Total | Thermal engineering | Electrical engineering | Thermal control
200 | 105 | 48 | 29 | 28 | 12 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 300 | 114 | 52 | 30 | 32 | 15 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 600 | 133 | 60 | 32 | 41 | 18 | 10 | 4 | 4

Additional provisions: A) For units with different capacities, the staffing is first determined based on the two units with the larger capacities; the staffing for the remaining units is then determined according to their respective capacities. B) For heat supply power plants whose coal grinding equipment is fan mills, the staffing quota for mechanical maintenance personnel shall be increased by 5% and 7.5% respectively according to the standards ； For fuel (gas) engine units, the staffing level for heat engine maintenance personnel is reduced by 20% according to the standards. C) For Class B units, the staffing levels for mechanical, electrical, and thermal control maintenance personnel shall be increased by 15%, 10%, and 10% respectively according to the standards. D) For units equipped with wet limestone-gypsum flue gas desulfurization systems, 10 additional maintenance personnel are required for the heat engines; an additional 5 personnel are needed for each additional unit installed. 4.1.3 Fuel System 4.1.3.1 Operation of coal unloading equipment in coal-fired power plants Scope of work: Monitoring and inspection of coal unloading and loading equipment as well as fuel-related equipment, meter reading, accident handling, etc. (including fire protection at oil depots and oil unloading operations). The positions include: shift leader, control room operator, inspection operator, coal yard stacker-reclaimer driver, dump car (screw unloader, bottom-door car) operator or dock coal unloading machinery operator, and fuel pump room operator. Quota standards: see Table 3. Table 3: Staffing Standards for Operators of Coal Unloading Equipment
Coal unloading method, Unit of calculation, Staffing quota (persons shift)
Unloading coal at one terminal, One set of coal unloading equipment: 9
Car dumpers, One set of coal unloading equipment: 8
Bottom-door cars, Screw coal unloaders, One set of coal unloading equipment: 7
No coal unloading equipment, One set of coal loading equipment: 6
Additional provisions:
A) The shift system is determined based on the daily amount of coal arriving, the volume of work to be carried out, and the amount of coal stored in the hoppers. If the average operating time of the equipment per standard working day (8 hours) is less than 4.5 hours, a four-shift system must be adopted. B) If the car dumper is not under program control, add 2 additional personnel per shift. C) When two sets of coal loading equipment are operating simultaneously, the staffing requirements shall be calculated separately for each set ； A set of coal unloading equipment comes with two ways of unloading coal, and the method is determined based on the larger number of workers ； In a set of coal unloading equipment, when two units of either type of coal unloading equipment are operating simultaneously, the staffing requirement increases by 3 persons per shift; when two units of either type of coal loading equipment are operating simultaneously, the staffing requirement increases by 2 persons per shift. D) For situations where the fuel pump room is monitored on-site, the staffing requirement increases by 1 person per shift. E) 10% spare crew. 4.1.3.2 Operation of fuel (gas) equipment in fuel (gas) power plants: Scope of work includes monitoring of fuel (gas) equipment, routine inspections, instrument readings, accident handling, etc. (including fire protection at fuel depots and fuel unloading operations). Positions include: team leader, chief operator, and assistant operator. Staffing standard: 3 personnel on duty per oil pump room (gas boosting station) ； For each additional oil pump room (gas boosting station), 1 additional staff member is required per shift. Additional provision: 10% spare crew. 4.1.3.3 Maintenance of fuel system equipment in coal-fired power plants: Maintenance of equipment used for loading coal into the fuel system ； Fuel system centralized control and maintenance of low-voltage electrical equipment ； Daily maintenance management. Quota standards: see Table 4. Table 4: Staffing standards for maintenance personnel of fuel system equipment. Staffing requirements by coal unloading method: Coal unloading at the quay – 28 persons; Car dumpers – 24 persons; Bottom-door cars and screw coal unloaders – 20 persons; No coal unloading equipment – 14 persons. Additional provisions: A) If a set of coal loading/unloading equipment includes two different unloading methods, the staffing requirement is determined based on the higher value. If two unloading devices of either type are in operation simultaneously, an additional 2 persons are required; if two loading devices of either type are in operation simultaneously, an additional 1 person is required ； When two sets of coal loading equipment are in operation simultaneously, the staffing requirement is calculated at 1.5 times that of the set with the higher staffing level. B) For those with an average annual daily coal input of more than 6,500 tons, one additional employee is assigned for every additional 1,000 tons per day. C) For coal conveyor belts with a length of over 2000 meters, an additional crew member is assigned for every additional 1000 meters. 4.1.3.4 Fuel Management Scope of work: Coal-fired power plants: fuel scheduling, planning and statistics, weighing, sampling of coal upon arrival at the plant, and organization of the coal storage area. Fuel (gas) power plants: fuel scheduling, planning and statistics. Staffing standard: 7 people per coal yard in a coal-fired power plant; an additional 2 people are required for each additional coal yard ； 3 people for fuel (gas) power plants. Additional provision: A) If the rail scale equipment cannot handle multiple tasks, 4 additional staff members shall be assigned. B) For manual sampling of coal by land transport, add 4 additional staff members. 4.1.4 Others 4.1.4.1 Warehouse Scope of work: acceptance, registration, storage, maintenance, and distribution of incoming materials. Staffing standard: 6 people per two units; 1 additional staff member for every two additional units. 4.1.4.2 Vehicles: Scope of work includes the scheduling, driving, and safety management of vehicles required for urgent production needs as well as those used for management purposes. Quota standard: 3 people for two units required urgently for production; 1 additional person per additional unit ； Two units are managed by 5 people; one additional person is assigned for every two additional units. 4.1.4.3 The number of other production staff who must be assigned is determined by the competent authority based on actual circumstances. 4.2 Management Personnel: Scope of positions includes production, operations, and administrative tasks. Quota standard: 80 people for two units; an additional 4 people per additional unit. 4.3 Party and mass organization staff: Responsibilities include party affairs, discipline inspection, trade unions, the Communist Youth League, and other related party and mass organization tasks. Staffing standard: 7 people for two units; 1 additional person per additional unit. 4.4 Scope of work for service management personnel: Management of logistical services such as production, living facilities and welfare services, as well as landscaping and cleaning. Quota standard: 6 people per factory. 5. Summary Table of Staffing Calculations for Typical New Thermal Power Plants 5.1 Staffing calculations for Class A units: see Table 5. Table 5 Summary Table of Staffing Estimates for Typical New Thermal Power Plants of Category A. Unit: persons. Item: 200MW, 300MW, 600MW. Remarks: Two units, Four units, Two units, Four units, Two units, Four units. Total: 380, 474, 389, 492, 411, 526. I. Production staff: 287, 371, 296, 389, 318, 423. (I) Unit operation: 85, 141, 85, 141, 85, 141. A 10% reserve for operation staff has been included. 1. Control room: 55 99 55 99 55 99. For power plants that do not provide heating, the network control is carried out in the control room; the circulating water equipment is also managed by the control room, as is the air compressor. 2. Ash and dust removal: 11, 22, 11, 22, 11, 22; one control room for the two units. 3. Desulfurization — — — — — — No desulfurization equipment available. 4. Chemistry: 19, 20, 19, 20, 19, 20. One control room; hydrogen production equipment is also managed here, and there is an online instrumentation monitoring system. ①Chemical processing: Row 11 – 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11; ② Testing: 8, 9, 8, 9, 8, 9. (II) Unit maintenance: 105, 129, 114, 144, 133, 169. 1. Thermal engines: 48, 64, 52, 70, 60, 80. Plants that do not provide heating, equipped with medium-speed coal mills. 2. Electrical: 29, 33, 30, 36, 32, 40. 3. Thermal control: 28, 32, 32, 38, 41, 49. (III) Fuel system: 83, 83, 83, 86, 86, 95. For coal-fired power plants, 10% of the operational staff are already included. 1. Operate the 44 44 44 44 44 44 car unloading machine (program-controlled) for coal unloading; one set of coal loading equipment is available, with the fuel pump room handling both tasks; five-shift operation. 2. Maintenance: 24, 24, 24, 27, 27, 36. For a set of coal feeding equipment: for units of 2*200MW, 4*200MW, and 2*300MW, the daily coal intake is below 6,500 tons; for units of 4*300MW and 2*600MW, it is below 9,000 tons; while for units of 4*600MW, it is 18,000 tons ； The length of the coal conveyor belt is 2000 meters or less. 3. Fuel management: 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15. Track scales cannot be used for this purpose; at a coal yard, coal samples are taken manually by workers who transport the coal by land. (IV) Others: 14 18 14 18 14 18 1. Warehouses: 6 7 6 7 6 7 2. Vehicles: 8 11 8 11 8 11 II. Management staff: 80 88 80 88 80 88 III. Party and mass organization staff: 7 9 7 9 7 9 IV. Service-oriented management staff: 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.2 Staffing for Category B units: See Table 6. Table 6 Summary Table of Staffing Estimates for Typical New Thermal Power Plants of Type B. Unit: persons. Item: 200MW, 300MW, 600MW. Notes: Two units, Four units, Two units, Four units, Two units, Four units. Total: 410, 518, 420, 539, 444, 575. I. Production staff: 317, 415, 327, 436, 351, 472. (I) Unit operation: 102, 169, 102, 169, 102, 169. A 10% reserve for operation staff has been included. 1. Control room: 66 121 66 121 66 121. For power plants that do not provide heating, the network control is carried out in the control room; the circulating water equipment is also managed by the control room, as is the air compressor. 2. Ash and dust removal: 11, 22, 11, 22, 11, 22; one control room for the two units. 3. Desulfurization — — — — — — No desulfurization equipment available. 4. Chemistry: 25, 26, 25, 26, 25, 26. There is one control room; the condensate treatment equipment cannot handle multiple functions, while the hydrogen production equipment can handle multiple functions. An online instrument monitoring system is available. ①Chemical processing: Row 17 – 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17; ② Testing: 8, 9, 8, 9, 8, 9. (II) Unit maintenance: 118, 145, 128, 163, 149, 190. 1. Thermal engines: 55, 74, 60, 81, 69, 92. Plants that do not provide heating, equipped with medium-speed coal mills. 2. Electrical: 32, 36, 33, 40, 35, 44. 3. Thermal control: 31, 35, 35, 42, 45, 54. (III) Fuel system: 83, 83, 83, 86, 86, 95. For coal-fired power plants, 10% of the operational staff are already included. 1. Operate the 44 44 44 44 44 44 car unloading machine (program-controlled) for coal unloading; one set of coal loading equipment is available, with the fuel pump room handling both tasks; five-shift operation. 2. Maintenance: 24, 24, 24, 27, 27, 36. For a set of coal feeding equipment: for units of 2*200MW, 4*200MW, and 2*300MW, the daily coal intake is below 6,500 tons; for units of 4*300MW and 2*600MW, it is below 9,000 tons; while for units of 4*600MW, it is 18,000 tons ； The length of the coal conveyor belt is 2000 meters or less. 3. Fuel management: 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15. Track scales cannot be used for this purpose; at a coal yard, coal samples are taken manually by workers who transport the coal by land. (IV) Others 14 18 14 18 14 18 1. Warehouses 6 7 6 7 6 7 2. Vehicles 8 11 8 11 8 11 II. Management personnel 80 88 80 88 80 88 III. Party and mass organization staff 7 9 7 9 7 9 IV. Supportive management personnel 6 6 6 6 6 6 Part II: Conventional thermal power plants 1. Scope of application This standard specifies the scope of work and staffing requirements for production, management, Party and mass organization activities, as well as supportive management tasks in conventional thermal power plants (coal-fired, oil-fired). Given that it will take some time for certain thermal power plants to adopt the new system, a reference standard (Appendix A) has been established for the staffing levels of those production and domestic service personnel who fall outside the scope of this standard, to be used during the transition period. This standard applies to the staffing management of conventional thermal power plants (coal-fired, oil-fired). 