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Chapter 2: Basic Knowledge of Oil Products Section 1: Chemical Composition of Petroleum 1. Elemental Composition Petroleum is an extremely complex mixture, primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen elements, which account for approximately 96~~~99% of its composition. Of this, carbon makes up around 83~~~85%, while hydrogen accounts for about 11~~~14%. Compounds composed of these two elements are called hydrocarbons. In addition to hydrocarbons, oil also contains non-hydrocarbon compounds, namely those containing elements such as nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. These compounds exist primarily in the form of gelatinous or asphalt-like substances, commonly known as resins and asphaltenes. They cause corrosion to equipment and degrade the quality of the product. In addition, there are other trace elements in oil; their combined content accounts for only about 1% of the total, but they can have an adverse effect on oil processing and product quality. 2. Hydrocarbon composition: The hydrocarbons in petroleum can be classified by their structural form into alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, and alkenes, etc. These hydrocarbons exist in petroleum in the form of gaseous, liquid, or solid compounds. (1) Alkanes Alkanes are saturated linear hydrocarbons, whose molecular formula can be expressed by the general formula CnH2n+2. At normal temperature and pressure, C1–C4 are gaseous alkanes, C5–C15 are liquid alkanes, and those with carbon atoms numbered 16 or more are solid alkanes. (2) Naphthenes Naphthenes are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons, whose molecular formula can be generally expressed as CnH2n. It is one of the main components of petroleum and lubricants. (3) Aromatic hydrocarbons: Aromatic hydrocarbons are usually in liquid or solid state at room temperature; they can increase the octane rating of gasoline and enhance its resistance to detonation, making them good components for gasoline. In lubricating oils, it deteriorates the viscosity-temperature properties of the oil, and is a harmful component that should be removed. (4) Olefins Olefins are unsaturated hydrocarbons, primarily found in products derived from the secondary processing of petroleum. 3. Non-hydrocarbon components: The non-hydrocarbon compounds in oil mainly refer to sulfur-containing, oxygen-containing, nitrogen-containing compounds as well as gelatinous and asphalt-like substances. Section 2: Description of Oil Products 1 Crude Oil Crude oil is a viscous liquid that is black or dark brown in color, and sometimes dark green as well; its density is generally less than 1 g/cm3, and it has a strong, pungent odor. People usually refer to oil before processing as crude oil. Oil includes crude oil and synthetic oil. Oil extracted from underground is called crude oil, while oil obtained from coal and oil shale through carbonization, high-pressure hydrogenation, or synthetic reactions is called synthetic oil. In a broad sense, oil often refers to both crude oil and its refined products. Classification of crude oil in our country (1) Classification by the chemical composition of petroleum: ① Paraffin-based crude oil: It contains more than 50% alkanes; its characteristics include a high wax content, low density, high freezing point, and low sulfur and gum contents. ② Naphthenic crude oil: It contains more than 50% naphthenes, and is characterized by a high density and a low freezing point. ③ Intermediate base crude oil: Its properties lie between those of the first two types of crude oil. (2) Industrial classification of crude oil: ① Classified by sulfur content: high-sulfur crude oil, sulfur-containing crude oil, and low-sulfur crude oil, in 3 types. ② Classified by relative density: there are four types – light crude oil, medium crude oil, heavy crude oil, and very heavy crude oil. ③ Classified by wax content: low-wax crude oil, medium-wax crude oil, and high-wax crude oil. Crude oil is generally used as a feedstock for atmospheric and vacuum distillation units. 2 Paraffin oil: a product obtained through atmospheric and vacuum distillation, it is a mixture of various vacuum distillation side streams, generally including the atmospheric third stream, vacuum first stream, vacuum second stream, and vacuum third stream; it has a yellow-brown color with a blue tint at the top. The density ranges from 0.8 to 1.0 g/cm3, the freezing point is 30–38°C, and it is flammable. Paraffin oil is generally used as a secondary processing material for catalytic devices. 3 Normal residue refers to atmospheric residue, the residue remaining after crude oil has passed through the atmospheric distillation column. A black, viscous liquid with a density of around 0.9 g/cm3. It is generally used as raw material for catalytic devices or as fuel oil for boilers and industrial furnaces. 4 Deslagging refers to vacuum residue; it is the residue remaining after crude oil has been distilled in a atmospheric distillation column and a vacuum distillation column, and this residue is then processed in a viscosity-reduction unit to remove excess viscosity. A black, viscous liquid that loses its fluidity at room temperature; its density is around 0.9–1.0 g/cm3, the freezing point is not lower than 40°C, and the flash point is not lower than 200°C; it is flammable. It is generally used as a raw material for coking units or as fuel oil. 5 Asphalt: Generally, the residue obtained from petroleum processing, or the products resulting from the oxidation of such residue, are referred to as asphalt. It is a black, viscous liquid with a density generally ranging from 0.9 to 1.0 g/cm3; in some cases it is even greater than 1.0 g/cm3. It has high viscosity, remains solid at room temperature, and has a flash point above 200°C. It is mainly used in road construction, building, and the chemical industry. 6 Lead-free gasoline catalyst products: colorless or pale yellow transparent liquids that are volatile and flammable; they have a distinctive odor, are insoluble in water, soluble in benzene and alcohols, and highly soluble in fats. It has low toxicity, a density of 0.7–0.74 g/cm3, a flash point of -50°C, a freezing point below -60°C, and a self-ignition temperature of 415–530°C; it burns or explodes very easily when exposed to fire. It is generally used as fuel for gasoline-powered cars or engines. 