Analysis and suggestions on energy saving potential of industrial boilers in my country
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1 Introduction In recent years, in the process of my country's rapid economic development, problems such as low energy utilization, unreasonable consumption structure, and intensified contradictions between supply and demand have become increasingly prominent. The contradiction between the deterioration of the ecological environment and economic development has intensified, which to a large extent has restricted the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the economy. Compared with the world's advanced level, my country still has a large gap in energy efficiency and energy consumption per unit output value. my country's energy consumption per unit output value is more than twice the world average, and the energy consumption of major products is 40% higher than the world's advanced level. my country's energy utilization rate is about 33%, which is 10 percentage points behind the world's advanced level. The potential for energy conservation is huge. Although after more than 50 years of hard work, my country's energy industry has made great progress and built an energy system ranking second in the world, experts from the Chinese Academy of Engineering predict that by the middle of this century, my country's annual energy consumption will still reach 3 billion to 3.8 billion tce of standard coal under strict control. By then, the maximum domestic energy supply will be about 3.2 billion tce of standard coal. It can be seen that the energy supply gap is large, especially petroleum resources. In order to ensure the grand goals set by the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China to quadruple GDP, basically achieve industrialization, and build a moderately prosperous society in all respects in the first 20 years of the 21st century, we must do a good job in energy conservation while working hard to do a good job in open source work. Saving energy and improving energy utilization are top priorities. Energy conservation has been regarded by Chinese experts as the "fifth energy" after the four important energy sources of coal, oil, natural gas and electricity. In other words, for a long time to come, China's economic growth will not only rely on newly built power plants, but also on this "fifth power plant" that "generates electricity" through energy conservation. Judging from China's current energy utilization efficiency, energy conservation is cheaper than building a new boiler room, adding heating units, or developing hydropower, thermal power, and nuclear power, and has huge potential. In our country, in order to distinguish it from large boilers used for power generation, industrial boilers refer to steam boilers and hot water boilers of various capacities, pressures, and temperatures that are widely used in production, life, heating, etc. Our country is both a major producer and user of industrial boilers. By the end of 2003, there were 1,530 companies holding boiler manufacturing licenses at all levels across the country, including 62 Class A, 203 Class B, 264 Class C, and 1,001 Class D companies, which can produce boilers of various pressure levels and capacities. In recent years, ①Steam ton is a unit of converted capacity of industrial boilers regardless of steam boilers and hot water boilers. 1 steam ton is equivalent to 1t/h of steam boiler or 0.7MW of hot water boiler. The annual output of industrial boiler products in my country has basically remained at 20,000 to 30,000 units and 49,000 to 63,000 MW (70,000 to 90,000 steam tons①). According to statistics in 2003, the number of industrial boilers in use nationwide was 527,400 units and 1.254 million MW, which is nearly twice the installed capacity of power station boilers. China's industrial boilers are large in size, small in average capacity, and mainly coal-fired. The annual fuel consumption is about 400 million tce of standard coal. Because the boiler operation efficiency is not high, energy waste is quite serious, and approximately 60 million tons of additional coal are consumed every year. In addition, industrial boilers emit large amounts of smoke and dust as well as pollutants such as SO2 and NOX, which have become one of the main sources of soot pollution in my country's atmosphere. Therefore, industrial boilers have become one of the main targets for energy conservation, consumption reduction, energy efficiency improvement, and pollution reduction in our country. 2. Brief description and analysis of the management status of my country's industrial boiler industry. Industrial boilers are a large-scale and wide-ranging mechanical product in my country. They are also pressure-bearing equipment and energy-consuming products. Its design, manufacturing, and use involve aspects such as safety, environmental protection, and energy conservation. Therefore, in terms of industry management of industrial boilers, my country has formed a relatively complex system. The industry supervisor originally belonged to the Ministry of Machinery, and was supervised and managed by relevant departments in terms of safety, environmental protection, and energy conservation. But with * * Institutional reform, this system has undergone major changes. 2.1 Technical centralized management of industrial boilers. Before the 1990s, the former Ministry of Machinery carried out comprehensive management of industries and enterprises from the aspects of products, technology, production, supply and marketing, prices, and standards of industrial boilers, including organizing the formulation and implementation of industry plans, joint product development, and modification design. , common technology research and development, standard formulation and implementation, joint issuance of licenses, energy-saving product review and promotion, manufacturing process improvement and quality improvement, etc., were implemented by the then Shanghai Industrial Boiler Research Institute and other industry-focused units, laying a solid foundation for the development of industrial boilers. However, with the deepening of market economy, * * Due to institutional reforms and mergers, functional changes, scientific research mechanism reforms, and the localization of research institutes, the management of industrial boilers has been gradually marginalized, so that there is currently a lack of industry supervisors, and the originally hoped-for macro-management situation for large industries dominated by industrial policies, standards, and regulations has failed to emerge. 2.2 Safety supervision and management of industrial boilers In terms of safety supervision of boiler products, my country has established a complete and sound legal system, organizational structure and working mechanism. The State Council promulgated the "Regulations on Safety Supervision of Special Equipment" (previously revised as the "Regulations on Safety Supervision of Boilers and Pressure Vessels") and established special equipment safety supervision agencies at all levels from the central to local levels to take charge of the safety supervision of special equipment, including boilers, in their jurisdictions. ； Special equipment safety inspection agencies (special inspection institutes) at all levels have been established to supervise and inspect the manufacturing and installation processes of boiler products and conduct regular inspections of boilers in use. ； * * The China Special Equipment Testing Center (formerly the China Boiler and Pressure Vessel Testing Center) was also established to engage in related inspections and testing technology research. * * The Special Equipment Bureau of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (formerly the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Safety Supervision Bureau of the Ministry of Labor) has formulated boiler safety technical supervision procedures and related management methods and rules, and conducts safety supervision and daily management in aspects of boiler product design, manufacturing, installation, use, maintenance, modification, etc. through special equipment management departments and special equipment inspection institutes at all levels. Despite the same experience * * Institutional reforms, mergers, and adjustments, but currently * * The safety supervision function for boilers has not been weakened, the organizational structure is still sound, and attempts are made to * * The Special Equipment Law strengthens management and strengthens functions to adapt to the requirements of market economic development for boiler safety management. 2.3 Environmental protection supervision and management of industrial boilers Since industrial boilers consume energy and produce pollution, they are subject to the supervision and management of environmental protection bureaus and environmental supervision agencies at all levels during their use. * * The State Environmental Protection Administration has formulated environmental standards, policies and regulations for industrial boilers, and through various local environmental protection bureaus and environmental supervision agencies, it conducts environmental supervision of industrial boilers in use, environmental approval of new boilers, and environmental testing of new boiler products. With the development of our country's economy, environmental protection has risen to * * will and become a basic national policy, all levels * * Environmental protection has been placed at an important position on the agenda, and management functions and intensity have been strengthened as never before. * * The Environmental Protection Law and the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law were formulated and promulgated successively. * * The State Environmental Protection Administration has organized multiple revisions of the "Boiler Air Pollutant Emission Standards", formulated a "two control area" pollution control plan, improved sulfur dioxide control indicators, and strengthened law enforcement. Some places have implemented higher * * Standard local standards (such as Beijing City), many places * * In order to control and improve local air environment quality, measures have been taken to restrict the use of coal-fired boilers (such as Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Xi'an, etc.). On the one hand, this improves the environment and also plays a certain role in energy saving of industrial boilers. 2.4 Energy-saving supervision and management of industrial boilers Compared with the supervision and management of boiler safety and environmental protection, the energy-saving supervision and management of industrial boilers in my country are relatively weak. my country's energy conservation work began in the early 1980s. Since then, * * Relevant departments have successively formulated laws and regulations on energy and energy-saving management, and have continued to explore energy-saving management methods and mechanisms that adapt to the socialist market economy. They have strengthened and standardized the management of energy-saving work from administrative, economic, technical, legal and other aspects. It can be said that the energy-saving policies and measures adopted in our country so far have There are quite a lot of energy-saving mechanisms, policies and means adopted abroad, and our country has basically adopted and tried to adopt them. Marked by the promulgation and implementation of the 1997 Energy Conservation Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the "Energy Conservation Law") and subsequent supporting regulations, my country's energy-saving management work has begun to be brought into legalization. After about twenty years of hard work, my country's energy conservation work has made considerable achievements. As far as the energy-saving work of industrial boilers is concerned, industrial boilers, as the basic thermal energy equipment of various industries in the national economy, are large in volume and have many influencing factors. The development of energy-saving work has many ups and downs and involves many links and departments. The original * * Planning Committee, * * The Economic Commission, the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Materials and related industrial ministries and commissions are all involved in the management of industrial boilers. They have put forward varying degrees of requirements for industrial boilers in their respective technical policies, management methods or policies, and have carried out corresponding work and achieved certain results. For example, industrial technology development of industrial boilers, major research projects, and research and development and funding of energy-saving products used to come from the original source. * * Economic committee approves projects and allocates funds ； The technical policies and development plans for combined heat and power and central heating were formulated by the former Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Construction respectively, and investment was organized ； The fuel department of the Ministry of Raw Materials is responsible for the supply of coal for industrial boilers and the development of industrial briquettes. Now looking back at the development process of my country's industrial boiler energy-saving work, we find that there are obvious stages and movements. When energy is tense, energy saving is emphasized, and when energy saving is eased, energy-saving work is relatively relaxed. To a certain extent, the development of my country's industrial boilers and the adjustment of product structure are related to * * The development of energy and environmental protection work is inseparable. In the mid-to-late 1960s, Shanghai took the lead in carrying out the small boiler revolution, eliminating old and inefficient hand-fired stoves such as Lancashire and Cochrane, and promoting the quick-installation chain furnace drainage fire tube boiler successfully developed by the Shanghai Industrial Boiler Factory. ； From 1976 to 1979, in order to adapt to“ * * ”Since