Basic Safety Knowledge Training Materials

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Training materials on basic safety knowledge: The chemical industry plays a very important role in the development of the national economy. Chemical products penetrate almost every sector of the national economy. With the rapid development of the chemical industry. There will be significant changes in aspects such as the production scale, process technology, and product structure of the chemical industry, which will inevitably impose new and higher requirements on safety technologies and safe production management. Therefore, the issue of safe chemical production becomes even more prominent. The following are some basic safety knowledge points for your reference and learning*. I. Unsafe factors in industrial production 1. A large number of flammable, explosive, toxic, and corrosive substances ； 2. Many high-temperature and high-pressure devices ； 3. The process is complex, with strict operational requirements ； 4. There is a large amount of waste, resulting in severe pollution. II. Implementing safety regulations is the responsibility of employees; each employee should do the following three things: 1. Study diligently, enhance awareness, apply what has been learned, and abide by the rules consciously. 2. Resist illegal instructions and oppose working in violation of regulations. 3. Summarize experiences and lessons learned, and continuously improve and refine. III. Fire and explosion prevention in chemical production 1. Combustion: The phenomenon in which a substance undergoes a vigorous oxidation reaction, releasing heat and light. 2. Combustion conditions: For combustion to occur, three conditions must be present simultaneously: a combustible material, an oxidizing agent, and a source of ignition. 3. Explosion: A phenomenon in which a substance rapidly changes from one state to another, releasing a large amount of energy in the form of mechanical work in an instant. 4. Explosions can be divided into two categories: physical explosions and chemical explosions. Physical explosion: An explosion phenomenon caused by changes in physical factors such as state, temperature, pressure, etc. Chemical explosion: An explosion that occurs as a result of intense chemical reactions in a substance, leading to a sudden increase in pressure. 5. Basic measures for fire and explosion prevention: It is necessary to restrict and eliminate the interaction among combustible and explosive substances, oxidizing agents, and ignition sources, in order to prevent the simultaneous presence of the three elements required for combustion. 6. Measures for controlling and eliminating fire sources ① Strict management of open flames ； ②Avoid friction and impacts that can generate sparks and dangerous temperatures ； ③Eliminate electrical sparks and dangerous temperatures ； ④Discharge static electricity ； ⑤Prevent lightning sparks ； 7. Chemical hazards: Any chemical substances and radioactive materials that possess dangerous properties such as flammability, explosiveness, corrosivity, toxicity, or radioactivity, and that under certain conditions can cause fires, explosions, as well as incidents leading to human poisoning, burns, or death. 8. Hot work: Welding and cutting operations in no-fire zones, as well as temporary tasks in flammable and explosive areas that involve the use of blowtorches, electric drills, grinding wheels, or other tools that may generate flames, sparks, or hot surfaces. 9. Hot work is classified into three categories: hot work with special hazards, Class 1 hot work, and Class 2 hot work. 10. Class 1 hot work areas: Hot work carried out inside ion exchange membrane, hydrogen chloride, hydrochloric acid, compressed hydrogen, refrigeration, acetylene, vinyl chloride, and polymerization plant buildings, as well as in gas holders, storage tanks, plant pipelines, flammable and explosive warehouses, plant sewers, and manholes. 11. Basic methods of fire extinguishing: isolation method, cooling method, smothering method ； Isolation method: This involves separating the source of fire from the flammable materials surrounding it, thereby cutting off the supply of fuel to the fire and preventing it from spreading. Cooling method: This involves spraying extinguishing agents such as water onto the burning material to lower its temperature. Suffocation method: This involves using non-flammable (or difficult-to-ignite) materials to cover and surround the burning substance, thereby preventing air (or other oxidizers) from coming into contact with it, and stopping the combustion due to the lack of oxygen. 12. Common fire extinguishers: acid-base fire extinguishers, foam fire extinguishers, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, dry powder fire extinguishers, and \"1211\" and \"1301\" fire extinguishers. The fire extinguishers mainly used in my branch plant are carbon dioxide, dry powder, and \"1211\" types, all of which are suitable for extinguishing fires involving instruments, electrical equipment, and other such devices. 13. General principles for fighting fires: ① Report the fire early to minimize losses ； ②Call the police while trying to put out the fire ； ③Control first, then extinguish the fire ； ④Save people first, then property ； ⑤Protect against poisoning and suffocation ； ⑥Follow orders, don’t panic. 14. When analytical methods are used for hot work, the concentration of hydrogen, ammonia, and vinyl chloride being measured must be ≤0.4% ； The measured acetylene concentration ≤ 0.2 % ； The oxygen concentration should be ≥19% and ≤21%. 15. Work at heights: Any work carried out at a height of 2 meters or more above the reference level for falling, where there is a risk of falling. 16. High-altitude work is divided into three categories: special high-altitude work, chemical industry high-altitude work, and general high-altitude work. 17. Work at heights of 2–5 meters is classified as level 1 high-altitude work; work at heights of 5–15 meters is considered level 2 high-altitude work; work at heights of 15–30 meters falls under level 3 high-altitude work; work at heights above 30 meters is regarded as special high-altitude work. 18. When working inside equipment where cleaning and purging requirements cannot be met, the lighting voltage should be ≤36V, and in wet or confined spaces, it should be ≤12V. When using hand-held electric tools with voltages exceeding the safe level, leakage protectors must be installed as required. 