2. Referenced standards: «Safety Procedures for Electric Power Work», «Operating Procedures for Thermal Power Plants», «Maintenance Procedures for Thermal Power Plants». 3. Definitions of nouns and terms: 3.1 Conventional thermal power plant: A conventional thermal power plant refers to one whose unit technology level, degree of automation, and control systems for equipment do not meet the requirements of modern thermal power plants. 3.2 Average annual daily coal input: The average amount of coal supplied per day during the actual operating days of the fuel coal transport system throughout the year. 3.3 Average annual maintenance duration per unit: The average annual maintenance duration for a single unit is equal to the sum of its average annual major maintenance duration and its average annual minor maintenance duration (unit: days/year/unit). 3.4 Interpolation is a method that calculates the headcount corresponding to a value between two given values, based on the ratio between those two values and their respective headcounts. Its calculation formula is: Minimum staffing level + (Maximum staffing level – Minimum staffing level) × (Actual value of the relevant factor – Lower limit of the relevant factor) ÷ (Upper limit of the relevant factor – Lower limit of the relevant factor). 4. Staffing standards for various types of personnel 4.1 Production staff 4.1.1 Unit operation 4.1.1.1 Turbines, boilers, and generators 4.1.1.1.1 Centralized monitoring: Tasks include monitoring and inspection of turbine, boiler, and generator main and auxiliary equipment (including fire protection equipment in the main plant), as well as data recording and accident handling. Positions include: shift supervisor, chief operator, assistant operator, and inspection operator. Quota standard: 60 people for two units; an additional 25 people per additional unit. 4.1.1.1.2 Monitored separately in a unit-based system: Scope of work includes the monitoring of steam turbines, boilers, generators and their auxiliary equipment (including fire protection equipment in the main plant), inspection operations, meter reading, accident handling, etc. The positions include: shift supervisor, team leader, turbine operator, assistant operator, auxiliary equipment operator; boiler operator, assistant boiler operator, auxiliary equipment operator; main electrical operator, assistant operator, auxiliary operator. Quota standards: see Table 1. Table 1: Staffing standards for operators monitoring the electrical operation of machines and boilers in a unit-based system
Specialty | Capacity per unit machine | Unit | Staffing requirement (persons/plant) | Unit sequence number: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Steam turbine: 50 MW | 20 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 100 | 25 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 200 | 30 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 300 | 35 | 25 | 25 | 25
Boiler: 200 t/h | 20 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 410 | 25 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 670 | 30 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 1000 | 35 | 30 | 30 | 30
Electrical: 50 MW | 20 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 100 | 20 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 200 | 25 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 300 | 25 | 15 | 15 | 15
Shift supervisors: 5 persons per plant
Note: When applying these standards, units should be numbered in descending order of capacity. When the number of units exceeds the standard numbering range, the standards can be reused in a cyclic manner. 4.1.1.1.3 Separate control of turbines and boilers, centralized electrical monitoring (bus system): Scope of work includes the monitoring and inspection of turbine, boiler, and generator main and auxiliary equipment (including fire protection equipment in the main plant), as well as meter reading, accident handling, etc. The positions include: shift supervisor, team leader, turbine operator, assistant operator, auxiliary equipment operator; boiler operator, assistant boiler operator, auxiliary equipment operator; main electrical operator, assistant operator, auxiliary operator. Quota standards: see Table 2. Table 2: Staffing Standards for Mechanical and Thermal Unit Control, Centralized Electrical Monitoring, and Electrical Operations Personnel
Position | Calculation Unit | Staffing (persons)
--- | --- | ---
Turbofan Unit Supervisor | Per plant hall | 5
Engine Operator | Per unit | 5
Assistant Engine Operator | Every two units | 5
Auxiliary Equipment Monitor | Every two units | 5

Boiler Unit Supervisor | Per plant hall | 5
Boiler Operator | Per boiler | 5
Assistant Boiler Operator | Per boiler | 5
Auxiliary Equipment Monitor | Per boiler | 5

Electrical Unit Supervisor | 5
Main Duty Officer | Per control room | 5
Assistant Duty Officer | Per control room | 5
Auxiliary Duty Officer | Per control room | 10
For each additional two units beyond four units, an additional 5 personnel are required; for plant-use panels not located in the main control room, an additional 5 supervisors are needed.
Plant Supervisor | Per plant | 5

4.1.1.1.4 Supplementary Provisions: A) In power plants with a mother pipe system where the number of units in the same plant hall exceeds five, an additional 5 deputy supervisors shall be assigned to each of the mechanical, thermal, and electrical operation teams per plant hall. B) For heating stations located separately outside the heating power plant building, 5 additional steam turbine operators are required per station. C) If the equipment in the air compressor room located outside the factory building cannot be managed concurrently, add 5 more personnel for boiler operation per room. D) If the network control room is located separately, 5 additional electrical operation personnel are required. E) For facilities with a total capacity of over 600 MW and four or more units, or for expanded old plants with a single-unit capacity of 200 MW or more and a separate control room, an additional 5 staff members shall be assigned to the management team. F) For fuel-fired power plants under centralized monitoring, reduce the staffing in the control room by 5 personnel for every two units ； For fuel-fired power plants monitored on a unit basis and those under master control, the staffing for boiler operators is reduced by 5 persons per unit. G) 10% spare crew. 4.1.1.2 Circulating water system: Scope of work includes monitoring and inspection of circulating water and make-up water equipment outside the main plant, meter reading, accident handling, etc. Positions include: pump house operator and deep well pump centralized control room operator. Quota standards: see Table 3. Table 3: Staffing Standards for Operators in the Circulating Water System | Item | Staffing (persons/location) | Outside the main plant circulating water pump room: 5 | Relay pump room: 5 | Deep well pump centralized control room: 5 | Additional provisions: A) The outside the main plant circulating water pump room, which is monitored from the centralized control room, does not require full-time operators; its operation is handled concurrently by the operators on duty at the centralized control room. B) If there are power transformation equipment in the pump house outside the plant area, 5 additional staff members shall be assigned. C) 10% spare crew. 4.1.1.3 Ash and dust removal 4.1.1.3.1 Centralized monitoring Scope of work: Monitoring of ash and dust removal equipment, inspection operations, meter recording, accident handling, etc. Positions include: chief duty officer and deputy duty officer. Staffing standard: 10 people per control room for centralized monitoring, and 5 people per control room for separate monitoring. 4.1.1.3.2 On-site monitoring Scope of work: Monitoring of ash removal and dust removal equipment, inspection operations, meter recording, accident handling, etc. Positions include: operator at the ash pump room (return water pump room), inspector for ash pipelines, and dust removal operator (excluding ash transportation tasks). Quota standards: see Table 4. Table 4: Standards for the number of personnel required for on-site monitoring of ash and dust removal equipment. Item, Unit of measurement, Number of personnel required: Ash removal – Ash pumps – Ash pipelines – Ash disposal areas: 10 per ash pump room; 2 per water return pump room. Inspection of ash pipelines and ash disposal areas: 2 per plant. Pumps – Ash tanks – Loading: 15 per power plant. Dust removal – Water film type: 5 for 6 or fewer units; 10 for more than 6 units. Electrostatic type: 5 per monitoring room; 4.1.1.3.3 Additional provisions: A) If pneumatic ash removal (dry ash) is used, an additional 10 personnel are required. B) 10% standby crew. 4.1.1.4 Desulfurization: Scope of work includes the monitoring of desulfurization equipment, routine inspection operations, meter recording, accident handling, etc. Positions include: chief duty officer, deputy duty officer, and inspection operator. Staffing standard: 15 persons per control room with centralized monitoring, and 10 persons per control room with separate monitoring. Additional provision: 10% spare crew. 4.1.1.5 Chemistry 4.1.1.5.1 Chemical Operations: Monitoring and routine inspection of equipment such as water treatment, hydrogen production, wastewater treatment, used oil treatment, and circulating water treatment; data recording using meters; handling of accidents; and conducting laboratory tests on-site. Positions include: chief duty officer, deputy duty officer, and on-site laboratory technician. Quota standard: See Table 5. Table 5: Staffing Standards for Water Treatment Facilities | Item | Unit of Calculation | Recommended Staffing (persons) | Water production duty: 1 control room – 15; an additional 5 for each additional control room. | On-site testing: 5 per plant; an additional 5 for four or more units within the same plant. | Supplementary provisions: A) If the water production capacity is greater than 400 tons/hour, an additional 5 staff members are required. B) If the heat supply power plant is equipped with coagulant pretreatment equipment, 10 additional staff members shall be assigned. C) If the coagulation water treatment equipment cannot handle it, add 5 staff members. D) If hydrogen production equipment cannot be managed concurrently, add 4 staff members. E) 10% spare crew. 4.1.1.5.2 Testing: Scope of work includes sampling and testing of the quality of steam, water, coal, oil, and gas, as well as analysis supervision and environmental protection. Staffing standard: 8 people for two units; 1 additional staff member for every two additional units. Additional provision: When the number of machines and furnaces differs, the staffing quota is determined by choosing either the machines or the furnaces. 4.1.2 Unit Maintenance Scope of Work: Thermal engines: (1) Temporary repairs, emergency repairs, and maintenance of steam turbines, boilers, and their auxiliary equipment, as well as daily management of maintenance activities. (2) Maintenance of chemical and fuel equipment. (3) Maintenance management, including maintenance plans, budgets, quality inspections, and acceptance. Electrical: (1) Temporary maintenance, emergency repairs, and upkeep of generators and their auxiliary equipment (excluding low-voltage electrical equipment in the fuel system), as well as daily management of maintenance activities. (2) Maintenance of electrical instruments and relay protection devices, high-voltage testing, as well as operation and maintenance of communication equipment and remote control devices. (3) Maintenance management, including maintenance plans, budgets, quality inspections, and acceptance. Thermal control: (1) Temporary maintenance, emergency repairs, and upkeep of the unit’s thermal automation control systems and related instruments, as well as the ash and dust removal control systems and chemical control systems along with their instruments; plus daily management of maintenance activities. (2) Maintenance management, including maintenance plans, budgets, quality inspections, and acceptance. Quota standard: See Table 6. Table 6: Staffing standards for unit maintenance personnel
Unit capacity (MW): Boiler capacity per unit (t/h), Number of staff required. For two units: Total staff; for each additional unit added, the corresponding values apply. Categories: Turbine, Electrical, Thermal control; Total for each category.