the mid-to-late period, the coal quality of my country's industrial boilers has generally declined. Dozens of industrial boiler factories across the country have been organized to develop new products for industrial boilers that use inferior coal (including coal gangue). After more than 4 years of hard work, a total of 56 varieties have been developed and promoted, including ebullated bed boilers, reciprocating grate boilers, chain grate boilers, and stoker boilers. ； During the subsequent "Sixth Five-Year Plan" and "Seventh Five-Year Plan", industry organizations carried out joint design of medium-quality coal (Class II bituminous coal) and oil-fired boilers, resulting in 21 medium-quality coal-fired products and 4 oil-fired boiler products, benefiting dozens of boiler factories in the industry participating in the joint design ； From 1984 to 1986, the original * * The Economic Commission established a project to organize the evaluation and selection of industrial boiler products, which later evolved into regular energy-saving product reviews in the industry. Until 1998, a total of more than 100 products in 10 batches were rated as energy-saving products and promoted to the society. At the same time, dozens of backward and inefficient products were eliminated in batches. ； In the 1990s, with funding from the Global Environment Foundation (GEF) (managed by the World Bank), a small number of companies in the industrial boiler industry won bids to participate in the GEF China High-Efficiency Industrial Boiler Project. However, the implementation results were far from what was originally envisioned. Although some products were introduced, digested, and developed, they were not well promoted. ； In addition, in the late 1990s, the original * * The Economic and Trade Commission also organized the development of a 75t/h circulating fluidized bed boiler and achieved corresponding practical results. The above achievements play a very important role in the energy saving of industrial boilers, but they are limited to the improvement and improvement of product technology. Since the reduction of the overall energy consumption level of industrial boilers is a systematic project, some related problems have not been well solved so far, such as operation management, coal supply, etc., which have largely restricted the technical performance of industrial boilers. 3 Overview of foreign boiler energy-saving work, gap in supervision and management of industrial boiler energy-saving in my country 3.1 Overview of foreign boiler energy-saving work in developed countries * * , the concept of energy conservation has evolved from the implementation of conservation and reduction in response to the energy crisis in the early 1970s to the goals of improving efficiency, reducing pollution, improving quality of life and improving public relations. In our country, the concept of filling gaps and reducing energy consumption still exists, which is the root of the understanding that energy conservation efforts will be relaxed as energy supply eases. After the fiscal and taxation system reform in 1994, incentive policies such as tax exemptions and loan concessions were originally implemented for energy-saving projects and products. * * Weakening or even canceling it is also very detrimental to energy conservation. Learn from foreign advanced * * Energy-saving legislation and energy-saving measures for boilers will be helpful to effectively improve the energy-saving work of industrial boilers in our country. 3.1.1 Establish a boiler efficiency classification system Energy conservation is the EU * * One of the main political goals, not only each * * Guidelines for boiler efficiency and energy conservation have been formulated, and an energy conservation steering committee has been established across the EU to promote energy conservation throughout the EU through legislation. For example, the Boiler Efficiency Guidelines (Guidelines 92/42/EU Council) launched by the European Union define boiler classifications and stipulate the minimum thermal efficiency requirements (minimum efficiency) for domestic and commercial heating boilers. Now we will introduce the examples of boilers below 400kW used in daily life and business. (1) Boilers are divided into standard, low temperature and condensing boilers ； (2) The standard efficiency is the weighted average of the boiler efficiency selected at 30% load. This standard efficiency is also called the EU standard efficiency. ； (3) According to the boiler thermal efficiency after testing, it is divided into three standard efficiency levels (calculated based on low heating value), namely: Standard boiler, EU standard efficiency is 82% ~ 88% ； Low temperature boiler, EU standard efficiency is 88.5% ~ 91.5% ； For condensing boilers, the EU standard efficiency is 97.5% to 99.5%. a. Germany Germany stipulates a more detailed standard efficiency. The standard efficiency of the boiler is determined by selecting a weighted average of the boiler efficiencies under five different loads. This standard efficiency is called German standard efficiency (calculated based on low heating value). For example, the efficiency specified in DIN4702-8, the boiler load is 13%, 30%, 39%, 48% and 63% respectively. After the standard efficiency of the boiler is obtained through test calculation, the boiler is classified according to the standard efficiency, and is divided into 7 levels (covering the EU standard efficiency indicators). respectively: Constant heating temperature boiler manufactured in 1975, with standard efficiency of 65% to 80% ； Standard boiler, (EU) standard efficiency is 82% ~ 88% ； Low temperature boiler, (EU) standard efficiency is 88.5% ~ 91.5% ； Modern low-temperature boiler with standard efficiency of 92% to 95% ； Condensing boiler, (EU) standard efficiency is 97.5% ~ 99.5% ； Improved condensing boiler, standard efficiency (75/60℃) is 101% ~ 105% ； Improved condensing boiler, standard efficiency (40/30℃) is 106% ~ 109%. Germany formulated the BimSchV regulations in 1998, which strictly limits atmospheric emissions. It stipulates that the exhaust heat loss of fuel and gas systems with a power greater than 50kW cannot exceed 9%. It also proposes a certain rectification and transition period for fuel and gas systems that have been installed and used. It also stipulates that before November 1, 2004, all old fuel and gas systems must comply with the new regulatory requirements. This regulation to limit the heat loss of exhaust smoke is actually a limit on the thermal efficiency of fuel and gas systems, because for fuel and gas systems, the main heat loss is exhaust heat loss. b. UK The standard efficiency of domestic and commercial heating boilers in the UK is called SEDBUK Efficiency (Seasonal Efficiency of Domestic Boiler in the UK, calculated based on high heating value), which is calculated by selecting full load efficiency and 30% load efficiency. The corresponding efficiency guidelines stipulate that whether household boilers are proportional adjustment boilers or switch adjustment boilers, or whether they are conventional boilers or condensing boilers, the standard efficiency is divided into seven levels, namely A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Among them, A to C are condensing boilers, and level D is the best non-condensing boiler. ； All other * * To enter the British market, household boiler products must be tested and classified in the UK (see Table 1). Table 1 English * * Use the boiler standard efficiency grade to divide the boiler efficiency range. The standard efficiency grade is divided into 90% and above A86% ~ 90% B82% ~ 86% C78% ~ 86% D74% ~ 78% E70% ~ 74% Energy efficiency standards are formulated and implemented by the Ministry of Energy. The mandatory energy efficiency labeling system was implemented in 1980, and voluntary energy conservation certification ("Energy Star" product certification) was implemented in 1992. U.S. procurement law and several presidential decrees stipulate * * ENERGY STAR certified products must be purchased. “Energy Star” indirectly became * * Mandatory behavior is a technical barrier for foreign products to enter the U.S. market. (2) The UK publishes the Energy Technology List (ETL -Energy Technology List). All products listed in the Energy Technology List meet energy conservation and environmental protection requirements and comply with the ECA (Enhanced Capital Allowance) Act. These products have the ETL mark. * * Carry out vigorous promotion, reduce or exempt product purchase taxes that should be paid, etc. 3.1.3 Implement an economic subsidy system for the use of energy-saving boiler products. Condensing boilers have high thermal efficiency, 15 to 20 percentage points higher than conventional boilers, and have outstanding energy-saving effects. However, the investment cost of condensing boilers is generally 1.5 to 2 times that of conventional boilers. Even if developed * * Families with high economic income think it is more expensive. Therefore, users should be encouraged to use advanced energy-saving technology products, * * We must use financial, credit, price, tax and other economic adjustment means to encourage and guide the development and utilization of energy-saving technologies, and support the promotion of energy-saving work. some developed * * Arrange funds financially, implement preferential policies in terms of credit, prices, and taxes for energy-saving departments, industries, and products, and promote and encourage the development of energy-saving work. In order to encourage enterprises to carry out energy-saving technological transformation, Japan has set up special interest rate loans. Enterprises can apply to the Development Bank of Japan and its financial treasury. The special interest rate is 5.35% to 5.55%. The total loan amount in 1992 was 455 billion yen. In order to encourage the promotion of energy-saving equipment, purchase * * For announced energy-saving equipment (there were 232 announced energy-saving equipment in 1992), 7% of the equipment purchase cost can be deducted from the tax as a subsidy. In order to improve the energy supply structure and improve energy utilization efficiency, * * Organize and implement the famous "Moonlight Plan" and organize it every year * * Funds are allocated in the budget (11.9 billion yen in 1992). In order to improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental pollution, the United States * * Annual budget allocations for energy-saving technologies ($635 million in 1992). Germany provides a 7.5% subsidy for energy-saving investments. In order to support users to adopt energy-saving condensing boilers, the UK has established an Energy Saving Trust Fund (EST) subsidy program, which provides a subsidy of 200 to 250 pounds to households that install condensing boilers, while households using conventional boilers cannot receive this subsidy. 3.1.4 Other policy measures (1) The British ① legal framework promulgated and implemented the "Home Energy Saving Act" in 1995, requiring all levels of * * Take concrete measures to reduce the energy consumption of residential buildings by 30% within ten years based on 1996 or 1997. The "Climate Change Plan" was announced in November 2000, proposing a package of policies and measures to improve energy efficiency. ②Public Finance UK 2001 * * A total of £435 million has been invested in the following energy-saving projects: There are £100 million in capital subsidy projects to encourage users to adopt efficient energy-saving technologies and equipment, £108 million in energy conservation funds, £30 million in carbon dioxide emission reduction projects, £50 million in community energy conservation, and £150 million in new home energy conservation projects. ③Energy Saving Fund UK responsible for energy saving * * The department is the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, which has the Carbon Fund and the Energy Saving Fund. Carbon funds are mainly used for energy conservation in industry and transportation, such as industrial and domestic boilers, etc. ； The energy conservation fund is mainly used for energy conservation in buildings. ④Tax Policy: The UK has levied an energy tax since 2001. Electricity is levied at a rate of 0.043 pounds/kWh and natural gas is levied at a rate of 0.015 pounds/kWh (converted based on thermal equivalent). In 2001, a total of 1 billion pounds was collected in energy taxes, of which 20% was used for energy conservation and 80% for social welfare programs such as unemployment and social assistance. Businesses can work with * * Sign energy-saving goals and carbon dioxide emission reduction goals. Companies that meet the goals can receive a 20% reduction in energy tax. ； Implement tax reduction and exemption policies for new energy power generation such as solar energy and wind energy. ⑤Incentive policies provide subsidized loans or free (low) interest loans for energy-saving equipment investment and technology development projects. In 2002, 25% of the Energy Saving Fund's budget of 200 million pounds was used for subsidized loans, of which 10 million pounds were interest-free loans. Implement an accelerated depreciation policy for announced energy-saving equipment. ⑥ * * Institutional Energy Conservation Center * * The energy consumption of government buildings was reduced by 20% based on 1990 and 1991. Through a series of measures, by 1999 the central government * * The agency reduces energy consumption by 18.9% ； Energy consumption in the health care sector should be reduced by 15% in 2010 compared with 2000 levels. (2) French tax policy: ①Imposing a motor fuel tax and a new environmental pollution tax. ②Implement tax relief policies, mainly including: a. Income tax reduction and exemption for the installation of home insulation and heating equipment and high-efficiency boilers ； b. Implement an accelerated depreciation system and reduce commercial tax in the first year of investment in energy efficiency technologies in the industrial sector ； c. Companies that invest in energy conservation are tax-free on their profits from the use and rental of energy-saving equipment. (3) Italy ① Legal framework: In 1991, the country promulgated the "Regulations on Rational Use of Energy, Energy Conservation and Development of Renewable Energy" * * Energy Plan Implementation Act, which is the guiding legal framework for improving end-user energy efficiency. In 1998 the country * * proposed“ * * Energy Plan" and takes energy conservation and energy efficiency improvement as the core goals of energy policy. ②Fiscal Policy Administrative Orders in 1991 and 1992 stipulated that fiscal funds should be mainly used to improve energy efficiency and invest in renewable energy projects. Currently, 211 projects have been completed and 132 projects are under implementation. The total project budget is 1.04 billion euros, and the actual financial allocation is 145 million euros. ③Tax policy The carbon dioxide-energy tax policy has been implemented since 1998 and is planned to be fully implemented in 2004. 