7 Light diesel: a product of atmospheric and vacuum distillation units. A transparent liquid with a tea-colored or blue-tinted surface, with a density between 0.8 and 0.9 g/cm3; its flash point is higher than that of gasoline, resulting in a lower risk of ignition. It is generally used as fuel for medium and high-speed diesel engines with speeds of over 500 revolutions per minute. 8 Liquefied gas: Liquefied petroleum gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons with a low carbon count; it is in gaseous state at normal temperature and pressure, and turns into a liquid only when pressure is increased or temperature is reduced, which is why it is called liquefied petroleum gas. The main components are carbon three (C3) and carbon four (C4), along with small amounts of carbon one (C1), carbon two (C2), and carbon five (C5). In addition, there are trace amounts of non-hydrocarbon compounds such as sulfides and water vapor. Colorless and transparent, with a distinctive pungent odor. It is flammable, explosive, and toxic, making it a relatively dangerous Class A substance. It is generally used as a civilian fuel or a fuel for liquefied gas vehicles. 9 Straight-run gasoline is an extract from atmospheric and vacuum distillation units; it is a colorless and transparent liquid that is volatile and flammable, has a distinctive odor, is insoluble in water, soluble in benzene and alcohols, and highly soluble in fats. It has low toxicity, a density of 0.7–0.74 g/cm3, a flash point of -50°C, a freezing point below -60°C, and a self-ignition temperature of 415–530°C; it burns or explodes very easily when exposed to fire. It is mainly used as a reformation feedstock or solvent oil. 10 Slurry: Residues remaining after the processing of catalytic units; a earthy-yellow, viscous liquid with a density of 0.9–1.0 g/cm3. It contains high levels of heavy metals, loses its fluidity at room temperature, and includes certain amounts of water and catalysts. It is generally used as a coking feedstock or fuel oil. 11 Light contaminated oil: It is the condensation product from the top of the vacuum distillation column and the viscosity reduction column in atmospheric and vacuum distillation units. It has a high sulfur content, is flammable and volatile, with a density of around 0.8 g/cm3 and a low flash point; it cannot be used as a finished product, but can be fed into catalytic units for further processing as defective material. 12 Base oils for lubricants: Naphthenic crude oils are the distillates from vacuum distillation units; they represent those fractions of petroleum with boiling points above 280–300°C, characterized by high viscosity and a high flash point. After refinement, it can be used as a mechanical lubricant. 13 Heavy diesel: an extract from atmospheric and vacuum distillation units; it is usually the third fraction from such distillation, has a high freezing point, high viscosity, and a flash point of not less than 65°C. It is generally used in low-speed diesel engines with preheating equipment that operate at speeds below 500 revolutions per minute. 14 MTBE, methyl tert-butyl ether, is a lead-free anti-knock agent; it is a colorless and transparent liquid with a distinctive odor and low density. It has a purity of 97.5%, a density of around 0.74 g/cm3, and a boiling point of 52.5–58.5°C. Its research octane number is 117, while its motor octane number is 101. It can increase the octane rating of gasoline; the typical addition level is 10%–15% (on a volume basis). 15 Petroleum coke: Petroleum coke is a hard, solid petroleum product that is black or dark gray in color; it has a metallic luster and is porous. Its main component is carbide, containing 90-97% carbon and 1.5-8.0% hydrogen; in addition, there are small amounts of other elements and heavy metals. Petcoke is produced by delayed coking or batch coking units, using crude oil, residue oil from vacuum distillation or thermal cracking, or viscosity-reduction units as raw materials, either alone or in combination. Cuprum coking generally contains less volatile phenols, less moisture, less powder, and has higher strength; it can usually be used directly. In contrast, delayed coking needs to be calcined before use, but it is easier to graphitize. Petroleum coke is classified into three grades based on its intended use: Grade 1, Grade 2, and Grade 3. Among them, Grade 1 coke is suitable for use in the metallurgical industry as ordinary graphite electrodes ； Coke No. 2 is suitable for use in the aluminum industry to produce carbon materials for aluminum production ； Coke No. 3 is suitable for use in the chemical industry to produce industrial carbides or as a metallurgical fuel. Apart from being used as an industrial raw material, petroleum coke is also an excellent fuel with a high calorific value; it lights easily and produces no ash or residue upon combustion, resulting in no pollution. The quality requirements for petroleum coke used are as follows: for petroleum coke intended for electrode manufacturing, its sulfur content must be strictly controlled to not exceed 1%, and its moisture and ash contents must also remain within specified limits. 16 Sulfur: Sulfur is produced by reacting sulfur-containing natural gas or acidic gases from refineries in burners and converters; it is then cooled, shaped, and packaged to become sulfur products. According to corporate standards, sulfur can be divided into industrial sulfur and food-grade sulfur. Industrial sulfur in its finished form is yellow or pale yellow, and comes in various forms such as lumps, powder, granules, or flakes. It has a high purity of sulfur, with a sulfur content of 99.9% or more; it contains very few impurities, with trace amounts of arsenic and iron. It is used in the production of sulfuric acid, rubber products, pesticides and insecticides, in medicine as a sulfonamide drug, in food for sucrose, decolorization, and in the manufacture of **, among other applications. Powdered and flaky industrial sulfur is packaged in plastic woven bags, while bulk or granular forms are packed in burlap sacks. The production method for food sulfur is the same as that for industrial sulfur, with only stricter requirements regarding the quality of acidic gases. A higher purity level for sulfur content is required, of over 99.98%, with low levels of impurities as well. It is used in the food industry for preservation, pest control, bleaching, fumigation, etc. In