12: 75, 51; 27, 20; 4, 6, 4, 1, 1
25–75: 130–300: 72, 40, 26; 6, 10, 7, 2, 1
100: 410: 90, 51, 29; 10, 14, 9, 3, 2
200: 670: 114, 66, 34; 14, 17, 11, 3, 3
300: 1000: 128, 73, 36; 19, 20, 12, 4, 4

Additional provisions: A) For units with different capacities, the total staffing is first determined based on the two units with the highest capacity, and the staffing for the remaining units is calculated accordingly. B) For heat supply power plants whose coal grinding equipment is fan mills, the staffing levels for mechanical maintenance personnel shall be increased by 5% and 7.5% respectively according to the standards ； For fuel engine units, the staffing level for thermal engine maintenance personnel is reduced by 20% according to the standards. C) When the capacity of the machines and furnaces does not match or when the number of each type is different, the staffing level is determined by choosing either the machines or the furnaces. D) For units equipped with wet limestone-gypsum flue gas desulfurization systems, each such unit requires 10 additional mechanical maintenance workers; an additional 5 staff members are needed for each extra unit installed. 4.1.3 Fuel System 4.1.3.1 Operation of coal unloading equipment in coal-fired power plants Scope of work: monitoring of coal unloading and loading equipment in the fuel system, routine inspections, instrument recording, accident handling, etc. Positions include: shift leader, control room operator, inspection operator or coal transfer station operator, coal stacker/reclaimer driver, car dumper (screw unloader, bottom-door car) operator, or port coal unloading machinery operator. Quota standard: See Table 7. Table 7: Staffing Standards for Operators of Coal Unloading Equipment
Coal unloading method, Unit of calculation, Staffing (persons/shift)
Centralized monitoring, No centralized monitoring, Unloading at one terminal, One set of coal unloading equipment: 9, 13; Car dumpers, One set of coal unloading equipment: 8, 12; Bottom-door cars, screw conveyors, grab loaders, One set of coal unloading equipment: 7, 11; No coal unloading equipment, One set of coal unloading equipment: 6, 10

Additional provisions:
A) The shift system is determined based on the daily amount of coal received, the volume of work to be done, and the storage level in the coal hoppers. If the average operating time per standard working day (8 hours) is less than 4.5 hours, a four-shift system must be adopted. B) If the car dumper is not under program control, add 2 additional personnel per shift. C) When two sets of coal loading equipment are operating simultaneously, the staffing requirements shall be calculated separately for each set ； A set of coal unloading equipment comes with two ways of unloading coal, and the method is determined based on the larger number of workers ； When two of the coal unloading equipment, or one pair of such equipment, are in operation at the same time, the staffing requirement increases by 3 persons per shift; when two of the coal loading equipment, or one pair of such equipment, are in operation simultaneously, the staffing requirement increases by 2 persons per shift. D) In cases where centralized monitoring is not implemented and the number of coal conveyor belts exceeds 6 sections (sections with a length of 50 meters or less are not counted), one additional employee is required per shift for each additional section. E) 10% spare crew. 4.1.3.2 Operation of fuel equipment: Scope of work includes monitoring of fuel equipment, routine inspection tasks, meter reading, accident handling, etc. (including fire protection in fuel depots and fuel unloading operations). Positions in fuel-fired power plants include: shift leader, chief operator, and assistant operator. Positions in coal-fired power plants include: duty officer. Quota standards: see Table 8. Table 8: Staffing Standards for Fuel Equipment Operators Power plant type Staffing (persons/shift) Fuel 3 Coal 1 Additional provisions: A) For coal-fired power plants where fuel equipment is monitored on-site, an additional 1 staff member per shift shall be assigned. B) For each additional fuel pump room in a fuel-fired power plant, 1 additional staff member is required per shift. C) 10% spare crew. 4.1.3.3 Maintenance of fuel system equipment in coal-fired power plants: Maintenance of equipment used for loading coal into the fuel system ； Fuel system centralized control and maintenance of low-voltage electrical equipment ； Routine maintenance and management, etc. Quota standard: See Table 9. Table 9: Staffing standards for maintenance personnel of fuel system equipment. Coal unloading method: Staffing (persons). Coal unloading at the dock: 28; Car dumpers: 24; Bottom-door cars, screw coal unloaders, grab loaders: 20; No coal unloading equipment: 14. Additional provisions: A) If a set of coal loading/unloading equipment includes two different unloading methods, the staffing level shall be determined based on the higher value. If two unloading devices of either type are in operation simultaneously, an additional 2 staff members are required; if two loading devices of either type are in operation simultaneously, an additional 1 staff member is required ； When two sets of coal loading equipment are operating simultaneously, the staffing level is calculated as 1.5 times that of the set with the higher staffing requirement. B) For those with an average annual daily coal input of more than 6,500 tons, one additional employee is assigned for every additional 1,000 tons per day. C) For coal conveying belts with a length of more than 2000 meters, an additional crew member is assigned for every additional 1000 meters. 4.1.3.4 Fuel Management Scope of work: Coal-fired power plants: fuel scheduling, planning and statistics, weighing, sampling of coal upon arrival, and organization of the coal storage area. Fossil fuel power plants: Fuel scheduling, planning and statistics. Staffing standard: 7 people per coal yard in a coal-fired power plant; an additional 2 people are required for each additional coal yard ； 3 people for the fuel-fired power plant. Additional provision: A) If the rail scale equipment cannot handle multiple tasks, 4 additional staff members shall be assigned. B) For coal sampling by hand via land transport, add 4 personnel to the staffing quota. 4.1.4 Others 4.1.4.1 Warehouse Scope of work: acceptance, registration, storage, maintenance, and distribution of incoming materials. Staffing standard: 6 people per two units; 1 additional staff member for every two additional units. Additional provision: When the number of machines and furnaces differs, the staffing quota is determined by choosing either the machines or the furnaces. 4.1.4.2 Vehicles: Scope of work includes the scheduling, driving, and safety management of vehicles that are urgently needed for production as well as those used for management purposes. Quota standard: 3 people for two units required urgently for production; 1 additional person per additional unit ； Two units are managed by 5 people; one additional person is assigned for every two additional units. Additional provision: When the number of machines and furnaces differs, the staffing quota is determined by choosing either the machines or the furnaces. 4.1.4.3 The number of other production staff who must be assigned is determined by the competent authority based on actual circumstances. 4.2 Responsibilities of management staff: production, operations, and administrative tasks. Quota standard: See Table 10. Table 10: Staffing Standards for Management Personnel and Party-Mass Workers
Production staff: Number of employees | Standard staffing (people)
Management personnel | Party-mass workers
200 and below | 70 | 5
400 | 90 | 7
600 | 105 | 9
800 | 115 | 11
1000 | 123 | 13
1200 | 129 | 15
Over 1400 | 133 | 17
Note: For those entries in Table 10 where the standard staffing figure for production staff is not provided, it is calculated using interpolation. 4.3 Party and mass organization staff: Responsibilities include party affairs, discipline inspection, trade unions, the Communist Youth League, and other related party and mass organization tasks. Quota standard: See Table 10. 4.4 Scope of work for service management personnel: Management of production and living service facilities, as well as logistical services such as landscaping and cleaning. Quota standard: 6 people per factory. 5. Summary Table of Staffing Calculations for Typical Conventional Thermal Power Plants; Staffing calculations: see Table 11. Table 11 Summary Table of Staffing Estimates for Typical Conventional Thermal Power Plants Unit: persons Item 50MW 100MW 200MW Remarks Two units Four units Two units Four units Two units Four units Total 459 576 503 670 584 775 I. Production staff 360 467 400 554 414 652 (i) Unit operation 164 247 186 291 219 357 A 10% reserve for operation has been included. 1. Machine, boiler, and electricity: 116, 193, 138, 237, 171, 303. For power plants that do not provide heating, monitoring is carried out separately for each unit; the air compressors are also monitored as part of this process, with a separate control room established for this purpose. 2. Circulating water system: 6 6 6 6 6 6. There is one circulating water pump room, with no power transformation equipment. 3. Ash removal and dust removal: 17, 22, 17, 22, 17, 22; one ash pump room and electrostatic dust removal, with on-site monitoring. 4. Desulfurization – – – – – – No desulfurization equipment. 5. Chemistry: 25, 26, 25, 26, 25, 26. ① Chemical processing area: 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17. There is one control room; no coagulant pretreatment equipment is available, and the hydrogen production equipment is used for multiple purposes as well. ②Tests: 8, 9, 8, 9, 8, 9. (II) Unit maintenance: 72, 92, 90, 118, 114, 148. Coal-fired units in power plants that do not provide heating, using ball mills for coal grinding. 1. Thermal engines: 40, 54, 51, 69, 66, 88. 2. Electrical systems: 26, 30, 29, 35, 34, 40. 3. Thermal control systems: 6, 8, 10, 14, 14, 20. (III) Fuel system: 110, 110, 110, 127, 127, 129. A 10% allowance for backup personnel has been included. 1. For units with model numbers 71 71 71 88 88 88: ① Coal unloading is carried out using a set of coal unloading equipment, namely a dump car (without program control); centralized control is not implemented. For coal conveyors with 6 sections or fewer, and those with a total capacity of 200 MW or less, a four-shift system is used, while other units operate on a five-shift system. ②Fuel: 9, 9, 9, 11, 11, 11. For coal-fired power plants with on-site control, those with a total capacity of 200 MW or less operate on a four-shift system, while the others operate on a five-shift system. 