2000 * * It was decided to withdraw 300 billion lira from the 1999 carbon tax to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including promoting renewable energy and promoting energy efficiency. ④Industrial energy conservation establishes energy managers every year * * A financial budget of €400,000 has been allocated for the creation of a network of energy managers. The country mandates key energy-consuming companies in the industrial, commercial, public and transportation sectors to set up energy managers, and 750 key energy-consuming companies have already set up energy manager positions. Carry out voluntary energy saving agreements, * * Signed a voluntary agreement with the automobile industry to stipulate that the average fuel consumption of motor vehicles in 2010 should be less than 5.5 liters per 100 kilometers. ； Signed a voluntary agreement with the glass industry to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 10% in 2005. ⑤Building energy efficiency The country has formulated mandatory standards for new buildings and energy-saving renovation of existing buildings. In 1993, Presidential Decree No. 412 was issued requiring inspections of the energy consumption status of the design, installation, operation and maintenance of thermal power plants. Starting from 1994, inspections will be conducted every 1 to 2 years depending on the size of the boiler capacity. Heating, air conditioning and hot water are subject to a metering and charging system. ⑥Equipment Energy Efficiency Standards, Labeling and Certification The country has implemented the EU energy efficiency performance standards for refrigerators, condensers and other household appliances since 1998, and implemented an energy efficiency labeling system. In 1998, the motor vehicle energy-saving certification work was launched. 3.2 The main gaps in my country’s industrial boiler energy conservation supervision and management (1) Industrial boiler energy conservation supervision and management institutions and related systems and regulations are not perfect, and supervision and management are ineffective. Due to the wide scope of energy conservation work, it turns out that * * Although energy conservation management work functions are relatively dispersed since 2003, * * Changes occurred after the organizational reform, with all macro-energy management functions being centralized * * The National Development and Reform Commission has added the Energy Bureau and the Environment and Resource Comprehensive Utilization Department (to comprehensively manage energy conservation work) within the National Development and Reform Commission. Corresponding management agencies have also been established in various places. However, the corresponding professional energy conservation management support system has not yet been established or improved, and there is also a lack of supporting professional energy conservation management regulations and systems. At all levels * * There is still an obvious information asymmetry between energy-saving management, energy-saving information, and energy-saving policies with end-use energy units. As far as industrial boilers are concerned, except for a few places (such as Beijing, Gansu, Shandong, etc.) that have put forward corresponding requirements and implementation methods for boiler energy conservation in the local "Energy Conservation Law Implementation Rules", my country has no energy conservation supervision and management regulations, systems and professional energy conservation policies and measures for industrial boilers, let alone the establishment of corresponding and sound industrial boiler energy conservation management agencies and supervision agencies. Even the existing energy-saving centers in various places as public institutions have not been fully implemented or even not implemented in recent years due to constraints of human and financial resources. * * Commissioned monitoring work. (2) The research and development of industrial boiler energy-saving technologies and products is weak and scattered, and the promotion of energy-saving technologies and products is ineffective. At present, the research and development of industrial boiler energy-saving technologies and products lacks effective organization and implementation. * * Professional technical research institutions for industrial boilers that provide technical support for energy-saving decisions also lack sufficient funds for the research and development of industrial boiler energy-saving technologies and products, as well as the promotion of related energy-saving technologies and products. along with * * Due to organizational reform, the original centralized management of industrial boiler technology has disappeared. Technical reviews before products are put into production are limited to safety performance. Some products that have been eliminated are resurrected in some places. The motivation for technological development of enterprises has been weakened due to excessive market competition, and the performance of products put on the market has not been tested. (3) The energy-saving technical regulations and standards for industrial boilers are incomplete or have not been revised for a long time. At present, in terms of industrial boiler energy-saving management standards, there are only three recommended standards: "Technical Guidelines for Evaluating Reasonable Heat Use of Enterprises" (GB/T3486-1993), "Industrial Boiler Energy-saving Monitoring Methods" (GB/T15317-1994), and "Economic Operation of Industrial Boilers" (GB/T17954-2000). There is a lack of mandatory minimum energy efficiency standards for products (current JB/T 10094-2002 The "General Technical Conditions for Industrial Boilers" only stipulates the design thermal efficiency of related products) to ensure product performance. Moreover, since the first three standards have not been revised for a long time, the relevant technical indicators can no longer meet the requirements of current energy-saving work. (4) Lack of effective energy-saving incentive policies and measures. With the deepening of market economy, * * Relevant policy adjustments and changes, some of the original energy-saving incentive policy measures have expired or been abolished. Existing energy-saving policies and measures are incompatible with the requirements of the market economy to varying degrees in terms of pertinence, specificity, coordination, and operability. Long-term energy-saving strategic management, supervision, and incentive mechanisms that adapt to the market economy need to be further explored. 4 Current use status and existing problems of industrial boilers 4.1 Analysis of the total number of industrial boilers in use, regional distribution and related composition 4.1.1 Total number of industrial boilers in use my country is both a major producer of industrial boilers and a major user of industrial boilers. By the end of 2003, there were 527,400 industrial boilers and 1.254 million MW in use across the country. Among them, steam boilers account for 60.33% of the total capacity and hot water boilers account for 39.67%. ； Production use accounts for 44.88% of the total capacity, and domestic use accounts for 55.12%. The changes in industrial boilers in use in my country in the past five years are shown in Table 2 (according to * * Compiled from information provided by the Special Equipment Bureau of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine). Table 2 Changes in industrial boilers in use in my country in the past five years Total number of boilers in use (by number of units) (10,000 units) Total number of boilers in use (by capacity) (10,000 MW) Total steam and hot water other production and living Total steam and hot water other production and living total 199932.8016.30-23.2 025.9049.1058.9127.30—48.3537.8686.21200034.3816.670.4524.3827.1251.5059.1228.440.0648.2239.4087 .62200134.0716.861.1724.7527.3552.1055.0427.110.5647.0735.6482.71200231.7915.188.5424.8630.6555. 5173.4057.092.9451.3182.12133.43200335.8016.941.4826.2827.9454.2275.6549.761.8156.2870.94127.22Note: (1) The data in the table does not include organic heat carrier boilers. (2) The data shown in "Others" is unclear due to the original data indication, but the amount is very small in terms of capacity, so it is temporarily retained for the convenience of table processing. (3) The corresponding 2003 data in the article does not include the data shown in "Others". As can be seen from Table 2, the number of installed units and total capacity of industrial boilers in the past five years has generally shown an upward trend year by year with economic development. However, due to factors such as industrial structure adjustment and changes in the product composition and capacity of operational boilers, fluctuations have also occurred in individual years. 4.1.2 Distribution of industrial boilers in use According to the 2003 national classified statistical data of boilers in use, the number of industrial boilers in use in China’s six major administrative regions is shown in Table 3. As can be seen from Table 3, of the total number of industrial boilers in use in China in 2003 (based on the number of units), East China and Northeast China accounted for 36.16% and 19.26% respectively, and North China and Central and South China each accounted for approximately 16.74% and 15.21%. ； In terms of capacity, East China and Northwest China accounted for 27.28% and 21.89% respectively, and North China and Northeast China accounted for 16.95% and 19.94% respectively. ； Hot water boilers are mainly used in Northeast, Northwest and North China, accounting for 90.65% of the total hot water boiler capacity. It can be seen from the ownership of industrial boilers in various provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions across the country that in 2003, among the 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in the country, eight provinces and cities including Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Shandong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Guangdong had the largest number of industrial boilers in use, and their industrial boiler ownership (total) accounted for approximately 60% of the country's total. ； Compared with 1991, the number of boilers in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Shanghai and other provinces and cities has declined to varying degrees, but the boiler capacity has increased significantly, indicating that the proportion of large-capacity boilers in corresponding provinces and cities has increased during the process of updating and adding new boilers. ； Although the number and capacity of boilers in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Guangdong have increased significantly, the increase in the number of boilers is much greater than the increase in capacity, indicating that the average capacity of a single unit has declined, mainly due to the smaller capacity of newly added boilers in private enterprises. ； In Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang and other provinces and autonomous regions, while the number of boilers has increased, the total capacity has increased significantly, indicating that large-capacity boilers have increased significantly. Table 3 The stock of industrial boilers in use in China's six major administrative regions in 2003 Total industrial boilers in the region Number of hot water boilers (10,000 units) Capacity (10,000 MW) Number of units (10,000 units) Capacity (10,000 MW) 1991 2003 1991 2003 1991 2003 1991 2003 North China 10.1458.83116.76521.2505.0614. 