starch production, it is used to soften raw materials such as corn, and it is an excellent food additive for manufacturing products such as sodium metabisulfite. This product is packaged in polypropylene woven bags. Section 3: Process Parameters of Petroleum Products I. Density and Relative Density Density refers to the mass of substance per unit volume at a specified temperature. The unit is expressed in kg/m3, g/cm3, or kg/L, g/mL. Apparent density refers to the reading obtained with a glass hydrometer in a liquid sample at the experimental temperature; this value is known as apparent density. Relative density (specific gravity) refers to the ratio of the density (or weight) of a substance to the density of water at 4°C (or the weight of water with the same volume at 4°C). Relative density has no units. The relative density and the numerical density of any substance are equal at the same temperature; it is merely their physical meaning that differs. II. Flash point The flash point refers to the highest temperature at which a petroleum product loses its fluidity when cooled under specified conditions. The unit is expressed in °C. It is a parameter for evaluating the operating environment of lubricants (low-temperature performance). The freezing point of oils is directly related to their wax content; the higher the wax content in an oil, the higher its freezing point. III. Cold filtration point: The cold filtration point refers to the highest temperature at which, under specified conditions, a 20 ml sample of diesel can no longer pass through a filter (pore size: 45 um, 363 mesh), and it is expressed in °C. They are items that ensure the delivery and filtration of diesel. The cold filter point of diesel is directly related to its wax content; the higher the wax content, the higher the cold filter point. The cold filter point reflects the actual performance of diesel at low temperatures better than the freezing point, and it can also be used to assess the quality of diesel after the addition of flowability improvers. IV. Flash Point The flash point is the lowest temperature at which, under specified conditions, the mixture of oil vapors and air generated by heating the oil will catch fire instantly when exposed to a flame; it is expressed in °C. The flash point is a parameter that indicates the evaporation tendency and safety of petroleum products. During the storage and transportation of oils, the maximum heating temperature specified should be 20–30°C below the flash point. During the use of heavy oil, even the presence of a small amount of lighter hydrocarbon fractions can lower its flash point. The hazard level of oils is determined based on their flash point. V. Residue The residue refers to the leftover material obtained after the oil product undergoes evaporation and cracking under specified conditions. Expressed as a weight percentage, the size of the residue reflects the degree of refining of the oil. VI. Moisture: Moisture refers to the amount of water present in oil products, and it is expressed as a weight percentage. A moisture content of less than 0.03% is considered trace, and the moisture in special oils is expressed in ppm. When water gets mixed into fuel oil, the water droplets tend to freeze at low temperatures, blocking the fuel lines and affecting fuel supply. The presence of water in lubricating oil reduces the strength of the oil film, causes foaming or emulsification, diminishes its lubricating capacity, and thus accelerates metal corrosion. Furthermore, the mixing of water with oil can cause emulsification and foaming, affecting its performance and accelerating its aging and deterioration. The dehydration methods mainly include static sedimentation dehydration, heating dehydration, or demulsification dehydration. VII. Induction period: The induction period refers to the time during which gasoline remains in a stable state, without undergoing oxidation, under specified conditions; it is expressed in minutes. It is a parameter used to assess the tendency of oxidation and gum formation in gasoline during long-term storage. The longer the gasoline induction period, the better its stability; the slower the rubberization process, and the longer the storage time. In quality inspections of stored oils, a short induction period indicates that the oil has deteriorated, its stability has decreased, and the oxidation process has accelerated; it is no longer suitable for long-term storage and should be used as soon as possible. Methods to extend the induction period include hydrorefining (secondary processing of gasoline) or adding additives. VIII. Saturated Vapor Pressure The saturated vapor pressure refers to the maximum pressure of the vapor at the liquid surface when a liquid oil reaches equilibrium between the gas and liquid phases in an experimental setup under specified conditions. Saturated vapor pressure is an important parameter for evaluating the evaporation properties of gasoline, the likelihood of vapor lock formation, and the tendency to lose light fractions during storage and transportation. The higher the saturated vapor pressure of gasoline, the greater its volatility, and the higher the likelihood of vapor blockages. During storage and transportation, significant evaporation losses of the fuel occur as well. IX. Octane Number The octane number refers to the volume percentage of isooctane in a standard fuel, under specified conditions, when the anti-knock property of the oil sample being tested is equal to that of the standard fuel; this value constitutes the octane number of the oil sample. Octane rating is a parameter that indicates the anti-knock quality of gasoline, and it is also used as the basis for classifying gasoline grades. There are two methods for determining gasoline octane rating: the research method (RON) and the motor method (MON). The conversion relationship between the two is as follows: Motor method octane rating = Research method octane rating × 0.8 + 10. The average of the motor octane number and the research octane number is called the anti-knock index. The difference between the two is known as the sensitivity of gasoline. The higher the octane rating of automotive gasoline, the better its resistance to detonation, and the engine is less likely to experience knocking. Engines with different compression ratios require gasoline of different grades. X. Cetane Number The cetane number refers to the volume