2. Maintenance 24 24 24 24 24 26 One set of coal loading equipment: The daily coal loading volume for 4*200MW power plants is 8,000 tons, while for the others it is 6,500 tons or less per day ； The length of the coal conveyor belts is 2000 meters or less. 3. Fuel management: 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15. Track weighing equipment cannot be used for this purpose; manual sampling is carried out for coal transported by road, at one coal yard. (IV) Others 14 18 14 18 14 18 1. Warehouses 6 7 6 7 6 7 2. Vehicles 8 11 8 11 8 11 II. Management personnel 86 95 90 101 96 107 III. Party and mass organization staff 7 8 7 9 8 10 IV. Service-oriented management personnel 6 6 6 6 6 6 Appendix A (Reference standards) A1 Maintenance of steam turbines, boilers, electrical systems, and thermal control systems Scope of work: Steam turbines: Major and minor repairs, temporary maintenance, emergency repairs, and upkeep of steam turbines and their associated equipment ； Maintenance of chemical equipment ； Daily maintenance management. Boilers: Major and minor repairs, temporary maintenance, emergency repairs, and maintenance of boilers and their auxiliary equipment (including desulfurization equipment) ； Fuel equipment maintenance ； Daily maintenance management. Electrical: major and minor repairs, temporary maintenance, emergency repairs in case of accidents, and maintenance of generators and their auxiliary equipment (excluding low-voltage electrical equipment in the fuel system) ； Maintenance of electrical instruments and relay protection devices, high-voltage testing, as well as operation and maintenance of communication equipment and remote control systems ； Daily maintenance management. Thermal control: Maintenance of the unit’s thermal automation control systems and thermal instruments, as well as the ash and dust removal control systems and chemical control systems along with their associated instruments ； Daily maintenance management. Quota standards: see Table 1. Table 1: Staffing Standards for Maintenance Personnel of Machines, Boilers, Electrical Systems, and Thermal Control Systems. Unit: persons. Average annual maintenance duration (days/year); Capacity of each machine (MW): 12, 25–75, 100, 200, 300; Capacity of each boiler (t/h): 75, 130–300, 410, 670, 1000; 115 and below. Total: 87, 128, 145, 203, 244. Machines: 21, 34, 38, 56, 64; Boilers: 37, 47, 53, 68, 80; Electrical systems: 18, 33, 35, 47, 54; Thermal control systems: 11, 14, 19, 32, 46. Total: 123, 201, 235, 328, 388. Machines: 29, 55, 62, 91, 102; Boilers: 52, 75, 86, 111, 127; Electrical systems: 26, 49, 56, 75, 86; Thermal control systems: 16, 22, 31, 51, 73. Total: 167, 277, 321, 453, 541. Machines: 39, 75, 84, 126, 142; Boilers: 71, 104, 118, 152, 177; Electrical systems: 35, 67, 77, 104, 120; Thermal control systems: 22, 31, 42, 71, 102. Total: 236, 354, 412, 576, 689. Machines: 50, 97, 108, 160, 181; Boilers: 90, 132, 151, 194, 225; Electrical systems: 45, 85, 99, 132, 153; Thermal control systems: 28, 40, 54, 90, 130. Total: 260, 432, 500, 618, 838. Machines: 61, 118, 131, 172, 220; Boilers: 110, 161, 183, 207, 274; Electrical systems: 55, 104, 120, 142, 186; Thermal control systems: 34, 49, 66, 97, 158. Total for above categories: 305, 506, 603, 825, 964. Machines: 71, 138, 167, 229, 253; Boilers: 129, 189, 217, 278, 316; Electrical systems: 65, 122, 142, 189, 214; Thermal control systems: 40, 57, 77, 129, 181. Total number of maintenance personnel per unit: 6, 10, 14, 17, 20. Machines: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Boilers: 2, 4, 5, 6, 6; Electrical systems: 1, 2, 3, 3, 4; Thermal control systems: 1, 1, 2, 3, 4. Additional provisions: A) The average annual maintenance duration is equal to the sum of the average annual maintenance durations for each unit of machines of various capacities. The average annual maintenance duration per unit is shown in Table 2. Table 2 Annual average maintenance time per unit: Unit capacity (MW): 12, 25–75, 100, 200, 300; Furnace capacity (t/h): 75, 130–300, 410, 670, 1000. Annual average maintenance time per unit (days/year/unit): 20, 28, 32, 41, 49. B) The staffing level for maintenance personnel (excluding upkeep tasks) is determined based on the maximum capacity of each unit, while the staffing level for upkeep personnel is determined based on the capacities of the remaining units after deducting the unit with the highest capacity. C) For those items in Table 1 for which the annual average maintenance duration is not provided, the staffing level for maintenance personnel (excluding upkeep) is calculated using interpolation. D) The adjustment of its capacity is made using the adjustment coefficients based on the type of equipment (see Table 3). Table 3 Correction coefficients for equipment types. Field: Steam turbines, boilers, electrical and thermal control equipment. Equipment type: Domestic condensing type, imported condensing type; domestic heating type, imported heating type; domestic ball mill, imported ball mill; domestic medium-speed mill, imported medium-speed mill; domestic fan mill, imported fan mill; domestic fuel-fired type, imported fuel-fired type; domestic units, imported units. Correction coefficients: 1, 0.8, 1.1, 0.9, 1, 0.9, 0.85, 0.75, 1.15, 1.05, 0.6, 0.5, 1, 0.9, 0.95. E) Imported units that began generating electricity before the end of 1980 can be calculated using the same criteria as domestic units. F) The determination of the type of imported or domestic equipment is based primarily on the main equipment. G) For those with multiple device types, it is determined based on the larger number of designated users. H) When the capacity of the turbines and boilers does not match or when there is a difference in the number of units, the staffing for turbine maintenance is calculated based on the number of turbines, while the staffing for boiler maintenance is calculated based on the number of boilers. The staffing for electrical and thermal control maintenance is calculated separately for the turbine side and the boiler side (the coefficient for both the turbine side and the boiler side in terms of electrical and thermal control is 0.5). A2 locomotive operation scope: operation of the locomotive, car coupling, scheduling, vehicle numbering, vehicle inspection, signal and track switching, as well as crossing supervision. Positions include: locomotive driver, assistant locomotive driver, shunter, coupler, dispatcher, car number checker, train inspector, signalman, and level crossing attendant. Quota standards: see Table 4. Table 4: Staffing Standards for Locomotives and Dedicated Line Operators | Item | Unit of Calculation | Staffing (persons/shift) |
|--------|------------|---------------------|--------------------------|
| Locomotive | Each locomotive | 3 | |
| Coupled carriages | Each locomotive | 1 | |
| Dispatching | Per factory | 1 | |
| Train numbering | Per factory | 1 | |
| Inspection | Per factory | 1 | |
| Signal & switch operation | Per factory | 1 | |
| Level crossing attendant | Per location | 1 | |
| Note: The staffing for locomotives includes dispatching tasks. | | | | ； Standby locomotives are not included in the staffing quota. Additional provision: 10% spare crew. A3 Repair and Maintenance: Scope of work includes the mechanical processing of the main and auxiliary equipment components required for maintenance, as well as documentation and technical management tasks. Staffing standard: Determined at 10% of the staffing levels for turbine, boiler, and electrical maintenance personnel specified in Appendix A1. A4 Thermal Efficiency and Metal Monitoring Scope of work: Thermal efficiency: Thermal testing of boilers, steam turbines, and their auxiliary equipment; cold-state testing of boilers; optimization tests for boilers and steam turbines; data management, technical supervision, etc. Metal supervision: technical supervision of the metal components in the unit, various tests and evaluations, as well as documentation and technical management. Quota standard: See Table 5. Table 5: Thermal efficiency and staffing standards for metal supervision personnel. Total unit capacity (MW): Staffing for thermal efficiency (persons); Staffing for metal supervision (persons). 100 and below: 2, 2; 100–400: 3, 3; 400–800: 4, 4; Over 800: 5, 5. A5: Maintenance. Scope of work: Daily maintenance of production facilities, maintenance of water supply and drainage systems, heating and lighting equipment, as well as management of documents and technical aspects. Quota standard: See Table 6. Table 6: Staffing standards for maintenance personnel Total capacity of the units (MW) Staffing required (persons) Without heating equipment With heating equipment 100 and below: 9 11 300: 12 14 600: 15 17 Over 1000: 18 20 Additional provisions: A) For installations with two or more units, an additional 2 staff members are required for each additional unit. B) For those units whose total capacity is not given in Table 6, their rated capacity is calculated using interpolation. A6 Service Staff: Responsibilities include managing the staff canteens, bathrooms, health clinics, daycare centers, guesthouses, clubs, reception areas (for mail handling), rest rooms for staff, single-person apartments, as well as handling various miscellaneous tasks and gardening-related work that are carried out to support the factory’s production and daily operations. Quota standard: See Table 7. Table 7 Standards for the Number of Employees in Service Positions: Total number of employees within the specified range (persons), Recommended number of employees. 200 and below: 16; 500: 38; 1,000: 70; 1,500: 98; 2,000: 120; Over 2,500: 138. Additional note: For those cases where the total number of employees is not given in Table 7, the recommended number of employees is calculated using interpolation. Instructions for Use of the “Standards for Labor Quotas in Thermal Power Plants” (Trial Version) I. Overview These standards were developed on the basis of the “Standards for Organizational Staffing in Thermal Power Plants” issued by the former Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power in 1983, and the “Several Opinions on Implementing New Management Methods in New-Type Power Plants” issued by the former Ministry of Energy in 1992. Through comprehensive surveys of the organizational structure, job distribution, labor quotas, and staffing levels in over 250 thermal power plants, as well as detailed studies of 10 new-type thermal power plants, advanced management practices from around the world and the results of reforms carried out in China were taken into account. Additionally, factors such as the improvement in the technical level of power generation equipment over the past few years, the introduction of modern management techniques, improvements in labor organization, and enhancements in the quality of the workforce were also considered. After three rounds of evaluation by relevant experts and numerous revisions, these standards were finally formulated. 