Hazardous properties of olefins

Table 5. Hazardous Characteristics of Hazardous Chemicals – Chinese Name: Liquefied petroleum gas; Molecular formula: ; Chemical category: Olefins. Composition and properties: Main components include propane, propylene, butane, butylene, etc. Appearance and properties: Colorless gas or yellow-brown oily liquid with a distinctive odor. Primary uses: It is used as a raw material in the chemical industry and can also be used as fuel. Health hazards: Route of exposure – inhalation. Health hazards: This substance has **effects**. Acute poisoning: Symptoms include headache, dizziness, excitement or excessive sleepiness, nausea, vomiting, and a slow pulse. In severe cases, the person may suddenly collapse, experience urinary incontinence, lose consciousness, and even stop breathing; frostbite of the skin can also occur. Chronic poisoning: Prolonged exposure to low concentrations can lead to headaches, dizziness, poor sleep, easy fatigue, mood instability, and autonomic nervous system disorders. First aid measures: Skin contact – If frostbite occurs, seek medical treatment. Eye contact/Inhalation – Immediately move to a place with fresh air. Keep the airways clear. If there is difficulty breathing, administer oxygen. If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration immediately. Seek medical attention. Ingestion: Flammability and fire-fighting aspects. Flammability: Highly flammable. Flash point (°C): -74. Explosion range: 2.25%–9.65%. Ignition temperature: 426–537 °C. Hazardous characteristics: Extremely flammable; it can form explosive mixtures when mixed with air. It poses a risk of combustion and explosion in the presence of heat sources or open flames. It reacts violently when in contact with substances such as fluorine and chlorine. Its vapor is heavier than air, allowing it to spread over long distances at lower levels; it can cause backfire when exposed to open flames. Fire extinguishing method: Cut off the gas supply; if it is not possible to do so immediately, do not attempt to extinguish the burning gas. **Cool the container, and if possible, move it from the fire site to an open area. Extinguishing agents: carbon dioxide, foam, water mist. Emergency response: Quickly evacuate people from the area contaminated by the leak to areas upwind, and isolate that area; strictly control access to it. Extinguish any sources of fire. It is recommended that emergency responders use self-contained breathing apparatus and wear cold-protective clothing. They should avoid direct contact with the leaked material. Try to seal off the source of the leak, and cover sewers and other areas near the leak site with industrial coverings or adsorbents to prevent gases from escaping. Ensure proper ventilation to accelerate the dispersion of the gases, and use water in spray form to dilute them. Containers that are leaking must be handled properly – they should be repaired and inspected before being used again. Storage and transportation notes: Flammable compressed gases should be stored in a cool and well-ventilated warehouse, with the temperature inside the warehouse not exceeding 30°C. Stay away from sources of fire and heat ； Protect from direct sunlight. It should be stored separately from oxygen, compressed gases, halogens, oxidizers, etc. The lighting, ventilation, and other facilities in the storage area must be of explosion-proof type; the control switches should be located outside the warehouse. Appropriate types and quantities of fire-fighting equipment must be available. When storing in tanks, fire and explosion prevention measures must be implemented. For outdoor storage tanks, cooling measures are necessary during the summer. The use of mechanical equipment and tools that may generate sparks is prohibited. Fill the containers to the appropriate level – overfilling should be avoided. Handle the containers carefully to prevent damage to the cylinders and their accessories. Storage and transportation information: Hazard code 21053; UN number 1075. Packaging classification: II; Packaging mark: 4. Packaging method: Steel gas cylinders. Protective measures: Workshop hygiene standards – China’s MAC (milligrams per cubic meter): 1000; United States’ TVL-TWA ACGIH: 1000 ppm, 1800 milligrams per cubic meter. No standard established for US TVL-STEI. Engineering controls: The production process should be conducted in a sealed environment with adequate ventilation. Respiratory protection: No special protection is generally required; however, self-contained filtering respirators (half-mask type) can be used in cases of high-level exposure. Physical protection: Wear anti-static work clothing. Hand protection: Use ordinary protective gloves for handling tasks. Eye protection: No special protection is generally needed; chemical safety goggles should be worn if necessary. Other: Smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace. Avoid prolonged and repeated exposure. Entering storage tanks, confined spaces, or other areas with high concentrations requires supervision.