percentage, under specified conditions, of the cetane number of the oil sample in question compared to that of a standard fuel with identical combustion properties. Cetane number is a parameter that indicates the self-ignition property of diesel. The higher the cetane number, the lower the auto-ignition temperature of diesel, the shorter the ignition delay, and the easier it is for diesel to burn in the cylinder, with less risk of knocking. The higher or lower the cetane number, the longer the ignition delay time, which leads to incomplete combustion, knocking, and a decrease in engine power. But it also can’t be too high, otherwise combustion will be incomplete as well, fuel consumption will be high, and black smoke will come from the exhaust pipe. Generally, the cetane number of diesel fuel is kept between 40 and 60. XI. Boiling range (automotive gasoline): The boiling range refers to the temperature range over which a fuel evaporates, as indicated by its initial boiling point and final boiling point (i.e., the dry point) under specified conditions. Fractions are generally referred to as the distillates within a certain boiling point range. The boiling range is a parameter used to determine the proportion of light and heavy components in petroleum products. 1. Initial boiling point: The temperature measured at the moment the first drop of condensate flows out from the condenser of the distillation range analyzer is called the initial boiling point. 2. The 10% distillation temperature (43–55°C) is the temperature measured when the volume distilled from the distillation range apparatus reaches 10% of the sample volume. The initial boiling point and the 10% point are indicators used to evaluate the starting performance of gasoline in engines. The temperature at this point is high, making it difficult for the car to start ； If the temperature is too low, the oil is prone to gas blockage, causing the vehicle to malfunction. 3. The 50% distillation temperature (50% point) is not greater than 120°C; it is the temperature measured when the volume distilled from the distillation apparatus reaches 50% of the sample volume. This temperature indicates the average evaporation performance of gasoline, and it is an indicator used to assess the acceleration performance of gasoline in an engine. The temperature at this point is low, resulting in good evaporation and acceleration properties, as well as stable engine operation. 4. The 90% distillation temperature (90% point) is not greater than 190°C; it is the temperature measured when the volume distilled by the distillation range analyzer reaches 90% of the sample volume. 5. Dry point (initial boiling point): The temperature measured when the last drop of condensate is distilled off using a distillation range apparatus is called the final boiling point (dry point). The 90% point and the dry point are indicators that show the amount of heavy fractions in gasoline that are difficult to evaporate and burn completely. A higher value for these indicators indicates a higher content of such heavy fractions, which prevents gasoline from burning and evaporating fully. As a result, the engine consumes more fuel, its exhaust is smoky, its power declines, and component wear increases. In oil refining, the boiling range also reflects the distillation efficiency of the distillation column. The boiling ranges of various oils are roughly as follows: gasoline, 40–200°C; kerosene, 180–300°C; diesel fuel, 200–350°C; jet fuel, 130–240°C; lubricating oil, 350–520°C; heavy fuel oil, >520°C. The specifications for diesel fuel’s boiling range are as follows: the 50% point should not exceed 300°C. The requirements for diesel fuel’s boiling range are not as strict as those for gasoline; it serves as an indicator of the evaporation properties of diesel fuel. The 90% point should not exceed 355°C, and the 95% point should not exceed 365°C. XII. Penetration: Penetration indicates the consistency of asphalt, with a higher penetration value meaning lower consistency of the asphalt. The specification for penetration is to place an asphalt sample in the constant-temperature water bath of a penetration tester; at a specified temperature, a special needle is used with a load of 100 g to measure the depth into which it penetrates the asphalt within a certain time period. The unit is expressed in 1/10 mm. Penetration is the basis for classifying asphalt grades. 13. Softening point: The temperature at which an asphalt sample softens when heated under specified conditions, and at which a steel ball drops 25 mm; the unit is °C. The softening point is used for the classification of asphalt and is an important technical parameter in asphalt product standards. 14. Viscosity: A measure of the frictional resistance that occurs during motion within a substance in relative flow. The viscosity value decreases as the temperature rises. Most lubricants are classified by viscosity to determine their grade. There are five common ways to express viscosity, namely dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity, Engler viscosity, Leidenfrost viscosity, and Saybolt viscosity. The higher the viscosity index, the less the viscosity of the oil changes with temperature, allowing it to be used over a wider range of ambient temperatures. Conversely, the lower the viscosity index, the greater the change in oil viscosity with temperature. 15. Elongation: The length to which an asphalt sample is stretched at a certain temperature and at a certain speed until it breaks, expressed in cm. 16. Actual gum is a parameter used to assess the stability of oils; it refers to the amount of gum present in the evaporation residues of fuel under specified conditions. The unit is expressed in mg/L. 17. Ash content: An indicator of the level of metal salts and certain mechanical impurities, referring to the residue left after the oil is burned under specified conditions. Expressed as a weight percentage. Chapter 3 Basic Knowledge of Oil Product Safety I. Storage and Transportation Characteristics of Petroleum Products 1. Flammability The ease with which oil products can burn is closely related to three indicators: their flash point, ignition point, and autoignition point. The lighter the oil, the lower its flash point, and the greater the risk of ignition. However, the autoignition temperature of light oils is higher than that of heavy oils, so light oils do not ignite spontaneously. For heavy oils, although their flash point is high, their autoignition point is low, resulting in a high risk of ignition; this is why leaks of high-temperature heavy oils are prone to catching fire. 2. Explosivity: When petroleum and its products are heated, they vaporize to form flammable gases. When these gases mix with air to reach a certain concentration, they can cause fires or explosions in the presence of an open flame; this concentration range is known as the explosive limit. The risk of explosion for petroleum products depends on this indicator. The wider the range, the greater the risk of explosion. 