8857.06711.442 Northeast 11.66610.16017.47525.0087.2626.8808.66417.193 Northwest 2.89 73.4506.95327.4551.3602.0152.50216.468 East China 10.42919.07313.12334.2100.8 342.0771.1033.295 Central South 5.7168.02010.08413.3930.2350.5110.2541.088 Southwest 2.3 563.2094.4114.0870.2110.5700.0540.268National total 43.29952.74368.811125.4031 4.96316.93819.64449.7544.1.3 Analysis of the composition of industrial boilers in use For a long time, my country has implemented a coal-based energy policy. However, with the improvement of environmental protection requirements and the gradual diversification of energy supply, the proportion of fuel (gas) boilers among the industrial boilers in use has increased year by year. The proportion of fuel (gas) boilers among the industrial boilers in use in Beijing, Nanjing and other places has reached more than 50% by number. According to the production statistics of the Industrial Boiler Branch of China Electrical Equipment Industry Association over the years, * * Statistics of imported oil and gas boilers from the Special Equipment Bureau of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (1,646 units in 2000 ； 2491 units in 2001 ； 3246 units in 2002. Beijing imports the most, followed by Shanghai and Guangdong. Imported boilers are mainly oil, gas, steam and hot water boilers) and calculations based on the oil (gas) boilers produced by domestic joint ventures and wholly-owned enterprises over the years show that by the end of 2003, there were about 50,000 industrial oil (gas) boilers and 70,000 MW in use across the country, accounting for 10% and 5.5% of the total in use respectively. There are a large number of industrial boilers in use in our country, the average capacity is not large, and they are mainly small and medium-sized. The average capacity in 2003 was 2.379MW/unit, but it has increased significantly compared with the average capacity in 1991 of 1.593MW/unit. As far as the capacity distribution of industrial boilers in use is concerned, according to relevant expert analysis of data at the end of 2001, among the industrial boilers in use nationwide that year, boilers with <35t/h accounted for approximately 98.9% of the total capacity, of which less than 20% were ≥20t/h, 75% were 2~10t/h, and 5% were ≤1t/h [1] ； In recent years, the capacity distribution ratio has changed slightly, but the overall change has not been significant. However, judging from the number of industrial boilers in use, boilers with <2t/h still account for about 35%, boilers with 2 to 10t/h account for about 60%, and boilers with ≥10t/h account for about 5%. Among coal-fired industrial boilers, there are different types of furnaces, mainly layer-fired boilers, which account for about 95% of the total capacity of coal-fired industrial boilers (of which chain grate boilers account for about 65%, reciprocating grates account for 20%, and fixed grates account for about 10%). There are only a few circulating fluidized bed boilers with high efficiency, low pollution, and a wide range of coal types, accounting for about 3% to 5%. ； In terms of number of units, fixed grate boilers account for about 40%, chain grate boilers account for about 50%, and others account for about 10%. Of course, there are big differences in different regions. For example, fixed grate boilers in Zhejiang and Guangdong account for about 40% of the total number of coal-fired boilers in use in the corresponding provinces, and account for about 10% of the total capacity. ； Liaoning Province has a larger number of hand-fired boilers, with 19,000 units and 16,800 MW, accounting for 67% and 42% of the total number of boilers and total capacity in the province respectively. 4.1.4 Age and service life of industrial boilers in use The service life of industrial boilers can usually reach 15 to 20 years. Currently, most of the industrial boilers in use across the country were products produced and put into use in the mid-to-late 1980s. However, there are still many boilers that are more than 20 years old and still in use (about 10%). There are even a small number of boilers that were produced in the 1950s and 1960s. The vast majority of boilers with a furnace age of more than 15 years are coal-fired boilers. The age of oil-gas boilers generally does not exceed 15 years and is mostly within 10 years. In addition, based on the growth of industrial boiler production and boiler ownership over the years, the total number of industrial boilers in use nationwide from 1991 to 2003 was 95,200. The total output of industrial boilers during the corresponding period was nearly 350,000 units, indicating that more than half of the boilers were updated during this period, and many boilers were even updated in less than 15 years. 4.2 Current operating status of industrial boilers in use 4.2.1 Annual primary energy consumption Industrial boilers still mainly burn coal, supplemented by other fuels such as oil and gas. According to estimates, currently about 480,000 coal-fired industrial boilers for production and domestic use burn about 400 million tce (standard coal) of coal every year. According to the Ministry of Science and Technology and * * The "Clean Energy Action" launched by the State Environmental Protection Administration conducted an energy consumption survey in 18 cities including Tianjin and Shenyang. From the coal consumption situation, boilers with a capacity of less than 10t/h accounted for approximately 50% of the total coal consumption of industrial boilers. Boilers with a capacity of 10t/h or above accounted for approximately 50% of the coal consumption of industrial boilers due to their large single unit capacity and long cumulative annual operation time [1]. The results were broadly similar across the country. For fuel (gas) industrial boilers, about 50,000 fuel (gas) industrial boilers consume about 22 million tons of fuel oil annually. 4.2.2 Average load rate my country's industrial boilers have long had the so-called "big horse-drawn cart" phenomenon. Most boilers are operating at low loads. On the one hand, when design institutes and users consider factors such as future development needs when selecting boilers, the capacity and number of boilers selected often exceed the actual demand. ； On the other hand, in actual boiler operation, the load often fluctuates within a wide range with changes in steam and heat loads, causing many boilers to operate at low loads for a long time. The average load rate of industrial boilers in my country is generally between 50% and 70%. The smaller the boiler capacity, the lower the average load rate, and vice versa. According to research, in Shanghai, the average load rate of boilers of different capacities is less than 70%; in Liaoning, according to statistics, the average operating load is only about 50% of the rated load. 4.2.3 The average operating efficiency is statistically calculated based on the energy-saving monitoring data of industrial boilers in relevant provinces and cities we collected.: (1) The weighted average thermal efficiency of coal-fired industrial boilers of 20t/h and below is 68.72%. According to capacity, the thermal efficiency of various types of boilers is: The average (arithmetic average, the same below) thermal efficiency of a 2t/h boiler is 68.00% ； The average thermal efficiency of a 4t/h boiler is 66.71%; the average efficiency of a 6t/h boiler is 69.62% ； The average efficiency of the 10t/h boiler is 70.28%; the average efficiency of the 20t/h boiler is 74.97%. (2) The weighted average thermal efficiency of fuel (gas) industrial boilers of 20t/h and below is 82.61%. According to capacity, the thermal efficiency of various types of boilers is: The average thermal efficiency of boilers 1t/h and below is 81.99% ； The average thermal efficiency of a 2t/h boiler is 82.38% ； The average thermal efficiency of a 4t/h boiler is 81.73% ； The average efficiency of 6t/h boiler is 83.18% ； The average efficiency of the 10t/h boiler is 84.58% ； The average efficiency of the 20t/h boiler is 83.40%. According to GB/T 15317-1994 "Industrial Boiler Energy Saving Testing Method", the above thermal efficiency value basically meets the requirements of the standard. However, judging from several main operating parameters (excess air coefficient α, exhaust gas temperature θpy, slag carbon content CLZ): The excess air coefficient, exhaust gas temperature, and carbon content of slag of many boilers tested exceeded the standard, with the largest reaching 14.16%, 259.3°C, and 39.16% respectively. It should be pointed out that the above thermal efficiency value is not the actual operating efficiency of the boiler. This efficiency is only the result of the boiler being tested under certain conditions. During the operation and use of boilers, the operating loads, operating parameters, and coal types of most boilers change frequently, and the technical level of boiler workers also varies. In short, the operation process is unstable, and some efficiency values are estimated based on relevant monitoring data. Therefore, the above efficiency does not fully represent the actual operating efficiency of the boiler, nor does it truly reflect the effective utilization of the energy consumed. To assess the energy utilization rate of a boiler, it should be measured by the ratio of the total amount of effective heat supplied by the boiler within a certain statistical period (such as a heating period) to the total amount of fuel heat consumed. It includes the impact of many factors such as frequent starting, stopping, and blowdown of boilers on boiler efficiency. It also reflects the relationship between boiler operation management level and energy consumption to a certain extent. It can be seen that the actual operating efficiency of the boiler is always lower than the measured efficiency, and sometimes it may be much lower. Regarding the current operating efficiency of coal-fired industrial boilers, we based our preliminary analysis on the above-mentioned measured efficiency values and the actual situation of coal-fired industrial boilers and believe that: According to capacity, boilers with <2t/h are in 55%~60%, boilers with 2~4t/h are in 60%~65%, boilers with 6~10t/h are in 65%~70%, and boilers with 10t/h or above are in 70%~75% ； The overall average operating thermal efficiency of coal-fired industrial boilers is about 65%. For fuel (gas) industrial boilers, the overall average operating thermal efficiency is 80%~85%.
4.2.4 Promotion of new energy-saving technologies In recent years, with the efforts of boiler technicians and energy-saving workers, industrial boilers have achieved some results in new energy-saving technologies and new products. However, due to the lack of necessary policy support, the overall promotion efforts are not strong. In terms of boiler products, circulating fluidized bed boilers and new water-fired tube boilers have experienced rapid development and market application. New products such as waste incineration boilers and biomass-fired boilers have also developed to varying degrees. At present, my country's industrial circulating fluidized bed boiler technology of 75t/h and below is quite mature. According to statistics, nearly 20 companies in the industrial boiler industry have developed and produced fluidized bed boiler products. In 2002, the total national fluidized bed boiler production capacity accounted for 20.7% of the total industrial boiler production capacity that year. ； After nearly 20 years of development and improvement, new water and fire tube boiler products have become increasingly mature. At present, new water and fire tube boiler products of 40t/h and below have basically replaced old products, and new water and fire tube boiler products of 80t/h have also been successfully trial-produced and put into use. In addition, threaded smoke tube technology has been almost fully adopted in shell boilers and has been applied in other heat exchange equipment. In terms of other auxiliary equipment products, there are currently coal-fired stratification devices, boiler composite phase change tail heat exchangers, boiler computer control systems, etc. These products have been used to varying degrees in the transformation of existing boilers, among which coal-fired stratification devices are relatively widely used. In the transformation of industrial boilers, variable frequency speed regulation technology has been used to varying degrees to control and transform the water pumps, drums and induced draft fans supporting the industrial boilers. Although this is good for energy saving, it does not contribute much to the energy saving of the boiler main engine. 4.3 Analysis of existing problems and causes of industrial boilers in use. Due to the design and manufacturing of industrial boilers (especially coal-fired boilers) in my country, the emphasis is often on the boiler body and light on the combustion equipment. The main engine of the boiler is heavy on the supporting auxiliary machines and accessories. In addition, the types of coal supply and coal quality are variable, and the actual coal combustion deviates from the designed coal quality. ； There is a common phenomenon of "big horse and small cart" when users use boilers. Most boilers are often operated at low load. ； The actual operating efficiency of my country's industrial boiler products is often 10 to 15 percentage points lower than the certified thermal efficiency, resulting in a waste of primary energy due to incomplete boiler operation detection instruments and low operating skills and operation management levels of boilers. The following mainly analyzes the problems existing in coal-fired industrial boilers. As for the current problems of oil (gas) industrial boilers, the main problem is that the exhaust gas temperature is too high. This problem can be solved by increasing the tail heating surface, that is, installing a so-called energy saver. 4.3.1 Coal quality is poor and coal types vary. my country is a country “rich in coal, poor in oil, and short of gas”. * * , this energy resource characteristic determines that my country's industrial boilers can only be mainly coal-fired, and this status quo will not fundamentally change before 2010, which is very different from the current situation abroad. like: Coal-fired industrial boilers account for only 1% of the total in Japan, the United States and Western Europe * * It is only 1% to 3%. After the oil crisis, the number of coal-fired industrial boilers increased slightly. There were many coal-fired industrial boilers in the former Soviet Union, accounting for about 40%. As far as coal supply is concerned, the quality of coal in different regions varies greatly, and the quality of coal in some regions is very poor. The coal burned in industrial boilers is mostly raw coal that has not been washed and processed, and the particle size and ash content are not guaranteed. The content of lumps with a particle size of 10 mm in raw coal only accounts for 15% to 30%. Due to the vast territory of our country, the coal used in industrial boilers in coal-producing areas and large and medium-sized cities is mostly a variety of coals - mainly bituminous coal, anthracite coal, lean coal, etc. The types of coal used in industrial boilers often change. Although some big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai provide some power coal blending specifically for industrial boilers to improve the combustion of industrial boilers, the current power coal blending capabilities in cities across the country are still not large. my country's coal-fired industrial boilers are mainly layer-fired boilers, and layer-fired boilers have poor adaptability to coal types. When the type of coal used changes, its combustion conditions will inevitably change, generally becoming worse. ； Moreover, the type of coal supplied changes frequently, making it impossible for boiler operators and managers to grasp the coal quality, understand the operating rules, and take targeted countermeasures. This not only reduces the thermal efficiency of boiler operation, but also increases boiler pollutant emissions. 