1. The “standards” consist of two parts. Depending on the differences between new-type thermal power plants and conventional thermal power plants, these standards are divided into two main sections: the “Labor Staffing Standards for New-Type Thermal Power Plants” and the “Labor Staffing Standards for Conventional Thermal Power Plants”. This division takes into account the following factors: (1) New-type thermal power plants are characterized by high parameters, large capacity, and the use of computer-based distributed control systems. They differ significantly from conventional thermal power plants in terms of control methods, level of automation, as well as the arrangement of specialized roles and positions. Therefore, it is not possible to use a single standard to address all these differences; hence, dividing the standards into two parts is more practical and useful. (2) The staffing standards for new thermal power plants are set separately, holding greater demonstrative and guiding significance at present. On the one hand, in the form of \"standards,\" efforts will be made to establish new systems and mechanisms for the new power plants that were built and put into operation after the \"Eighth Five-Year Plan\" period as well as those currently under construction, so that the skill levels of the personnel working there can reach an advanced level at the national level and gradually align with international standards. On the other hand, it is also clear that newly built power plants in the future must not follow the old path of taking on heavy burdens before attempting to reduce staff and increase efficiency. (3) The staffing standards for conventional thermal power plants and those for new thermal power plants are basically the same in terms of the scope of staffing, with only some differences in their presentation format and level. The staffing range for conventional thermal power plants is essentially the same as that for new types of thermal power plants. This indicates that conventional thermal power plants need to achieve efficiency gains by reducing the number of employees in order to adapt to the new system, which encourages companies to take proactive measures to make this transition. It is an inevitable requirement for such plants to improve labor efficiency, reduce labor costs, and enhance their competitiveness. Given that some conventional thermal power plants are transitioning to new systems in order to reduce staff and increase efficiency, this transition can only be achieved through technical upgrades, reforms in management systems, reallocation of personnel, and implementation of re-employment programs. It is influenced and constrained by various factors, requires certain time as well as material and technical resources, and is therefore quite challenging. As a result, those aspects related to the production and daily operations of power plants that fall outside the scope of these standards are included as reference standards in the appendix to the staffing standards for conventional thermal power plants, so that such plants can use them during the transition period. 2. The staffing range for the “standard” The staffing range for the “standard” is determined in accordance with the requirements for establishing a modern enterprise system, by drawing on the management models of international thermal power generation enterprises as well as the successful experiences of advanced thermal power generation enterprise management systems in China. It is established based on the necessary aspects of production and operation in thermal power generation enterprises, while ensuring safe production. The staffing scope includes: unit operation (including circulating water systems, ash and dust removal, desulfurization, chemical treatment, and testing), unit maintenance (thermal machinery maintenance, electrical maintenance, and thermal control repairs), the fuel system (including operation, maintenance, and fuel management), management personnel, Party and mass organization staff, and support management personnel. Meanwhile, major and minor repairs of turbines, boilers, and electrical equipment, the procurement and transportation of fuel, turbine operation, repair and maintenance, thermal efficiency monitoring, metal inspection, renovations, and other related services are covered under the “standards”. The staffing range thus determined differs significantly from that specified in the \"Standards for Staffing in Thermal Power Plants\" issued in 1983, breaking away from traditional concepts and conventional management practices for thermal power plants. This represents a new understanding of the labor organization management in thermal power generation enterprises, as well as a new definition of the scope of management for such enterprises. This definition provides a basis for the allocation of various professionals in new power plants, as well as for the standardized management of existing power plants and the achievement of goals related to reducing staff while increasing efficiency. 3. “Standard” level: The overall staffing level set by this standard is significantly higher than that specified in the \"Standards for Staffing in Thermal Power Plants\" issued by the former Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power in 1983. It is also higher than the staffing standards outlined in the \"Several Guidelines on Implementing New Management Methods in New-Type Power Plants\" issued by the former Ministry of Energy in 1992. This represents an advanced staffing level that only a few thermal power generation enterprises in China can achieve through concerted efforts. Based on the experiences of various new thermal power plants in recent years, as well as the achievements obtained by existing power plants through efforts to reduce staff while improving efficiency, it is appropriate to set such a staffing level. 4. The institutional model reflected in the “standards” The institutional model embodied in these standards reflects the new management system that is currently adopted by advanced thermal power generation enterprises. This system was established on the basis of ensuring safe production, in accordance with the necessary production and operation processes of thermal power generation enterprises, and following the principles of simplicity and efficiency. After repeated discussions and evaluations by experts, it is considered to be an advanced and scientific management system that China’s thermal power generation enterprises should adopt at this stage, and one that is indeed achievable. (1) The structure of the production section is organized into three main parts: unit operation, unit maintenance, and the fuel system. Unit operation includes not only the electrical operation of the turbine and boiler, but also the operation of the circulating water system, ash and dust removal systems, as well as desulfurization systems, along with chemical treatment and testing processes ； Unit maintenance includes not only the upkeep of turbines, boilers, generators and their auxiliary equipment, but also the inspection and repair of circulating water systems, ash and dust removal systems, desulfurization systems and chemical systems, as well as thermal control systems. This changes the traditional approach of the past, which involved setting up separate workshops for specialized areas such as steam engines, boilers, electrical systems, thermal engineering, chemistry, maintenance, as well as water treatment and ash removal. (2) The functional management section only specifies the scope of work and the corresponding optimal number of staff; functional departments are established by the enterprise based on the principles of streamlining, efficiency, and unity, thereby changing the traditional approach of establishing functional departments through highly detailed specialization and a hierarchical structure. The party and mass work section also only specifies the scope of work and the corresponding streamlined staffing levels. (3) As for the service aspect, this standard specifies only a limited number of positions for service management personnel; specific logistical services can be obtained from society and the market, thereby changing the previous system in which enterprises provided such services internally. The main feature of the system embodied in this standard is that it requires, in accordance with the principles of simplicity, efficiency, and unity, achieving the goal of establishing a new management system that is efficient in operation, coordinated in functioning, and governed by standardized procedures, by defining clear staffing scopes and corresponding total staffing levels. 5. Professional programs in the “standards”: The characteristic of professional programs in the “standards” is their broad coverage and strong comprehensiveness, which replaces the traditional approach of overly detailed specialization. This is mainly reflected in the following specialties: Unit operation is not organized according to the separate specialties of turbines, boilers, and electrical systems, but rather based on the duty structure in the centralized control room that integrates these elements ； The chemical department is not organized based on water treatment shifts or laboratory testing duties, but rather according to the shifts in the chemical control room ； The operation for unloading fuel and coal is not organized based on the duty schedules of coal unloading machinery or coal conveyor belts; instead, it is arranged according to the characteristics of coal and fuel unloading, through centralized control duties, inspections, and operations of the coal unloading machinery ； Unit maintenance involves integrating specialties such as steam turbines, boilers, electrical systems, thermal control, circulating water systems, ash and dust removal, desulfurization, and chemical processes into three main areas: thermal machinery, electrical systems, and thermal control. The thermal machinery specialty covers the maintenance of steam turbines, boilers and their associated equipment, as well as systems for circulating water, ash and dust removal, chemical processes, and desulfurization ； The electrical engineering field covers generators and their auxiliary equipment, electrical instruments, relay protection, high-voltage testing, as well as the maintenance of communication equipment ； The thermal control specialty covers the maintenance of units, ash and dust removal systems, chemical control systems, as well as thermal and chemical instruments. 6. Quality requirements for personnel in these positions based on the “standards”: Given the high standards set, as well as the comprehensive and efficient nature of the positions and specialties involved, it is required that all personnel in these roles possess high qualifications. Professional technical skills must be such that individuals can handle multiple tasks and assume multiple responsibilities; those working in key operational positions should be capable of handling various duties with proficiency. When implementing this standard, it is necessary to intensify employee training in order to improve their professional competence and skill levels. 