3. Volatility, diffusibility, and fluidity: The evaporation of oils is related to the oil’s density, temperature, evaporation area, surface pressure, and air flow velocity. 4. Prone to static electricity: When oil is in motion, friction against pipeline or container walls, impacts, and oil spray can generate static electricity. When this static electricity reaches a certain potential level, it discharges, producing sparks; such sparks can easily cause fires and explosions when in contact with oil and gas. Therefore, conductive grounding facilities must be in place during the storage, transportation, and loading/unloading of oil products; the flow rate must be controlled during loading to prevent oil from splashing or being ejected. 5. Toxicity: Generally, unsaturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile petroleum products are highly toxic. It enters the human body through three routes: the respiratory tract, the digestive tract, and the skin, causing poisoning. 6. Sensitivity to thermal expansion: When petroleum products are heated, their temperature rises and their volume expands. If the containers or pipelines do not have pressure relief mechanisms, the expansion in volume can cause them to burst and get damaged. Conversely, as the oil temperature drops, the volume of the oil decreases, creating a negative pressure inside the container, which can also cause the container to sink and deform. To prevent this phenomenon, oil containers are generally allowed to be filled only to 85–95% of their full capacity. 7. Easy boiling over: When water-containing heavy oil tanks are heated, or when high-temperature heavy oil is loaded and there is free water at the bottom of the tank, or in the event of a fire involving water-containing oil, the oil will boil. The main reason is that the water is heated and vaporized, increasing its volume; the water vapor then drives the oil droplets upward at high pressure. II. General Provisions for Oil Management 1. Oil handling areas are sites where petroleum products are stored and transported; they constitute flammable and explosive production facilities. In accordance with relevant regulations, oil processing workshops are managed as restricted zones. 2. Non-staff are prohibited from entering the control room without permission. Visitors and officials who wish to enter the oil tank area or pump house must be accompanied by relevant personnel from the factory or workshop. 3. All equipment and fire-fighting facilities in the position must be complete and in good working condition; it is prohibited to modify them without permission. 4. Flammable and explosive materials are prohibited from being stored in the oil tank area and pump house. 5. Various facilities within the position should be inspected on a regular basis, at fixed times and locations, following a set schedule and route, as part of a routine inspection system; any issues identified must be reported and addressed promptly. 6. During production handover, follow the shift handover procedures to properly transfer production responsibilities and equipment. 7. All types of engineering work carried out in the oil product area must be conducted in accordance with relevant regulations, and work permits must be obtained. 8. All newly installed or repaired equipment must be signed off on, inspected, and approved by the relevant supervisors before it can be put into use. 9. During the annual cold-season operation period, operations shall be carried out in accordance with the \"Cold-Season Operation Procedures\". 10. During the flood prevention season each year, operations should be carried out in accordance with the \"Operating Procedures during Flood Prevention Period.\" III. Oil Product Safety Regulations 1. Prohibitions in Restricted Areas (1) Smoking is strictly prohibited, and children are not allowed to enter the plant or work at production areas. (2) It is strictly prohibited to bring open flames into the area under the jurisdiction of the post. (3) It is strictly prohibited to set up temporary electrical equipment in the restricted area without permission. (4) The use of open flames for lighting and heating is strictly prohibited in the restricted areas. (5) Motor vehicles without fire suppression facilities are strictly prohibited from entering the restricted area; if work is necessary, an operation permit must be obtained. (6) It is strictly prohibited to enter the restricted area wearing shoes with nails. 2. The oil tank area should maintain its protective dikes in good condition, and the capacity and height of these dikes must meet safety requirements. 3. The underground drainage systems in areas such as oil tank farms and pump houses should be unobstructed and sealed. 4. Fire exits in all areas of the workplace must remain unobstructed, and any temporary closure of roads requires approval from the relevant supervisors and departments. 5. Sufficient lighting should be provided in all areas of the workstation, and the lighting equipment must comply with relevant safety regulations. 6. For the use of fire in construction areas at various positions, as well as for installing temporary electrical equipment, it is necessary to obtain the required fire permits and electricity usage permits in accordance with regulations. 