19. After a power outage of electrical and instrumentation equipment, even in the case of an emergency shutdown, the equipment must not be touched or access to it must not be granted until the relevant power supply is disconnected and safety measures are taken, to prevent sudden power restoration. 20. To effectively cut off the power supply, measures such as removing the power fuse or pulling down the power switch and locking it in place can be taken, along with the installation of warning signs. IV. Forty-one Prohibitions of the Ministry of Chemical Industry (1) Fourteen prohibitions in production areas 1. Strengthen control over open flames; smoking is prohibited within the factory area ； 2. Minors are not allowed to enter the production area ； 3. During working hours, sleeping, engaging in personal tasks, leaving one’s post, or doing anything unrelated to production is prohibited ； 4. Drinking is prohibited before and during shifts ； 5. It is prohibited to use flammable liquids such as gasoline to clean equipment, tools, and clothing ； 6. Those who do not wear protective equipment as required are not allowed to enter the production area ； 7. Equipment without complete safety devices shall not be used ； 8. Do not use any equipment or tools that are not under your responsibility ； 9. Maintenance work shall not begin if safety measures are not implemented ； 10. Equipment that has been shut down for maintenance must not be used until it has been thoroughly inspected ； 11. It is prohibited to carry out work at heights without a high-altitude work permit, without wearing a safety belt, or when the scaffolding or stepping boards are not secure ； 12. Work is not permitted if a scaffold is not properly secured on asbestos shingles ； 13. Mobile power tools without installed electric shock protection devices must not be used ； 14. Employees who do not hold a safety operation certificate are not allowed to work independently ； Workers in special types of jobs are not allowed to carry out their tasks without obtaining the necessary certification. (II) Six strict requirements for operators 1. Strictly implement the shift handover system ； 2. Strictly implement a routine inspection system ； 3. Strictly control process parameters ； 4. Strictly follow the operating procedures (forms) ； 5. Strictly abide by labor discipline ； 6. Strictly enforce safety regulations. (III) Six prohibitions for hot work: 1. Hot work is prohibited without an approved hot work permit ； 2. It cannot be reliably isolated from the production system; hot work is prohibited ； 3. Do not clean; if the replacement is unsatisfactory, welding is prohibited ； 4. Do not clear surrounding flammable materials; welding is prohibited ； 5. Hot work is prohibited if the hot work analysis is not conducted on time ； 6. No fire-fighting measures are available; welding is prohibited. (IV) Eight must-haves for entering containers and equipment? Answer: 1. An application must be submitted, the necessary documents obtained, and approval granted ； 2. Safety isolation must be implemented ； 3. The power supply must be cut off, and safety lighting must be used ； 4. Displacement and ventilation must be carried out ； 5. Safety analysis must be conducted within the specified time frame ； 6. Required protective equipment must be worn ； 7. Someone must be outside the device to provide supervision and stay at their post ； 8. There must be emergency backup measures. (5) Seven prohibitions on motor vehicles: 1. Driving without a license or permission is strictly prohibited ； 2. Driving under the influence is strictly prohibited ； 3. Speeding and driving with the gear in neutral are strictly prohibited ； 4. Driving with illness is strictly prohibited ； 5. Mixing passengers and goods in vehicles is strictly prohibited ； 6. Overloading the crane is strictly prohibited ； 7. Vehicles without flame arrestors are strictly prohibited from entering fire-prohibited areas. Safety warning signs: The meaning and uses of safety colors. Color, Meaning, Examples of uses; Symbol: Red – Prohibition, stop. It also indicates fire prevention. Prohibition signs and stop signals: Emergency stop levers or buttons on machines, as well as areas that must not be touched by people. Blue instructions represent rules that must be followed; instruction signs: such as the requirement to wear personal protective equipment ； Instructions on the road that guide the direction in which vehicles and pedestrians should move. Yellow warning: Caution. Warning and hazard signs: such as the warning tapes around dangerous machines and pits in a factory, as well as the center lines of road lanes ； Mechanically, inside the gearbox ； Safety helmet, green color; indicates a safe condition and permission to proceed; a warning sign for safety passages in the workshop ； Signs for pedestrian and vehicle traffic. Location of fire-fighting equipment and other safety devices: 1. A slash is drawn inside a circle, and this slash as well as the circle itself are outlined in red to indicate \"prohibited\" or \"not allowed\". 2. The color associated with instructions – blue – is used inside the circle, and the graphic symbols indicating what must be done are drawn in white; this constitutes an \"instruction sign\". In places marked with such signs, those who are there are required to abide by the rules indicated by those signs. 3. Due to their prominence, triangles are used as “warning signs” to alert people to the various dangers that may arise. 4. A rectangular geometric shape with a green background, accompanied by white text and graphic symbols, along with an indication of the target direction, constitutes a guide sign. Safety signs are composed of safety colors, geometric shapes, and graphic symbols. Its purpose is to draw people’s attention to safety hazards and prevent accidents.