7. Application of the “Standards” These standards apply to the production and management activities of independent thermal power generation enterprises under normal production techniques and labor organization conditions, as well as to the management of staffing levels for party and mass organization staff and service personnel. They are also applicable to the management of staffing levels for production staff in thermal power plants operating under corporate or headplant structures. The management of staffing levels for managers and party-mass workers in corporate and headplant systems should follow these standards, with efficient organizational structures established and competent personnel assigned based on their respective responsibilities and areas of authority. The main purpose of this standard is: (1) to serve as a basis for calculating staffing levels and formulating staffing plans in various types of thermal power plants. (2) is the only standard for determining and measuring the staffing levels of different thermal power plants. (3) It serves as a guide and example for thermal power plants to strive for excellence and achieve the goal of reducing personnel while increasing efficiency. It facilitates mutual evaluation among thermal power plants of the same type using a common standard, helps identify existing gaps, and encourages the adoption of effective measures and intensified reforms to improve the level of workforce utilization across all thermal power plants in the country. (4) It serves as the basis for equipping or training various types of professionals in newly built thermal power plants. II. Brief Explanation of Key Technical Terms 1. Capacity of a single unit: In the “standards,” the capacity of a single unit is given as a nominal value, which represents a range of capacities. When using this standard, capacity values close to this nominal value can all apply the staffing standard corresponding to that nominal value. For example, 75MW applies to 50MW ； 125MW applied to 100MW ； 142, 210, 250MW apply 200MW ； 325, 350, 360MW apply 300MW ； 500, 600MW use 600MW, etc. 2. Centralized monitoring of the machine, boiler, and electrical systems refers to the use of a computer-based distributed control system in the generator set, which enables coordinated control of the machine, boiler, and electrical systems, as well as facilitates centralized monitoring of the unit. 3. Separate monitoring per unit means that the generator set monitoring system is located in a dedicated control room, with monitoring carried out according to the division of responsibilities among the mechanical, thermal, and electrical teams. 4. Separate control of the turbines and boilers, along with centralized electrical monitoring, refers to the practice in plants with a master control system where monitoring is carried out separately according to the roles of the turbines and boilers, while the monitoring systems for generators and plant electricity are located in a single control room for centralized oversight. 5. A relay pump room refers to a pressure-boosting pump room located outside the plant area, within the water supply system (or make-up water system and circulating water system). 6. Centralized monitoring of ash and dust removal refers to the installation of the dust and ash removal systems as well as monitoring systems for multiple units in one control room, with centralized supervision over them. If a monitoring room is provided for each unit, or if a control room is provided separately for the ash and dust removal systems, then separate monitoring is implemented. 7. The chemical control room refers to the monitoring room in which computer programs are used to control the operation of water treatment equipment, as well as processes such as backwashing and regeneration in water treatment. 8. The chemical instrument online monitoring system refers to a system that uses instruments, microcomputers, recording devices, etc. to carry out centralized monitoring of the condition of water treatment equipment and water vapor quality. 9. Power plants without coal unloading equipment refer to pithead power plants that lack such equipment, or power plants that have such equipment but do not manage it themselves. 10. The machine side refers to the equipment on the side of the unit’s steam turbine. This standard specifically refers to the electrical and thermal control equipment on the turbine side of the unit. 11. The furnace side refers to the equipment on the side of the unit’s boiler. This standard specifically refers to the electrical and thermal control equipment on the boiler side of the unit. 12. A set of coal unloading equipment refers to the equipment for unloading and loading coal that is capable of independently performing the functions related to coal unloading and loading within the coal handling system. 13. Two sets of coal unloading equipment usually refer to the addition of another set when the existing set is no longer sufficient to meet the needs due to the expansion of a power plant. 14. The two coal unloading and loading methods refer to the use of two different types of equipment to carry out these functions. 15. A pair of coal unloading and loading devices refers to two coal unloading and loading devices that have exactly the same structure and principle. III. How to use the “standards” correctly: The staffing standard refers to the requirement for the number of personnel with appropriate qualifications needed for a particular production or job position, under given production techniques and labor organization conditions. With staffing standards in place, there is also a scientific way to measure the level of workforce utilization in a group. The \"Standards for Staffing in Thermal Power Plants\" (trial version) serve as a guideline for the scientific and rational allocation of personnel in thermal power plants. We should make use of this guideline accurately, and when doing so, we need to pay attention to the following points: 1. It is necessary to study the \"standards\" carefully, understand their essence, and accurately comprehend the meaning of each standard as well as its relationship with other related standards ； It is necessary to clarify the calculation criteria, master thoroughly the various methods for calculating staffing levels specified in the “standards,” and ensure that the calculated staffing numbers for each project are accurate. 2. It is necessary to carry out proper investigations and calculations. First, master the complete and accurate relevant basic information item by item: one is the condition of the equipment throughout the plant ； Second is the equipment at the posts, the number of employees on duty, and the labor organization structure ； Third is the internal organizational structure and division of responsibilities. Secondly, conduct thorough calculations in accordance with the standards. Based on this, a complete staffing register is established, which is adjusted in a timely manner according to any changes. 3. When using the “standards” to formulate a staffing plan, it is essential to compare the actual conditions of the power plant with those set by the standards, identify any gaps, and promptly introduce appropriate measures in terms of production technology, labor organization, and human resource development, so as to develop a suitable staffing plan for the plant. When approving the staffing plans for thermal power plants, the competent authorities not only use the \"standard\" as a measure but also take into account the specific circumstances of each thermal power plant and treat them differently. For individual power plants with advanced management levels, the staffing level can be higher than the “standard”” ； For ordinary power plants, the staffing level can be close to the “standard”” ； For certain power plants with special circumstances, there can be a transitional period in terms of the workforce level in the short term. 4. During the process of formulating and approving staffing plans, it is necessary to avoid two tendencies: one is the tendency to mechanically apply \"standards\" without considering specific circumstances, and simply use those \"standards\" to determine the number of employees required for a power plant ； Second, there is an overemphasis on the special circumstances of this power plant, with a focus on accommodating its current situation; as a result, there is a tendency to deviate from the underlying calculation principles and determine the staffing level for the plant by lowering the \"standard\" levels. 5. When determining the quota for \"other production personnel who must be employed\" as part of the approved staffing plan for power plants, the competent authorities shall make such determinations in accordance with the \"standards\" and based on actual conditions. Before approving this staffing quota, the competent authority must clarify the four meanings of \"other production personnel that must be assigned\": first, this quota refers to those tasks that are not covered within the scope of work specified in these standards ； Second, this quota falls within the range of “standard” quotas ； Third, this quota is mandatory to be met ； Fourth, this quota must fall within the category of production staff. Only those that meet these four criteria can be approved after investigation and analysis. IV. Examples of calculations for some items in this standard Part I: New thermal power plants (1) Unit operation Example: A power plant has 4 domestically produced 300MW units ； The network control room and the centralized control room are located separately ； The circulating water pump is located outside the main plant, with on-site monitoring ； Ash and dust removal is under centralized monitoring, with one control room ； The chemical plant has two programming rooms; the condensate treatment equipment cannot handle both tasks, and the hydrogen replenishment equipment at the hydrogen production station needs to be operated on-site. The staffing requirements for the unit operations are as follows: 1. Control room operations: (1) Basic staffing: 60 + 25×2 = 110 people; (2) Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: 5 (for item A) + 5 (for item B) + 5 (for item C) = 15 people; (3) Reserve staff: (110 + 15)×10% = 13 people; (4) Total staffing for control room operations: 110 + 15 + 13 = 138 people. 2. Ash removal and dust removal operations: (1) Basic staffing: 10 people; (2) Reserve staff: 10×10% = 1 person; (3) Total staffing for ash removal and dust removal operations: 10 + 1 = 11 people. 3. Chemical operations: (1) Operations: ① Basic staffing: 10 + 5 = 15 people; ② Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: 3 (for item A) + 5 (for item B) + 4 (for item C) = 12 people; ③ Reserve staff: (15 + 12)×10% = 3 people; ④ Total staffing for chemical operations: 15 + 12 + 3 = 30 people. (2) Testing: Basic staffing: 8 + 1 = 9 people; (3) Total staffing for chemical operations and testing: 30 + 9 = 39 people. 