7. Key points of safety regulations for various production operations: (1) During thunderstorms, loading, blending, transfer, and filling operations must be stopped, and all openings on the oil tanks must be properly covered. (2) After loading, the tank must remain stationary for at least 10 minutes; after oil is collected and mixed in the tank, it must stay stationary for at least 30 minutes before measurements, sampling, temperature testing, and other operations can be carried out, in order to prevent static electricity fires. (3) For oils with a flash point below 60°C, it is prohibited to use the method of spraying oil in through pipes at the top of the tank, as well as using compressed air to purge the pipes or stir the oil. (4) Strictly control the flow rate of the oil to no more than 4.5 m/s, with an initial flow rate of no more than 1 m/s. (5) During maintenance work, avoid collisions caused by metal tools; when repairing hazardous areas, use copper tools and seek approval from the relevant departments and factory management. (6) When using compressed air to purge the pipelines inside the tank and to stir the contents, the temperature of the oil in the tank should be 20°C below its flash point. (7) When carrying out oil tank filling, discharging, and switching, the principle of \"open first, then close\" should be followed to prevent the pressure relief device or pump from running dry. (8) When carrying out any oil storage and transportation operations, protective clothing must be worn to prevent static electricity fires. (9) When performing tasks such as measuring length, taking temperature readings, cutting off water flow, sampling, and keeping watch, one should stand in the upwind direction to avoid poisoning by oil and gas. 8. All personnel involved in the operation must be familiar with and strictly adhere to the safety operating procedures and relevant regulations for this type of work, as well as comply strictly with process discipline and labor discipline. IV. Ten regulations for preventing oil leakage from storage tanks: 1. Conduct measurements on schedule, carry out inspections at designated locations, and keep detailed records ； 2. Dehydrate the oil; do not leave your post to prevent oil leakage ； 3. Oil receipt and payment: verify the process to prevent mix-ups ； 4. When switching oil tanks, turn them on first and then off to prevent pressure buildup ； 5. After cleaning the oil tank, a thorough inspection is required before it can be put into use ； 6. On-site handover with strict requirements to avoid errors ； 7. Breathing valve: Check it regularly to prevent deflation ； 8. The temperature of the heavy oil should not be too high to prevent bumping ； 9. When the pipeline supply is exhausted, handle it promptly to prevent freezing ； 10. When a new tank is put into use, oil can be poured in only after approval from the management ； V. Ten regulations for preventing the hazards of static electricity 1. Transport flammable and explosive materials at the specified flow rate strictly; it is not allowed to use compressed air for mixing or stirring ； 2. After the transfer of flammable and explosive liquids is stopped, they must remain stationary for a specified period of time as required before operations such as measuring volume, taking temperature readings, and sampling can be carried out ； 3. Conduct temperature measurement and sampling of flammable and explosive fluid storage tanks; it is not allowed to use equipment made of two or more different materials ； 4. It is prohibited to collect oil from the top of the tank; oil tankers should be loaded using dip pipes underwater, and it is strictly forbidden to fill oil products at the plant or tank farm ； 5. It is strictly prohibited to enter flammable and explosive areas wearing clothing that generates static electricity; in particular, one must not put on or take off clothes in such areas, nor wipe equipment with synthetic fabrics ； 6. In environments where static electricity generated by synthetic fibers or powders is a concern, the temperature must be kept within specified limits ； 7. In flammable and explosive areas, as well as in devices where static electricity can be generated due to synthetic fibers and powders, it is necessary to ensure proper anti-static grounding of the equipment; the conductivity of concrete floors, rubber floors, etc. must meet the specified requirements ； 8. For the transportation and packaging of synthetic fiber and powder materials, measures must be taken to eliminate or discharge static electricity; devices and equipment prone to generating static electricity must be equipped with static electricity eliminators ； 9. For anti-static measures and equipment, assign a specific person to conduct regular inspections and keep records in a database for archiving ； 10. When introducing new products, equipment, processes, and raw materials, it is necessary to assess the static electricity situation and take appropriate anti-static measures. VI. Ten Prohibitions on Fire and Explosion Prevention 1. Smoking is strictly prohibited in the production area, and it is forbidden to bring open flames as well as flammable, explosive, toxic, or corrosive substances into the factory premises ； 2. It is strictly prohibited to use fire for construction or domestic purposes within the production facility without following the required procedures ； 3. It is strictly prohibited to enter oil and gas areas while wearing clothing that tends to generate static electricity ； 4. It is strictly prohibited to wear shoes with nails in oil and gas areas as well as in areas with flammable and explosive devices ； 5. It is strictly prohibited to use gasoline or volatile solvents to clean equipment, clothing, tools, and floors ； 6. It is strictly prohibited for any unapproved motor vehicles to enter production facilities, tank areas, and areas prone to fire and explosion ； 7. The discharge of flammable, explosive materials and chemical hazards on-site is strictly prohibited ； 8. It is strictly prohibited to use ferrous metals or tools that may generate sparks for knocking, hitting, or carrying out operations in oil and gas areas ； 9. It is strictly prohibited to block fire exits, as well as to misuse or damage fire protection facilities ； 10. It is strictly prohibited to damage any type of explosion-proof facility within the factory ；

If it’s just to go through the motions, then buying a few books on gas/oil workers’ tasks will suffice; they contain many exercises. There’s no need to look for separate exercises – one can simply find the answers in those books. Practicing more will also help memorize more things. If you really want to improve training at the work post, then you need to put in personal effort, organize the relevant tasks systematically, arrange learning and training for them, and then have them apply what they’ve learned in actual work. Once they have a solid grasp of the skills, you can work with peace of mind.