4.3.2 The average capacity of industrial boilers in use is small and the operating load is low. Although the average capacity of industrial boilers in use in my country has increased in recent years, it is still small. In 2003, the average capacity of industrial boilers in use was only 2.38MW/unit. At the same time, the boiler operating load is mostly lower than the rated load. According to statistics, the current average operating load of industrial boilers nationwide is only about 50% of the rated load. Due to the low-load operation of the boiler, it is difficult to control some boiler operating parameters within a reasonable range, such as furnace temperature, air supply volume, air leakage coefficient, etc. For example, if the boiler is operated at 50% load, the heat dissipation loss will be doubled compared to the rated load operation. At the same time, it will easily cause the air leakage to increase, the temperature of the fire bed and furnace will be low, the combustion speed will be significantly slowed down, the fixed carbon in the coal will become more difficult to burn, and the carbon content in the slag will increase. This will increase the heat loss of incomplete combustion and exhaust heat, and the operating efficiency will decrease. At the same time, due to the changes in flue gas temperature and flow rate, the possibility of corrosion and dust accumulation on the tail heating surface increases. 4.3.3 There are many deficiencies in the boiler equipment itself. Most of the industrial boilers are layer-burning furnaces. There are many defects in the combustion equipment, which are mainly caused by insufficient attention to the design and manufacturing of the combustion equipment. In our country, the vast majority of boiler manufacturing companies only focus on the design of the boiler body and do not pay much attention to the combustion equipment. ； Even professional supporting factories usually only process drawings and lack R&D capabilities. At present, problems such as large coal leakage and loose side sealing are common in mechanical grates in my country (reciprocating grates are more serious). In addition, there is air leakage in the ash pit and furnace wall at the rear of the boiler. The measured excess air coefficient α of the boiler averages between 2 and 3, and some are as high as 4 or more. ； Some boilers are not well insulated, and components such as headers and connecting pipes are often not insulated. ； There are also boilers (mainly larger-capacity boilers) that generally do not have soot blowing devices. The heated area of the boiler is dusty, especially the rear heated area. All these seriously affect the normal combustion in the furnace and affect the boiler operating efficiency. 4.3.4 Boiler operation monitoring instruments are incomplete and the control level is low. The operation monitoring instruments currently installed on boilers are incomplete, especially the instruments that display the economic operation parameters of the boiler. Therefore, when operators adjust the boiler, they are often unable to make accurate judgments on the boiler's operating conditions at any time due to lack of data and make corresponding operational adjustments to keep the boiler operating in optimal operating conditions. At present, the control level of coal-fired industrial boilers is very low, and most of them are positional and open-loop controls. They do not realize continuous closed-loop control. They cannot adjust the boiler operating status according to external changes, and cannot make the boiler operation quickly adapt to changes in working conditions and maintain a sustained and stable state. The guarantee and improvement of boiler operating efficiency are restricted. It also increases the labor intensity of boiler operators and increases their dependence on operators. Therefore, improving boiler control technology has become an important means to improve boiler efficiency. 4.3.5 Boiler water quality does not meet the standard requirements. According to GB 1576-2001 "Industrial Boiler Water Quality" standards 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3, the feed water of steam boilers and pressurized hot water boilers should be chemically treated outside the boiler, that is, water treatment equipment must be installed to treat the boiler feed water. However, according to statistics in 2003, there were 335,850 industrial boilers equipped with water treatment equipment in use across the country, accounting for 63.68% of the total 527,400 industrial boilers. It can be seen that there are still a large number of industrial boilers that do not use water treatment equipment, especially those located in remote areas and townships. They have neither installed water treatment equipment nor used in-pot dosing. Even the actual utilization rate of configured water treatment equipment is less than 70%. According to a survey in Liaoning Province, the allocation rate of industrial boiler water treatment equipment in the province is less than 70%, and the actual utilization rate is less than 50%. Moreover, many of the water treatment equipment used are not functioning as they should. At present, from a national perspective, water quality can reach * * Standard requirements for industrial boilers are estimated to be less than 40%. Due to poor water quality, boilers are often severely scaled, with the scale thickness of some boilers reaching 5 mm. Scale has become a major problem in small-capacity boilers. Boiler scaling not only affects the heat transfer of the boiler heating surface, increases thermal resistance, but also endangers the safe operation of the boiler. In addition, in order to maintain good water quality in the boiler, some boilers often increase the sewage discharge rate. Some boilers have a sewage discharge rate as high as 20% to 30%, causing a large amount of heat energy to be released in vain. 4.3.6 Boiler auxiliary equipment is improperly matched and of low quality. Currently, the drums, induced draft fans, feed water pumps, and circulating water pumps of many boilers are too large. Even if the auxiliary machines are configured according to the rated capacity of the boiler, since most boilers are currently operating at low load, the auxiliary machines cannot operate in the high-efficiency area, which will still cause a large waste of energy. Most of the pumps and fans used today are general-purpose products with no load adjustment level. They cannot adjust the speed according to changes in the boiler's operating conditions. Instead, they rely on baffles and valves to adjust the flow or pressure. This will inevitably affect the rapid adjustment of the boiler's operating status and thus affect the normal performance of the boiler. In addition, the quality of auxiliary machines and accessories for industrial boilers across the country is generally low, with low efficiency, high noise, and low reliability, which seriously affects the performance of the main engine. According to a survey, the average efficiency of boiler water pumps nationwide is about 50%, and the efficiency of fans is about 60%. 4.3.7 The overall quality of boiler operators is generally low. According to the "Special Equipment Safety Supervision Regulations", all boiler operators of pressure-bearing boilers must receive technical training and examinations. After passing the training and examinations, they can obtain an operation certificate issued by the local boiler and pressure vessel safety supervision and management department before they can operate independently. Boiler safety supervision and management departments in various places organize several training courses for boilers every year, focusing on safe operation training. Those who pass the boiler operation certificate are issued. In addition, energy conservation service centers and environmental protection departments in various places sometimes provide training and education on energy conservation and environmental protection to stove workers. Despite this, the average technical quality of my country's industrial boiler furnace personnel is still generally low. Most of the furnace personnel lack a comprehensive and systematic study of boiler-related knowledge and skills. * and training, especially the lack of training in practical operating skills. They often cannot correctly adjust and operate the boiler according to changes in load, coal quality, etc., thus * * Limit the full performance level of boiler equipment. Some boiler users even hire migrant workers, temporary workers, and seasonal workers to operate boilers without certificates. This phenomenon is especially common among users of boilers with a capacity below 1t/h and users in the Sanbei area. On the other hand, at this stage, the mobility of furnace workers in our country has increased, and many furnace workers have low sense of responsibility and enthusiasm. However, facts show that the operating skills and sense of responsibility of the boiler workers determine the operating level of the boiler to a large extent. Under the current situation of incomplete boiler operation monitoring instruments, low control level, and variable coal quality, the technical level and sense of responsibility of the boiler workers are crucial. And this is precisely our weak link. 4.3.8 Industrial boiler energy-saving supervision and management are weak. Although my country’s industrial boiler energy-saving work continues to * * The overall energy-saving work has made great achievements. However, due to the lack of professional energy-saving management regulations and law enforcement supervision systems, the lack of complete energy-saving standards and corresponding energy-saving policies suitable for the development of the market economy, the technical level of existing standards is low, and the energy-saving potential of industrial boilers has not been fully utilized (see 2.4 and 3.2 of this article for details). 5 Industrial Boiler Energy Saving Potential Analysis The laws of thermodynamics tell us that energy saving can not only be achieved by reducing physical losses and improving energy utilization, but also through the rational use of energy, the so-called energy use according to quality. However, the energy-saving potential is determined by the theoretical limit and is also restricted by practical factors (technical, economic, environmental and social acceptability, etc.), which means that the actual energy-saving potential is smaller than the theoretical potential. Actual energy-saving potential is divided into static and dynamic: Static energy-saving potential is the energy-saving potential calculated based on the gap in a certain indicator when the energy consumption system is relatively static, regardless of factors affecting changes in energy consumption. ； Dynamic energy-saving potential refers to the energy-saving potential of the energy-using system under development and changing conditions. Obviously the latter is more practical than the former. There are two methods for analyzing energy saving potential: The first is based on the first law of thermodynamics, * The usual method is to use the level of thermal efficiency to estimate energy-saving potential. The greater the difference between the actual thermal efficiency and the target thermal efficiency, the greater the energy-saving potential. ； The second is to analyze and estimate energy-saving potential based on the second law of thermodynamics and the laws of energy conservation and energy decline. Since the first method is more in line with people’s traditional concepts and * The conventional method is widely used, but the second method helps us expand our energy-saving ideas. This article uses the first method to analyze the static energy-saving potential of industrial boilers [2]. According to the previous analysis, it can be seen that the average thermal efficiency of coal-fired industrial boilers currently in use in my country is low, only about 65%, which is 10 to 15 percentage points different from the design thermal efficiency and is compared with advanced * * The difference between similar boilers is 15 to 20 percentage points, which shows the huge potential for energy saving. However, there are many factors that affect the energy-saving potential of industrial boilers, including fuel supply factors, technical factors, management factors and policy factors. Moreover, the degree of influence of these factors will change over time, and the energy-saving potential will also decrease year by year as these factors gradually improve. For existing coal-fired industrial boilers, by adopting technical, economic, policy, legal, administrative and other means, the current average operating efficiency of 65% can be increased to 70%~75%, even compared with developed countries. * * similar. Some experts believe that through the implementation of clean coal projects in my country and supplemented by necessary technical transformation, the operating thermal efficiency of bed-fired industrial boilers can be increased to 70%, and the operating thermal efficiency of pulverized coal and fluidized bed industrial boilers can be increased to 75%~80%. This can save more than 40 million tons of coal per year [3] ； Many experts also believe that efficiency can be improved by 5 to 10 percentage points simply by improving management without the need for other technical measures. However, we believe that the factors that affect the thermal efficiency of coal-fired industrial boilers in my country are multifaceted and mutually restrictive. Moreover, the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics is constantly developing and improving. * * Functions are constantly changing, and energy-saving work systems, policies, and