4. Total staffing for all unit operations: 138 + 11 + 39 = 188 people. (II) Unit maintenance: Example 1: A power plant is equipped with 2 Class A 600MW units, which are fan-driven coal mills. The staffing requirements for unit maintenance are as follows: 1. Thermal engine maintenance: (1) Basic staffing: 60 people; (2) Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: 60 × 7.5% = 5 people; (3) Total staffing for thermal engine maintenance: 60 + 5 = 65 people. 2. Electrical maintenance: Basic staffing: 32 people. 3. Thermal control maintenance: Basic staffing: 41 people. 4. Total staffing for unit maintenance: 65 + 32 + 41 = 138 people. Example 2: A power plant is equipped with 4 Type B 300MW units, and it is also a heat supply plant ； For fan coal mills. The staffing requirements for unit maintenance are as follows: 1. Thermal engine maintenance: (1) Basic staffing: 52 + 2×9 = 70 people; (2) Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: Item B (70×5% + 70×7.5%) + Item C (70 + 70×5% + 70×7.5%)×15% = 4 + 5 + 12 = 21 people; (3) Total staffing for thermal engine maintenance: 70 + 21 = 91 people. 2. Electrical maintenance: (1) Basic staffing: 30 + 2×3 = 36 people; (2) Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: Item C: 36×10% = 4 people; (3) Total staffing for electrical maintenance: 36 + 4 = 40 people. 3. Thermal control maintenance: (1) Basic staffing: 32 + 2×3 = 38 people; (2) Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: Item C: 38×10% = 4 people; (3) Total staffing for thermal control maintenance: 38 + 4 = 42 people. 4. Total staffing for unit maintenance: 91 + 40 + 42 = 173 people. (III) Fuel system: For example, a power plant is equipped with 4 units, each with a capacity of 300 MW. The status of the fuel system is: coal supplied from land ； A coal yard ； Manual sampling ； Track scales cannot handle both tasks ； Average annual coal input per day: 12,500 tons ； A set of coal unloading equipment (operating independently), using a dump car (without programmable control) for unloading coal ； The total length of the coal conveyor belt is 4600 meters ； The average equipment operation time per standard working day (8 hours) is 4.6 hours ； There is a fuel pump room for on-site monitoring. The staffing for its fuel system is as follows: 1. Operation of coal loading/unloading equipment (since the operation time of this equipment exceeds 4.5 hours, it should be calculated based on a five-shift system): (1) Basic staffing: 8×5=40 people; (2) Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: 2×5 + 5 = 15 people; (3) Reserve staff: (40+15)×10%=6 people; (4) Total staffing for coal loading/unloading equipment: 40+15+6=61 people. 2. Maintenance of fuel equipment: (1) Basic staffing: 24 people; (2) Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: (12500–6500)÷1000 + (4600–2000)÷1000 = 6+3=9 people; (3) Total staffing for fuel equipment maintenance: 24+9=33 people. 3. Fuel management: (1) Basic staffing: 7 people; (2) Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: 4 + 4 = 8 people; (3) Total staffing for fuel management: 7+8=15 people. 4. Total staffing for the fuel system: 61+33+15=109 people. Part II: Conventional thermal power plants (I) Unit operation: 1. Separate monitoring of the boiler and turbine operations in unit-based systems. Example: A power plant has 4 units with a capacity of 50 MW each (boilers with a capacity of 230 t/h each, totaling 4 units), and 2 units with a capacity of 100 MW each (boilers with a capacity of 410 t/h each, totaling 2 units); all are unit-based systems ； A factory building ； Air compressor also handles management tasks ； There is no separate network control room. The staffing requirements for the operation of the turbines, boilers, and electrical systems are as follows: (1) Basic staffing: Turbines (25+15+10+10+10+10) + Boilers (25+20+15+15+15+15) + Electrical systems (20+10+10+10+10+10) + Shift supervisor: 5 = 80 + 105 + 70 + 5 = 260 people. (2) Additional staff: 260 × 10% = 26 people. (3) Total staffing for separate monitoring of turbines, boilers, and electrical systems in a unitized setup: 260 + 26 = 286 people. 2. Separate control of turbines and boilers with centralized electrical monitoring (busbar system): Example: A heating power plant with 7 steam turbine generators, each with a capacity of 225 MW (25 MW × 5 + 50 MW × 2) ； 8 boilers, with a capacity of 1310 t/h (130 t/h×5 + 220 t/h×3) ； main pipe ； A factory building ； A separate heating station is located outside the factory building ； The plant control panel is not located in the main control room ； The air compressor is located outside the factory building and cannot be used for other purposes as well. The designated staffing for the operation of turbines, boilers, and electrical systems is as follows: Turbines (5+35+18+18) + Boilers (5+40+40+40) + Electrical staff + Shift supervisor = 76+125+38+5 = 244 people. (2) Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: Item A (turbines 5 + boilers 5 + electrical staff 5) + Item B (turbines 5) + Item C (boilers 5) = 25 people. (3) Reserve staff: (224+25)×10% = 27 people. (4) Total number of personnel for decentralized control of turbines and boilers and centralized monitoring of electrical systems: 244+25+27 = 296 people. 3. Operation of the circulating water system: For example, in a power plant, there is 1 circulating water pump room outside the main plant building, and 1 relay pump room. The staffing required for the operation of the circulating water system is as follows: (1) Basic staffing: 5+5=10 people; (2) Additional staff: 10×10%=1 person; (3) Total staffing for the circulating water system operation: 10+1=11 people. 4. Ash and dust removal operations: For example, in a certain power plant, the ash removal process involves pumps, ash pipes, and an ash storage area, with one pump room for ash removal and one pump room for return water ； Water film dust removal ； The plant has 7 units. The staffing requirements for ash removal and dust removal operations are as follows: (1) Basic staffing: Ash removal (10+5+2) + Dust removal: 10 = 27 people. (2) Reserve staff: 27×10% = 3 people. (3) Total staffing for ash removal and dust removal operations: 27+3 = 30 people. 5. Chemistry: For example, a power plant with 5 units, located in one building, has two water treatment control rooms; the water production capacity is 450 t/h ； There is coagulation water treatment equipment, so it cannot handle other tasks simultaneously ； There is 1 hydrogen production station, which cannot be managed concurrently. The staffing requirements for the chemical processing unit and the laboratory are as follows: (1) Chemical processing unit: ① Basic staffing: 15 for water treatment duties + 5 + 5 for on-site testing = 30 people. ② Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: 5 from item A + 5 from item C + 4 from item D = 14 people. ③ Reserve staff: (30 + 14) × 10% = 4 people. ④ Total staffing for the chemical processing unit: 30 + 14 + 4 = 48 people. (2) Laboratory: Basic staffing: 8 + 1 = 9 people. (3) Total staffing for the chemical processing unit and the laboratory: 48 + 9 = 57 people. (II) Unit maintenance: Example 1: A conventional thermal power plant has 4 units with a capacity of 200 MW each (with boilers of 4×670 t/h), and ball mills are used for coal grinding ； Major and minor maintenance work on heat engines, electrical systems, and thermal control is outsourced. The staffing requirements for unit maintenance are as follows: (1) Thermal machinery maintenance – Basic staffing: 66 + 11×2 = 88 people; (2) Electrical maintenance – Basic staffing: 34 + 3×2 = 40 people; (3) Thermal control maintenance – Basic staffing: 14 + 3×2 = 20 people. (4) Total staffing for unit maintenance: 88 + 40 + 20 = 148 people. Example 2: A conventional thermal power plant with an installed capacity of 300 MW, using entirely domestic equipment. Among them: 2 sets of 100MW steam turbine generators, corresponding to 2 coal-fired boilers with a capacity of 410t/h each ； 2 x 50MW steam turbines, corresponding to 2 x 230t/h coal-fired boilers ； Fan coal mill. Major and minor maintenance work on heat engines and electrical systems is outsourced, while major and minor maintenance of thermal control systems is carried out by our own factory. The staffing requirements for unit maintenance are as follows: 1. Thermal engine maintenance: (1) Basic staffing: 51 + 7×2 = 65 persons; (2) Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: 65×7.5% = 5 persons; (3) Total staffing for thermal engine maintenance: 65 + 5 = 70 persons. 2. Electrical maintenance: Basic staffing: 29 + 2×2 = 33 persons. 3. Thermal control maintenance: (1) Refer to Table 2 in Appendix A1; based on Supplementary Regulation A, the average annual maintenance duration is calculated as: 32×4 + 28×2 = 120 days. (2) Using the average annual maintenance duration along with Supplementary Regulations B and C, and referring to the tables in Appendix A, the staffing required for thermal control maintenance (excluding maintenance personnel) is calculated via interpolation: 19 + (31–19)×(120–115)÷(185–115) = 19 + 1 = 20 persons. (3) Using the formula in Appendix A1 and Supplementary Regulation B, the staffing required for thermal control maintenance tasks is calculated as: (2–1)×2 + 1×2 = 4 persons. (4) Total staffing for thermal control maintenance: 20 + 4 = 24 persons. 5. Total staffing for unit maintenance: 70 (thermal engine maintenance) + 33 (electrical maintenance) + 24 (thermal control maintenance) = 127 persons. Example 3: A conventional thermal power plant has a total installed capacity of 1000 MW, with all equipment being domestically produced. Among them are 4 200MW steam turbines, corresponding to 4 670t/h coal-fired boilers ； 2 x 100MW steam turbines, corresponding to 2 x 410t/h coal-fired boilers ； All are ball coal mills. The maintenance work on the unit is carried out by our factory. The staffing requirement for unit maintenance (no specialization required) is as follows: 1. Refer to Table 2 in Appendix A1; according to Supplementary Provision A, calculate the average annual maintenance period: 41×4 + 32×2 = 228 days. 2. Using the average annual maintenance period along with Supplementary Provisions B and C, refer to the tables in Appendix A and use interpolation to determine the staffing requirement for unit maintenance (excluding maintenance staff): 328 + (453 – 328) × (228 – 185) ÷ (255 – 185) = 328 + 77 = 405 people. 3. Refer to Table 1 in Appendix A1; according to Supplementary Provision B, calculate the staffing requirement for maintenance: (4 – 1) × 17 + 2 × 14 = 51 + 28 = 79 people. 