Questions on the Work Safety Law (August 10, 2002) Name Score I. Fill-in-the-blank questions (1 point per blank, 40 points in total) 1. This law was formulated in order to strengthen ______________, prevent and reduce ___________, protect the lives and property of the people, and promote economic development. 2. For safety production management, adhere to the principles of ________, ________. 3. Production and business entities must abide by this Law and other laws and regulations regarding work safety, strengthen work safety management, establish and improve ____________, and refine ____________ to ensure work safety. 4. The ___________ of the production and operation unit is fully responsible for the unit’s work related to safety in production. 5. The employees of production and business entities have the right to obtain ___________ in accordance with the law, and shall fulfill the obligations of ___________ as required by law. 6. **A system for holding accountable those responsible for production safety accidents shall be implemented; in accordance with the provisions of this Law and relevant laws and regulations, the legal responsibilities of __________________ shall be pursued.** 7. Mines, construction companies, and entities engaged in the production, operation, and storage of hazardous materials shall establish safety production management institutions or appoint ___________________. 8. For other production and business entities other than those covered by the preceding provision, if the number of employees exceeds 300, they shall establish _______________ or___________________ ； If the number of employees is 300 or less, it is necessary to _______________________, or entrust engineering and technical personnel with the required relevant professional qualifications to provide safety production management services. 9. Production and business entities shall provide safety production education and training to their employees, ensuring that they possess the necessary knowledge regarding safety production, are familiar with relevant ____________ and ___________, and have mastery of ___________. Workers who have not passed safety production education and training shall not be allowed to take up their posts. 10. Special operation personnel in production and business units must receive specialized safety training in accordance with **relevant regulations and obtain _______________ before they can take up their duties. 11. Mining construction projects and construction projects for the production and storage of hazardous materials shall undergo safety condition assessments and _________ in accordance with **relevant regulations** respectively. 12. Production and business operations entities shall install obvious _______________ at production and business operation sites with significant risk factors, as well as on relevant facilities and equipment. 13. The design, manufacture, installation, use, testing, ______, ______ and disposal of safety equipment shall comply with **standards or industry standards. 14. Production and operation units must carry out regular maintenance of safety equipment and ________, to ensure its proper operation. Records of maintenance, upkeep, and inspection shall be kept, and signed by the relevant personnel. 15. Special equipment used by production and business entities that is related to life safety and poses high risks, as well as containers and transportation vehicles for hazardous materials, must be manufactured in accordance with **relevant regulations** by ________, and must pass inspections and tests conducted by __________ and __________ before they can be put into use, after obtaining _________ or ________. The testing and inspection agencies are responsible for the test and inspection results. 16. When producing, operating, transporting, storing, using hazardous materials or disposing of waste hazardous materials, production and operation units must comply with relevant laws, regulations and **standards or industry standards, establish specialized ___________, adopt reliable safety measures, and submit to the supervision and management carried out in accordance with the law by the relevant competent authorities. 17. Production and operation units shall keep records of major hazard sources, conduct regular ______, ______, ______, and formulate _____________ to inform employees and relevant personnel of the emergency measures to be taken in case of an emergency. 18. Production and business premises as well as employee dormitories shall be equipped with exits that meet emergency evacuation requirements, ________, and remain unobstructed. It is prohibited to block the exits of ______, ______ production and operation sites, or employee dormitories. 19. Production and business units shall educate and urge their employees to strictly comply with the unit’s safety production rules and regulations and__________ ； And inform the workers truthfully about the _________ and ___________________ existing in the workplace and at their job positions. 20. Production and business units must provide their employees with _________ that meets **standards or industry standards**, and they must supervise and educate employees on how to wear and use such items in accordance with the applicable rules. II. Short-answer questions (10 points per question, 60 points in total) 1. What are hazardous materials? 2. What is a major hazard source? 3. What responsibilities do the principal persons in charge of production and business operations have regarding safety in their respective units? 4. What powers do the departments responsible for supervision and management of work safety have to conduct inspections and supervision over compliance by production and business operations with relevant laws, regulations, **standards, or industry standards? 5. What administrative sanctions, such as demotion or dismissal, shall be imposed on employees of departments responsible for supervision and management of work safety if they engage in certain behaviors? ； If a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law. 6. What actions by production and business entities shall result in an order to make corrections within a specified time frame? ； If the issue is not corrected within the specified time, the entity shall be ordered to suspend operations for rectification, and may also be fined up to 20,000 yuan. Answers to Questions on the Work Safety Law

I. Fill in the blanks
1. Work safety supervision and management, work safety accidents
2. Safety first, prevention foremost
3. Work safety responsibility system, work safety conditions
4. Principal responsible person
5. Work safety guarantees, work safety
6. Persons responsible for work safety accidents
7. Work safety management personnel
8. Work safety management institutions, assignment of full-time work safety management personnel, assignment of full-time or part-time work safety management personnel
9. Work safety rules and regulations, safety operation procedures, safety operation skills for one’s own position