laws are still being explored and improved. Therefore, no matter what method is adopted and what angle is adopted, the energy-saving goals of industrial boilers will not be achieved overnight. Moreover, the number and composition of industrial boilers in use in my country change with changes in energy resource conditions, supply policies, energy conservation and environmental protection policies, as well as changes in the speed and quality of national economic development, industrial policies and structural adjustment efforts, and changes in people's energy demand. Specifically: (1) With the increase in natural gas exploitation in my country, the proportion of natural gas in my country's future primary energy consumption will reach 8%~12%. Some people predict that the demand for natural gas in 2005 will be 50 billion~ 60 billion m3, 90 billion to 100 billion m3 in 2010, 140 billion to 160 billion m3 in 2015, and 180 billion to 220 billion m3 in 2020 [4]. At present, with the gradual improvement of the gas supply capacity of the West-East Gas Pipeline, natural gas from the Sichuan-Chongqing Basin enters Hunan and Hubei, natural gas from the East China Sea settles in Ningbo, and offshore oil and natural gas transmission channels are gradually established along the southeast coast of China, relevant provinces and cities have or will take measures to adjust the industrial structure on the one hand, optimize the energy structure on the other hand, and significantly increase the use of gas. Gas boilers and small gas heat and power (cooling) co-generation systems, gas-steam combined cycle heat and power (cooling) co-generation systems, and gas air conditioning systems will develop rapidly. Existing coal-fired industrial boilers will be replaced to varying degrees, and gas-fired boilers will significantly increase among the new industrial boilers. (2) As the national economy continues to develop steadily and people’s energy demand increases, the installed capacity of industrial boilers in my country will continue to increase. According to the statistics of boilers in use in 1991 and 2003, the installed capacity in 2003 increased by 95,200 units and 566,000 MW compared with 1991, with an average annual increase of 79,300 units and 47,200 MW. Considering the previous For a period of time, the average annual growth rate of my country's national economy GDP was 8% to 9%, and it is estimated that it will still maintain an annual growth rate of 7% in the future. In addition, with the continuous adjustment and optimization of the industrial structure, the development and structural optimization of import and export trade, and the effectiveness of energy conservation and environmental protection policies, As the results gradually manifest, it is expected that the installed capacity of newly added boilers will gradually decline in the future. The average operating thermal efficiency of industrial boilers will reach 70% and 75% in the three stages before 2010, 2010~2015, and 2015~2020 respectively. , 80% (the average operating thermal efficiency of coal-fired industrial boilers is still 68%, 72%, and 75%), the average annual growth of newly added industrial boiler installed capacity is estimated to be 36,000 MW, 33,000 MW, and 31,000 MW respectively. Based on the above situation, we envision that while phasing out hand-fired boilers of 1t/h and above, updating boilers that have expired, and using existing economically feasible, effective and mature technologies to transform existing coal-fired industrial boilers (such as improving monitoring instruments and transforming control systems, improving grate sealing and air distribution, using fluidized bed combustion technology to transform medium and large-capacity reciprocating furnaces and chain furnaces, etc.), we will also promote energy conservation. Products, promote clean coal projects, improve the quality of coal supply, strengthen energy-saving supervision and management, and effectively improve the technical level of boilers. The current average operating efficiency of 65% of coal-fired industrial boilers will be increased in stages from 2005 to 2010, 2010 to 2015, and 2015 to 2020 to the annual average operating thermal efficiency of 68%, 72%, and 75%. Accordingly : (1) Assuming that the stock of coal-fired industrial boilers remains unchanged, that is, 477,200 units and 118.41MW, based on the current average operating thermal efficiency of 65% and annual combustion of 400 million tce of coal, the annual average static energy-saving potential in the corresponding stages in the future is as shown in Table 4. (2) Considering that the installed capacity of industrial boilers is increasing year by year and the proportion of gas boilers in newly installed boilers is increasing, the corresponding annual average static energy saving potential is estimated in Table 4. 6. Suggestions on safeguard measures to promote my country’s industrial boiler energy-saving work. From the above analysis, it can be seen that there are many factors that affect the development of my country’s industrial boiler energy-saving work and the realization of energy-saving potential. To sum up, the main factors are as follows:: (1) Policies, regulations, and standard factors ； (2) Supervision and management factors ； (3) Fuel supply factors ； (4) Technical factors, etc. In particular, there is a lack of management agencies and supervision systems like boiler safety and environmental protection supervision and management. To further unleash the energy-saving potential of industrial boilers, corresponding safeguard measures must be taken. To this end, corresponding suggestions are put forward based on the above factors. 6.1 Establish and improve an industrial boiler energy-saving supervision and management system that adapts to my country's characteristic market economy 6.1.1 Organizational structure construction * * After institutional reform and functional adjustment and transformation, there is currently neither a clear supervision and management department nor an effective operation monitoring and implementation mechanism for industrial boiler energy conservation. It is recommended to refer to the current management methods for boiler safety and environmental protection from * * Establish and improve corresponding industrial boiler energy-saving management agencies and supervision and testing agencies locally, and clarify, strengthen or assign corresponding functions. For energy-saving management agencies, further clarify and strengthen the energy-saving management functions of industrial boilers on the existing basis. ； For new energy-saving monitoring institutions, the boiler monitoring resources in local energy-saving centers can be used to optimize and reorganize the industrial boiler thermal testing resources of the original Machinery Department system. At the same time, we will rationalize the industrial boiler energy consumption statistical system, carry out energy-saving technical reviews of industrial boilers and heating systems, and incorporate them into management functions. 6.1.2 Energy conservation management regulations and system construction At present, in * * When the Energy Conservation Law is promulgated and implemented, there is a lack of corresponding and unified supporting regulations and systems for industrial boiler energy conservation management. To this end, it is recommended to formulate the following industrial boiler energy-saving regulations and systems. (1) Formulate a "Boiler Energy Saving Technical Supervision Regulation" similar to the "Boiler Safety Technical Supervision Regulation", and put forward corresponding energy-saving technical requirements in terms of boiler design and manufacturing, operation and use, heating system design, installation and use, transformation, elimination, etc. ； (2) Formulate the "Boiler Energy Conservation Management Regulations" to put forward corresponding requirements for boiler product design, heating engineering design management, heating product manufacturing, market access, use, acceptance management, etc., as well as the functions of energy conservation management departments, energy conservation monitoring management, energy conservation product certification, etc. ； (3) Formulate the "Implementation Measures for Industrial Boiler Energy Consumption Statistics" to put forward requirements from the aspects of statistical organization system, establishment of statistical indicators, implementation of statistical work, and processing of statistical results. 6.2 Promote technological progress and strengthen energy-saving transformation and promotion of energy-saving technologies 6.2.1 Promote technological progress of industrial boilers and strengthen energy-saving technology research (1) Integrate industrial boiler R&D resources and establish an energy-saving technology R&D center. Table 4 Phased energy-saving potential forecast of coal-fired industrial boilers from 2010 to 2020 Project stage division 2005-2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 Situation 1 Calculation conditions The average thermal efficiency required for coal-fired industrial boilers is 68% 72% 75% The installed capacity of coal-fired industrial boilers remains unchanged The installed capacity of coal-fired industrial boilers remains unchanged The annual average coal-saving potential (billion tce) (Based on 2004) 0.1760.3890.533 Annual average coal-saving potential (100 million tce) (Relative calculated value by stage) 0.1760.2220.160 Case 2 calculation conditions The average thermal efficiency required for coal-fired industrial boilers is 68% 72% 75%. The installed capacity of industrial boilers increases by 36,000 MW every year, and gas-fired boilers account for 15% of the newly installed capacity. The installed capacity of industrial boilers increases by 33,000 MW every year, and gas boilers account for 20% of newly installed boilers. The installed capacity of industrial boilers increases by 31,000 MW every year, and gas boilers account for 25% of newly installed boilers. Annual average coal-saving potential (billion tce) (based on 2004) 0.1760.4720.728 Annual average coal-saving potential (billion tce) (phase relative calculation value) 0.1760.2540.174 Guarantee conditions 1) The industrial boiler energy-saving supervision system has been basically established, and special energy-saving regulations, policies, minimum energy efficiency standards and operation monitoring standards have been revised, improved and implemented ； 2) 1/3~1/2 major cities supply coal for industrial boilers, using coal blending ； 3) Eliminate 10,000, 10,000 MW 1t/h and above hand-fired boilers, replace 125,000 300,000 MW overdue boilers, and complete energy-saving transformation of some boilers in use and reach the average operating efficiency level at that time ； 4) Newly installed boilers must meet the minimum energy efficiency standards. ； 5) Boiler management personnel and boiler operators have received comprehensive energy-saving knowledge training, and the boiler management level and boiler operation level have generally been improved to a certain extent, ensuring that the boiler reaches the average operating efficiency at that time. ； 6) Increase the proportion of advanced combustion technology products such as circulating fluidized bed boilers to more than 10% of the total capacity ； 7) Environmental protection policies have been further implemented. 1) The industrial boiler energy conservation supervision system is sound and operating effectively, and special energy conservation regulations, policies, minimum energy efficiency standards and operation monitoring standards have been further improved, improved and strictly implemented. ； 2) Major cities supply coal for industrial boilers, 2/3 of which is commercial coal, and the rest is blended coal. ； 3) Update 125,000 boilers and 300,000 MW overdue service boilers ； 4) Most of the boilers in use have been modified and reached the average operating efficiency level at that time ； 5) Newly installed boilers must meet the minimum energy efficiency standards. ； 6) Boiler management personnel and boiler operators must meet professional requirements and ensure that the boiler reaches the average operating efficiency at that time ； 7) Increase the proportion of advanced combustion technology products such as circulating fluidized bed boilers to more than 15% of the total capacity ； 8) Environmental protection requirements have been further improved. 