4. Total staffing requirement for unit maintenance: Maintenance (excluding upkeep) = 405 + Maintenance = 484 people. Example 4: A thermal power plant has an installed capacity of 1000 MW. Two 200MW domestic heating steam turbine generators are paired with four 410t/h domestic coal-fired boilers, all of which use fan coal mills ； 2 sets of 300MW imported condensing steam turbine generators are paired with 2 sets of 1000t/h domestic fuel-fired boilers. The maintenance work on the unit is carried out by our factory. When calculating the staffing for this project, it should be noted that the plant has various types of equipment: for turbines, there are domestically produced heating-type units and imported condensing types; for boilers, there are domestically produced fan mills and domestically produced fuel-fired units; as for electrical and control systems, there are domestically produced units, imported units on the turbine side, and domestically produced units on the boiler side. At the same time, the capacity of the machines and boilers does not match, and the number of units varies as well. The staffing requirement for the turbine maintenance is as follows: 1. Turbine maintenance: (1) Refer to Table 2 in Appendix A1; according to Supplementary Provision A, calculate the average annual maintenance duration: 2×49 + 2×41 = 180 days. (2) Based on the average annual maintenance duration and Supplementary Provisions B, C, and D, refer to Table 1 in Appendix A1 and use interpolation to determine the staffing required for turbine maintenance (excluding maintenance personnel). First, since there are two types of turbines, the calculation is done using the maximum capacity of 300 MW for imported turbogenerators: ×0.8 = (64 + 35)×0.8 = 79 persons. Second, for domestically produced turbines with a capacity of 200 MW, the calculation is: ×1.1 = (56 + 33)×1.1 = 98 persons. Third, according to Supplementary Provision G, the staffing level is determined based on the higher figure, so the staffing required for turbine maintenance (excluding maintenance tasks) is 98 persons. (3) Refer to Table 1 in Appendix A1 and calculate the staffing required for turbine maintenance according to Supplementary Provisions B and D: (2-1)×6×0.8 (for import) + 2×5×1.1 (for heat supply) = 5 + 11 = 16 persons. (4) Total staffing required for turbine maintenance: 98 persons for maintenance work (excluding upkeep) + 16 persons for maintenance = 114 persons. 2. Boiler maintenance: (1) Refer to Table 2 in Appendix A1 and, based on Supplementary Provision A, calculate the average annual maintenance duration: 2×49 + 4×32 = 226 days. 2. Using the average annual maintenance duration along with Supplementary Provisions B, C, and D, refer to Table 1 in Appendix A1 and use interpolation to calculate the staffing required for boiler maintenance (excluding maintenance personnel). First, since there are two types of boilers, the calculation is done using a domestically produced fuel-fired boiler with a maximum capacity of 1000 t/h: ×0.6 = (129 + 29)×0.6 = 94 persons. Next, the calculation is done using a domestically produced coal-fired boiler with a capacity of 410 t/h per unit: ×1.15 = (86 + 19)×1.15 = 121 persons. Third, according to Supplementary Provision G, the staffing amount is determined based on the higher figure, so the staffing required for boiler maintenance (excluding maintenance) is 121 persons. (3) Refer to Table 1 in Appendix A1 and calculate the staffing required for maintenance based on Supplementary Provisions B and D: (2-1)×6×0.6 (fuel) + 4×5×1.15 (domestically produced fan mills) = 4 + 23 = 27 persons. (4) Total staffing required for boiler maintenance: 121 persons for maintenance work (excluding repair work) + 27 persons for maintenance = 148 persons. 3. Electrical maintenance: (1) Based on an average annual maintenance period of 180 days for steam turbines and 226 days for boilers, as well as Supplementary Provisions B, C, D, and H, refer to Table 1 in Appendix A1 and use interpolation to calculate the staffing required for electrical maintenance (excluding repair work). First, since there are two types, the calculations are done based on a maximum capacity of 300 MW for the machine side and 1000 t/h for the furnace side: Machine side: ×0.5 = (54 + 30) × 0.5 = 42 people; Furnace side: ×0.5 = (86 + 20) × 0.5 = 53 people. According to Supplementary Regulation D, the adjusted staffing for electrical maintenance (excluding repairs) is: (42 + 53) × 0.95 = 90 people. Second, based on a domestic machine capacity of 200 MW and a furnace capacity of 410 t/h, the calculations are as follows: Machine side: ×0.5 = (47 + 26) × 0.5 = 37 people; Furnace side: ×0.5 = (35 + 12) × 0.5 = 24 people. According to Supplementary Regulation D, the adjusted staffing for electrical maintenance in domestic units is: (37 + 24) × 1 = 61 people. Third, according to Supplementary Regulation G, the staffing is determined by selecting the higher figure, resulting in 90 people for thermal control maintenance (excluding repairs). (2) Refer to Table 1 in Appendix A1; based on Supplementary Provisions B, D, and H, calculate the staffing required for thermal control maintenance: ×0.95 + (2×3×0.5 + 4×3×0.5)×1 = (2+2)×0.95 + (3+6)×1 = 13 persons. (3) Total staffing for electrical maintenance: 90 persons for maintenance work (excluding repairs) + 13 persons for maintenance = 103 persons. 4. Thermal control maintenance: (1) Based on an average annual maintenance period of 180 days for steam turbines and 226 days for boilers, as well as Supplementary Provisions B, C, D, and H, refer to Table 1 in Appendix A1 and use interpolation to calculate the staffing required for thermal control maintenance (excluding repairs). Firstly, since there are two types, the calculations are done based on a maximum capacity of 300 MW per unit and a furnace capacity of 1000 t/h: For the machine side: ×0.5 = (46 + 25) × 0.5 = 36 people; for the furnace side: 73 + (102 – 73) × (225 – 185) ÷ (225 – 185) × 0.5 = (73 + 17) × 0.5 = 45 people. According to supplementary regulation D, the adjusted staffing required for thermal control operations on the machine side and the furnace side is: (36 + 45) × 0.95 = 77 people. Secondly, based on a domestic unit with a capacity of 200 MW and a boiler with a capacity of 410 t/h: for the turbine side: ×0.5 = (32 + 18)×0.5 = 25 people; for the boiler side: ×0.5 = (31 + 6)×0.5 = 19 people. After applying the correction factor for domestic units specified in item D of the supplementary regulations, the number of personnel required for control system maintenance (excluding repairs) is: (25 for the turbine side + 19 for the boiler side)×1 = 44 people. Thirdly, according to item G of the supplementary regulations, the appropriate number of personnel is determined by taking the higher value, resulting in 77 people for control system maintenance (excluding repairs). (2) Refer to Table 1 in Appendix A1; in accordance with Supplementary Provisions B, D, and H, the staffing required for thermal control maintenance is calculated as follows: ×0.95 + (2×3×0.5 + 4×2×0.5)×1 = (2+2)×0.95 + (3+4)×1 = 11 persons. (3) The total staffing for thermal control maintenance work is: 77 persons for maintenance tasks (excluding repair work) + 11 persons for maintenance work = 88 persons. 5. The total number of personnel required for unit maintenance is: 114 persons for the turbine, 148 persons for the boiler, 103 persons for electrical systems, and 88 persons for thermal control systems = 453 persons. (III) Fuel system: For example, the fuel system of a certain power plant consists of coal supplied from land sources ； Two coal yards ； Manual sampling ； Track scales cannot handle both tasks ； Average daily coal input: 8,000 tons ； A set of coal handling equipment (operating at different times), using screw coal unloaders and bridge grab unloaders (without centralized monitoring) ； The total length of the coal conveyor belt is 4,800 meters, and it consists of 14 sections of belt; among these, 2 sections have a length of 50 meters or less ； The average equipment operation time per standard working day (8 hours) is 3.8 hours ； There is a fuel pump room for on-site monitoring. The staffing requirements for the fuel system are as follows: 1. Operation of coal loading/unloading equipment (since the operating time of this equipment is less than 4.5 hours, it should be calculated based on a four-shift system): (1) Basic staffing: 11×4=44 people; (2) Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: D×1×4=24 people; (3) Reserve staff: (44+24)×10%=7 people; (4) Total staffing for coal loading/unloading equipment operation: 44+24+7=75 people. 2. Operation of fuel-related equipment: (1) Basic staffing: 1×4=4 people; (2) Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: A×1×4=4 people; (3) Reserve staff: (4+4)×10%=1 person; (4) Total staffing for fuel-related equipment operation: 4+4+1=9 people. 3. Maintenance of fuel-related equipment: (1) Basic staffing: 20 people; (2) Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: B×(8000–6500)÷1000 + C×(4800–2000)÷1000 = 2+3=5 people; (3) Total staffing for maintenance of fuel-related equipment: 20+5=25 people. 4. Fuel management: (1) Basic staffing: 7+2=9 people; (2) Additional staffing according to supplementary regulations: A×4 + B×4=8 people; (3) Total staffing for fuel management: 9+8=17 people. 5. Total staffing for the fuel system: 75+9+25+17=126 people. (IV) Management personnel and Party/mass organization staff: For example, the staffing requirement for production staff in a power plant is 510 people. The staffing levels for management and party/mass work personnel are as follows: 1. For management personnel, refer to Table 10 in this section and use interpolation to calculate: 90 + (105 – 90) × (510 – 400) ÷ (600 – 400) = 90 + 8 = 98 persons. 2. For party/mass work personnel, also refer to Table 10 in this section and use interpolation to calculate: 7 + (9 – 7) × (510 – 400) ÷ (600 – 400) = 7 + 1 = 8 persons. (V) Service personnel: For example, a power plant has a total of 910 employees within its designated staffing quota, who are responsible for carrying out various production and daily service tasks. The required number of staff members is as follows: Refer to Table 7 in Appendix A6 and use interpolation to calculate: 38 + (70 – 38) × (910 – 500) ÷ (1000 – 500) = 38 + 26 = 64 persons. V. Format for the Calculation Table of Staff Requirements in Thermal Power Plants Calculation Table for Staff Requirements in Thermal Power Plants Unit filling out the form: Date of calculation: Year Month Day Person who filled out the form: Item Current number of employees on duty (persons) Estimated number of employees based on standards (persons) Basis for calculation and explanations Total I. Production staff (I) Unit operation 1. Turbine, boiler, and electrical systems (control room) 2. Circulating water system 3. Ash and dust removal 4. Desulfurization 5. Chemical operations ① Chemical processing ② Testing (II) Unit maintenance 1. Thermal machinery 2. Electrical systems 3. Thermal control systems (III) Fuel system 1. Fuel operation 2. Operation of fuel-related equipment 3. Fuel maintenance 4. Fuel management (IV) Others 1. Warehouses 2. Vehicles 3. Other production staff who are necessary

If we follow Guodian’s regulations, the staffing quota for thermal power plants would be too high. In fact, there aren’t that many people in the thermoelectric field.

It should be equipped according to actual needs

Look at the workload! Break down all the tasks in detail and then assign positions!