10. Qualification certificates for special operation tasks
11. Safety assessment
12. Safety warning signs
13. Maintenance and renovation
14. Regular inspections
15. Professional production units, testing and inspection institutions with professional qualifications, safety use certificates, safety signs
16. Safety management systems
17. Testing, evaluation, monitoring, emergency plans
18. Clearly marked, sealed, blocked
19. Safety operation procedures, hazard factors, preventive measures, as well as emergency response measures for accidents
20. Personal protective equipment

II. Short answer questions
1. These refer to items such as flammable and explosive substances, hazardous chemicals, and radioactive materials that can pose threats to human safety and property safety. 2. It refers to units (including sites and facilities) that produce, transport, use, or store hazardous materials on a long-term or temporary basis, and where the quantity of such hazardous materials is equal to or exceeds a critical level. 3. (I) Establish and improve the work unit’s safety production responsibility system ； (II) Organize the formulation of the unit’s safety production rules and regulations as well as operating procedures ； (III) Ensure the effective implementation of investment in safe production within the unit ； (IV) Supervise and inspect the unit’s work in safety production, and promptly eliminate potential hazards related to production safety accidents ； (5) Organize the formulation and implementation of emergency rescue plans for production safety accidents within the unit ； (6) Report production safety accidents in a timely and truthful manner. 4. (1) Enter production and business entities for inspections, consult relevant documents, and seek information from relevant units and personnel. (II) For any violations of work safety regulations identified during the inspection, corrections shall be made on the spot or the responsible parties shall be required to make corrections within a specified time limit ； For acts that are subject to administrative penalties in accordance with the law, administrative penalty decisions shall be made in conformity with the provisions of this Law and other relevant laws and administrative regulations. (III) For potential accident hazards identified during the inspection, orders shall be issued to eliminate them immediately ； If safety cannot be ensured before or during the elimination of major accident hazards, workers must be ordered to evacuate the hazardous area, and the operation must be suspended temporarily or the use discontinued ； Only after the major accident hazards have been eliminated and approval is given following review can production, operation, and use be resumed. (IV) Seize or confiscate the facilities, equipment, and materials that are believed, on reasonable grounds, to not meet the **standards or industry standards for ensuring safe production, and a decision regarding their handling must be made in accordance with the law within fifteen days. 5. (I) Approving or granting acceptance for matters related to work safety that do not meet the statutory requirements for work safety ； (II) Failing to prevent units that have not obtained approval or inspection in accordance with the law from carrying out relevant activities on their own, or failing to shut them down or take legal action against them after receiving reports ； (III) Failing to perform supervision and management duties regarding entities that have already obtained approval in accordance with the law, failing to revoke the original approval when it is found that such entities no longer meet the safety production requirements, or failing to investigate and deal with any violations of safety production regulations. 6. (I) Failing to establish a work safety management organization or assign work safety management personnel as required ； (II) The principal persons in charge and safety production management personnel of entities engaged in the production, operation, and storage of hazardous materials, as well as those in mining and construction industries, have not passed the required assessments ； (III) Failing to provide safety production education and training for employees in accordance with the provisions of Articles 21 and 22 of this Law, or failing to inform employees truthfully of matters related to safety production as required by Article 36 of this Law ； (IV) Special operation personnel who engage in work without having received the required specialized safety training and obtained the corresponding special operation qualification certificates.

I. Fill-in-the-blank questions (20 points) 1. Based on the characteristics of oil and gas reservoirs, natural gas can be divided into three categories, namely field gas, associated gas from oil fields, and condensate field gas. Based on the content of hydrocarbon components in natural gas, it can be divided into dry gas and wet gas. Based on the sulfur content in natural gas, it can be divided into clean gas and sour gas. 2. Common fire extinguishing agents include water, foam extinguishers, carbon tetrachloride extinguishers, carbon dioxide extinguishers, and dry powder extinguishers ； Common fire-fighting equipment includes fire hoses and nozzles, fire axes, fire shovels, fire hooks, and various types of fire extinguishers. 3. Fire extinguishers mainly include foam fire extinguishers, dry powder fire extinguishers, and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. II. Term Explanations (15 points) 1. Natural gas: Natural gas is a mixed gas whose main component are saturated hydrocarbons. 2. The calorific value of natural gas refers to the amount of heat released when a unit quantity of natural gas burns completely. 3. Natural gas water dew point: The temperature at which the first drop of water condenses in natural gas. That is, the temperature at which water becomes saturated in natural gas. III. Short-answer questions 1. What are the lower and upper explosion limits of natural gas? What are the upper and lower explosion limits of natural gas? (15 points) Answer: In a mixture of flammable gas and air, when an explosion occurs upon exposure to an ignition source in a closed system, the lowest concentration of the flammable gas in such a mixture is known as the lower explosive limit, while the highest concentration is called the upper explosive limit. The lower explosion limit of natural gas is 5%, and the upper explosion limit is 20%. 2. What is the function of a safety valve in a pressure vessel? (20 points) Answer: Although the pressure vessels in gas transmission pipelines are designed for strength, a maximum operating pressure is specified. However, in gas transmission operations, equipment pressure often rises sharply due to reasons such as pipeline blockages, exceeding the allowable pressure and resulting in accidents. To prevent such accidents, safety valves are installed on pipelines or pressure vessels; when the pressure in the equipment exceeds a set value, the safety valve opens automatically to release pressure, thereby avoiding accidents.