1) The industrial boiler energy-saving supervision system operates effectively, and special energy-saving regulations, policies, minimum energy efficiency standards and operation monitoring standards are complete, and the level is equivalent to international advanced and strictly implemented. ； 2) All industrial boilers in major cities use commercial coal ； 3) Update 125,000 boilers and 300,000 MW overdue service boilers ； 4) All boilers in use have been modified and improved to varying degrees and have reached the average operating efficiency level at that time. ； 5) Newly installed boilers must meet the minimum energy efficiency standards. ； 6) The operating level of boiler management personnel and boiler operators must meet professional requirements and ensure that the boiler reaches the average operating efficiency at that time ； 7) Increase the proportion of advanced combustion technology products such as circulating fluidized bed boilers to more than 20% of the total capacity ； 8) Environmental protection requirements reach international standards. At present, scientific and technological research and development of industrial boilers are in a state of disengagement and brain drain is becoming increasingly serious. On the one hand, most companies lack R&D capabilities and means, and even companies capable of developing products generally have few innovations. On the other hand, the original research management system and research institutions have been weakened due to reforms. , Industry technology research and product development lack unified planning, organization, and implementation, industry management is absent and blurred, basic common technology research is relatively stagnant, technical standards lag behind, research funding sources are in short supply and their use is scattered, and some existing energy-saving technologies cannot be summarized and improved and are difficult to promote nationwide. In order to adapt to energy-saving requirements, it is recommended to establish or select existing research institutions that meet certain conditions (such as the Shanghai Industrial Boiler Research Institute) as my country's industrial boiler energy-saving technology research and development center to engage in industrial boiler energy-saving technology and product research and development, the formulation and revision of technical standards, and assistance * * Formulate energy-saving policies for industrial boilers, evaluate and promote new energy-saving technologies and products, and provide guarantees in terms of policies and funds. (2) Formulate and revise relevant energy-saving technical standards and basic technical standards. ①Organize the revision of the "Industrial Boiler Energy Saving Monitoring Method", improve relevant technical index requirements, and upgrade the standard to mandatory * * standard ； ②Organize the revision of the "Technical Guidelines for Evaluating the Rational Use of Heat in Enterprises" and the "Economic Operation of Industrial Boilers" standards to improve relevant technical index requirements and operability ； ③Organize the formulation of mandatory "Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards for Industrial Boilers" * * Standard and recommended "Industrial Boiler Energy Efficiency Standards", the former is mandatory and requires product certification, and the latter is voluntarily implemented by enterprises and supplemented by relevant incentive policies ； ④Organize and formulate standards for boiler thermal calculations, smoke resistance calculations, and hydrodynamic calculations. Currently, there are no standards for these three calculations. Designs are often calculated based on experience based on former Soviet standards or relevant content in textbooks. There are many small boilers that are not even designed with relevant calculations. The calculations in these three aspects will determine the layout of the boiler heating surface and the selection of the structural type, which is related to the thermal performance of the boiler. Therefore, standards need to be formulated to regulate it. ； ⑤Formulate the "Industrial Boiler Control Technical Conditions" standard and continuously improve the technical level of industrial boiler control devices. At present, there are no relevant standards in our country. The control technology and equipment level of coal-fired industrial boilers is still at the level of the early 1980s. Simulation and open-loop control cannot make control adjustments according to changes in load and other external conditions. Therefore, the formulation of relevant standards is crucial to improving the technical level of industrial boiler control and ensuring the normal performance of boilers. (3) Increase efforts in energy-saving technology and product development. After more than 50 years of development, my country has basically formed an industrial boiler technology and product series that are uniquely suitable for my country's fuel characteristics. The design and manufacturing level of the boiler body is generally equivalent to that of foreign countries, but there is still a big gap in combustion equipment, supporting auxiliary machines, accessories, control technology and equipment. As my country's energy-saving requirements increase, the fuel supply structure continues to adjust, and the utilization of renewable energy increases. Existing products and technologies must be improved, perfected, and improved. At the same time, new technologies and products must be developed to adapt to the new requirements of energy-saving work. Based on our understanding and judgment of the development trends of foreign industrial boiler products and the relevant domestic status quo and development trends, it is recommended to focus on the improvement, research and development of the following technologies and products: ① The structure of the layer combustion chain grate combustion equipment has been improved and the technical level has been improved. To carry out research in this area, the focus should be on solving problems such as excessive coal leakage, loose sealing, improper air distribution, and unsmooth adjustment. In this regard, the technologies and products of American RILEY Company, DETROIT Grate Company, and Danish VOLOUND Company are worth learning from. ② Research and product development of gasification and combustion technology in small boilers. Currently, 30% to 40% of the coal-fired industrial boilers in use in my country have boilers with a capacity of ≤1t/h. They cover a wide range of areas, but their thermal efficiency is low (about 50%). Most domestic combustion technologies such as double-layer grate are used. If not operated properly, it will become old-fashioned manual combustion, with lower thermal efficiency and increased dust concentration. However, it is operated by converting coal into gas in the furnace for combustion in the boiler, which not only improves thermal efficiency but also reduces environmental pollution. Domestic research on this combustion technology and its application in small-capacity boilers will ensure and promote the energy saving and development of such boilers. ③ Coal-fired industrial boiler control technology research and product development. With the development of control technology and information technology, it should not be a problem to improve the control technology level of coal-fired industrial boilers. At present, foreign boiler products have achieved positional and closed-loop control, and the boiler coal supply, water supply, and drum induced draft fan baffle are adjusted through steam pressure sensors, furnace pressure sensors, high and low water level sensors, etc. While learning from it, we can realize single control, cluster control, remote control of boilers and improve boiler operation levels by developing and optimizing control products that integrate information technology, computer technology, fuzzy control technology, frequency conversion technology, communication technology, etc. and boiler-specific sensors, monitoring instruments and actuators. ④ Research and develop industrial boiler energy audit and effect evaluation software and boiler energy statistical analysis system software [5] to improve the efficiency and scientificity of related work. At present, similar software has been successfully developed in foreign countries, such as the United States, and has been successfully applied in energy conservation work. Our country should begin to carry out research and promotion in this area and should give priority to the development of boiler energy statistical accounting analysis system software. At present, the energy consumption of industrial boilers in our country can be said to be different, and the wise have different opinions. There is a lack of relatively accurate data, which is the case in other departments (such as * * There are also contradictions in the data released by the Special Equipment Bureau of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, which shows how urgent it is to establish relevant statistical organization systems and indicator systems, and compile and implement unified statistical software. ⑤ Development of condensing gas boilers. Developed abroad * * Condensing gas boilers have been developed and promoted one after another and encouraged by policies. As far as we know, the sales volume of condensing boilers in the world will exceed 1 million units in 2004, 90% of which are in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy. * * . In recent years, South Korea has also increased its efforts in the development and application of condensing gas boilers. Currently, a condensing gas boiler with a maximum capacity of 40t/h has been successfully developed and put into use. As the development and application of natural gas in my country increases, more and more natural gas boilers will be put into use. There is no real condensing gas boiler with independent intellectual property rights in my country. Therefore, it is recommended that my country increase the development and promotion of condensing gas boilers. ⑥ Develop coal-water slurry boilers. Coal-water slurry not only retains the combustion characteristics of coal, but also has liquid combustion characteristics similar to heavy oil, with high combustion efficiency and low pollutant emissions. “During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, my country's coal-water slurry production and application have developed rapidly. In 2005, the output of coal-water slurry will reach about 10 million tons, forming an annual oil production capacity of 4 million to 5 million tons. In the context of my country's coal-based fuel supply, the application of coal-water slurry in large-scale and wide-ranging industrial boilers will play an important role in improving the operating efficiency of my country's current coal-fired industrial boilers. At the same time, it can replace the relatively small amount of oil and gas fuels in my country. Therefore, the implementation of coal-water slurry combustion technology and the development of coal-water slurry industrial boilers should be stepped up and accelerated, and a series of products should be mass-produced and put on the market to replace some of the existing coal-fired boilers to achieve corresponding energy-saving benefits. 6.2.2 Strengthen energy-saving transformation and promotion of energy-saving technologies and products. For coal-fired industrial boilers, better energy-saving effects can be achieved through updating, transformation, and elimination. However, both renewal and transformation should be based on the principles of advanced technology, mature technology, and economic rationality. Generally speaking, for boilers that are new or older, it is more economical and reasonable to take technical transformation measures. ； For boilers that are nearing the end of their life, it is better to update them. For boilers that should be eliminated, relevant policies must be enforced. (1) Boiler renewal and elimination The service life of industrial boilers in my country can generally reach 15 to 20 years, but the service life of some water and fire tube boilers is only 8 to 10 years. According to this, from 2005 to 2010 and 2010 to 2015, there were about 145,000 and 345,000 MW coal-fired boilers that needed to be updated respectively, and from 2015 to 2020, there were about 95,000 and 230,000 MW coal-fired boilers that needed to be updated. However, it should be pointed out that this update is not a natural and conscious behavior; * * It is necessary to formulate a mandatory renewal policy to force the renewal of overdue and substandard boilers, supplemented by corresponding incentives. In 2005, about 50,000 boilers and 120,000 MW that have been in service for more than 20 years and are difficult to meet the standards should be updated first. As for elimination, about 10,000 fixed grate boilers and 10,000 MW of 1t/h and above should be eliminated first in 2005. (2) Energy-saving transformation Since chain-grate boilers account for the majority of industrial boilers in use, and most of the currently available energy-saving transformation technologies are targeted at chain-grate boilers, it is recommended that existing coal-fired boilers that do not meet current energy-saving requirements adopt the following measures to prioritize transformation, but the key points must be highlighted. ① Renovation of Coal Feeding Device my country's chain grate boilers all use raw coal. The original bucket-type coal feeding device causes lumps and coal to be mixed and stacked on the grate, which blocks the air inlet of the grate and affects combustion. If the bucket coal feeding is transformed into stratified coal feeding, the efficiency can generally be improved by 4 to 5 percentage points. This transformation has low investment, quick results, and quick return on investment. The practice of some units has provided good proof. ② Furnace arch modification: The furnace arch of the chain grate boiler is configured according to the designed coal type. Whether the arch structure is suitable for the coal type is a key to the combustion quality of the chain grate. Most of the arches of boilers currently in use are designed based on Class II bituminous coal, which directly affects the thermal efficiency of the boiler and even affects the boiler output. According to the actual type of coal used, appropriately changing the shape and position of the furnace arch can improve combustion conditions, increase combustion efficiency, and reduce coal consumption. This transformation can reduce the carbon content of furnace (ash) slag by 30% to 50% and increase output. The investment in technical transformation can be recovered in about half a year. ③ Combustion system modification For chain grate boilers, due to poor adaptability to load changes and difficulty in controlling emissions, black smoke will often emit when the load changes or the coal quality changes, especially when it deteriorates. This phenomenon is more serious in older boilers. In recent years, an industrial boiler "gas-coal mixed combustion" technology aimed at reducing pollution and saving energy has been developed in the United States and other countries. * * Promote applications. It is understood that this technology is to inject gas into appropriate parts of the furnace to assist combustion and burn coal. This technology is widely used in the renovation of aging boilers in the United States. There are also examples of renovations in my country (such as the renovation of three SHL20-25/400-AII boilers in the coking plant of Xuanhua Iron and Steel Group Corporation) [6]. This technology has the following advantages: Stove and ignition are clean and fast ； Boiler load adjustment range is expanded to avoid load reduction losses ； Boiler thermal efficiency increases due to increased burnout rate and reduced excess air ； Adapt to rapid load changes and coal quality changes. Therefore, this technology can be used to transform coal-fired industrial boilers in places where there is a gas supply now or in the future, and the energy-saving effect can generally be improved by 5 to 10 percentage points. ④ Boiler auxiliary equipment energy-saving transformation The operating parameters of the main auxiliary equipment of the coal-fired boiler - the blower and the induced draft fan are directly related to the thermal efficiency and energy consumption of the boiler. Use appropriate frequency conversion speed regulation technology to adjust the drum and induced air volume according to the load needs of the boiler to maintain the boiler operation in the best condition. On the one hand, it can save coal in the boiler, on the other hand, it can save the power consumption of the fan, and the energy saving effect is good. ⑤ A layer-fired boiler is transformed into a circulating fluidized bed boiler. A circulating fluidized bed boiler burns coal in a circulating fluidized bed in the furnace. Therefore, its thermal efficiency is 10 to 15 percentage points higher than that of a layer-fired boiler, and it can burn low-quality coal. ； Since limestone powder can be used to desulfurize in the furnace, not only can * * The emission of acid gas SO2 from coal-fired boilers is reduced, and the ash can be directly used in the production of building materials. There have been many successful cases of this kind of transformation, but its investment is relatively high, about 70% of the cost of purchasing a new furnace, so decisions must be made carefully. ⑥ Control system transformation The energy-saving transformation of the industrial boiler control system is mainly based on the load requirements of the boiler, real-time adjustment of coal supply, water supply, blast volume and induced air volume, especially the implementation of automatic combustion adjustment, including frequency conversion speed regulation of the motor, installation of flue gas oxygen monitoring instruments, and advanced air regulation devices, which can greatly improve combustion efficiency, reduce excess air coefficient, keep the boiler in good operating condition, thereby improving boiler efficiency, generally by 2 to 3 percentage points. ⑦ Promote heat accumulators in heating systems. Due to the use of a regenerator, the operating conditions of the boiler can be kept stable under the conditions of changing user heat loads, so that the boiler can always work at the rated load condition and maintain the designed thermal efficiency of the boiler. According to tests in Shanghai, when a heat accumulator is used in the heating system, the thermal efficiency of the boiler can be increased by 5 to 10 percentage points, which is also beneficial to the system. It is understood that France and other countries have many advanced technologies for heat accumulators that can be adopted by China. 6.3 Strengthen training and improve the comprehensive quality of boiler energy-saving management and operation operators 6.3.1 Strengthen the training of boiler operators on energy-saving knowledge and operation skills. In view of the current situation that boiler operators have poor energy-saving knowledge and low operation skills, it is necessary to respond to boiler operation Personnel carry out compulsory education and training on relevant knowledge and skills in terms of energy situation, energy conservation laws and regulations, energy conservation expertise, operation and operation skills, etc., and pass strict examinations and assessments. Those who pass the test will be issued an "Industrial Boiler Economic Operation Certificate", and those who fail will not be allowed to work as boilers. For this reason, it is recommended * * The energy conservation authorities carry out the following work in terms of training boiler operators on energy conservation knowledge and operating skills.: (1) Formulate the "Management Measures for the Assessment of Energy-Saving Technology of Boiler Stoker Workers" similar to the "Measures for the Management of Safety Technical Assessment of Boiler Stoker Workers" to standardize the content of the energy-saving technical assessment of boiler workers, the organization and implementation of training and assessment, and the issuance and management of the "Industrial Boiler Economic Operation Certificate" ； (2) Organize experts in energy saving management, boiler research, and operation to formulate a nationally unified training syllabus and prepare nationally unified relevant training materials (including multimedia teaching materials) ； (3) Establish training institutions across the country that meet relevant requirements (teacher requirements, institutional requirements, training methods, etc.), and supervise training institutions and training quality ； (4) Train teachers and issue training certificates ； (5) Develop training plans and annual plans, break them down and implement them, and incorporate training work in various locations into department work assessment content. In the long run, * * Energy conservation authorities should obtain and * * General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, Special Equipment Bureau, * * Cooperate with the State Environmental Protection Administration and the Ministry of Personnel to integrate training resources, compile training materials, and incorporate stoker vocational education and training into * * Scope of professional qualification certification. 6.3.2 Strengthen energy-saving knowledge training for boiler energy-saving management personnel * * Institutional reform and functional transformation, the continuous deepening of energy-saving work, and the acceleration of knowledge updating. Whether they are from management departments or energy-using units, their knowledge structure has gradually aged, and they are increasingly unable to meet the needs of energy-saving management. Boiler energy-saving managers should be trained on energy-saving laws, energy-saving management, new energy-saving knowledge, and boiler professional knowledge. On the one hand, they should learn * Foreign advanced energy-saving management experience, management methods, management concepts, new boiler professional knowledge, and new energy-saving knowledge, on the other hand, update knowledge, change concepts, and improve the level of energy-saving management under the new situation. It is recommended for this: (1) Use methods similar to the above-mentioned energy-saving knowledge training for boiler operators to conduct relevant knowledge training for boiler energy-saving managers, and conduct strict assessments ； (2) Establish energy managers and incorporate the professional education and training of energy managers into * * Scope of professional qualification certification. In the future, all personnel engaged in energy management must obtain corresponding professional qualifications. at the same time * * When establishing an energy-saving supervision and management system, a network of energy managers should be established and energy managers should be dispatched to key energy-consuming units. 6.4 Improve the coal supply situation and improve the coal quality of industrial boilers. Most of the coal-fired industrial boilers in my country use raw coal. There are no fixed rules for particle size, calorific value, ash content, and moisture. Generally, what is burned has seriously affected the improvement of the thermal efficiency of industrial boilers and the reduction of smoke emission concentration. It has become one of the main factors affecting the improvement of the thermal efficiency of coal-fired industrial boilers in my country. Therefore, it is necessary to change the coal supply situation of industrial boilers, refer to the international coal burning requirements for industrial boilers, and optimize the coal burning quality of industrial boilers in accordance with my country's industrial boiler coal standards. It is recommended for this: (1) Establish the idea of using high-quality fuel for industrial boilers, reflect it through policies, and implement it strictly. At the same time, use price leverage to save coal ； (2) Establish a coal processing and distribution system to ensure the quality of coal supply. Can coal mining and processing and distribution be separated and operate independently like oil, gas and electricity. so * * It can not only strengthen the mining control of coal resources, but also integrate coal processing resources, attract capital investment, improve processing capabilities, and ensure the quality of coal used in industrial boilers and other equipment. (3) From now until the end of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", promote the use of high-quality coal, screened lump coal, coal blending, and commercial coal in coal-fired industrial boilers in 1/3 to 1/2 of major cities, and will gradually be extended to all cities in the future to improve the thermal efficiency of coal-fired industrial boilers and reduce smoke and dust emissions. 6.5 Establish market-based energy-saving incentives for industrial boilers as * * Institutional reform and functional transformation, as well as the in-depth development of the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics, there is an urgent need to learn from foreign advanced technologies in energy conservation, an area where market "partial failure" exists. * * On the basis of energy-saving management experience and practices, explore and establish a new mechanism for energy-saving work with Chinese characteristics, and establish and improve regulations, systems and incentive policies and measures related to energy-saving management. As far as energy-saving work in industrial boilers is concerned, we must not only pay full attention to the role of the market and establish a good energy-saving mechanism, but also emphasize * * supervision and management ； It is also necessary to proceed from the interests of boiler manufacturing enterprises, boiler users, and relevant intermediaries, clarify their respective responsibilities, rights, and interests, and formulate corresponding financial incentives. It is recommended for this: Increase public financial support for energy-saving work in industrial boilers. In addition to increasing the allocation of energy-saving funds, a special fund for industrial boiler energy-saving will be established and relevant tax exemption policies will be improved. On the one hand, it will make up for the current shortage of industrial boiler energy-saving funds and maintain the operation of the industrial boiler energy-saving mechanism. On the other hand, it will be used to encourage the research and development, production, and promotion of high-efficiency industrial boilers, and mobilize the enthusiasm of boiler companies, research institutions, energy-saving service companies, and users to promote energy conservation. 6.6 Other measures (1) Continue to promote the implementation of existing policies on centralized heating and cogeneration based on actual conditions, and gradually replace many scattered small and medium-sized industrial boilers, especially coal-fired industrial boilers. In heating areas or areas with relatively concentrated heat consumption, priority is given to central heating or combined heat and power. By 2010, the urban central heating rate will increase from 27% in 2002 to 40%. (2) In view of the actual increase in natural gas supply, promote natural gas-fired distributed energy systems and gas-fired air-conditioning equipment. While performing the main functions of such equipment, they can meet part of the heat demand and thus replace the heating of some boilers. (3) Actively promote "contract energy management", organize the diagnosis of the company's boiler operation, propose transformation plans, and implement energy-saving benefit repayment according to market operation methods [7]. (4) Promote energy-saving knowledge to boiler companies and users through professional boiler journals, newspapers, websites and other media to improve their energy-saving awareness. (5) Give full play to the role of relevant social groups such as the Industrial Boiler Branch of the China Electrical Equipment Industry Association in industrial boiler energy conservation, such as the formulation of minimum energy efficiency standards, energy conservation consultation, publicity and training, energy-saving product certification, and preliminary research on energy-saving policies. (6) Play * * It plays a leading role in demonstrating energy conservation in industrial boilers and sets an example for energy conservation in the whole society. * * When purchasing industrial boilers, priority should be given to selecting industrial boiler products and related equipment that meet energy-saving requirements through bidding. The primary task at present is to formulate a sample text for industrial boiler bidding documents, define the principles for determining product technical specifications and payment methods in bidding, and promote them as soon as possible to ensure that the probability of winning high-performance boiler products in bidding is increased. (7) Formulate a catalog of industrial boilers and related supporting products for promotion and elimination. Through the investigation and measurement of existing industrial boilers and their supporting products, and in accordance with relevant technical standards and policies, a batch of products for elimination, restriction, and promotion are regularly determined and strictly implemented in practical applications. (8) Establishment * * The Energy Saving Award at the national or ministerial level selects a group of outstanding individuals, units, and groups with outstanding achievements in the field of energy conservation, products and projects with huge energy conservation benefits every year through the selection process and the selection criteria, and gives corresponding rewards.