Compilation of Equipment Operation Procedures

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Operating Procedures for 4L-10/22-I Primary Press I. Subject Matter and Scope These procedures specify the operating steps and precautions for the 4L-10/22-I primary press. II. Preparations before starting up 1. Check whether all the moving and stationary parts of the compressor are in good condition, and ensure that the area around the unit is clean and free of debris. 2. Open the drain valve at the bottom of the cylinder to release the liquid accumulated inside it. 3. Check the amount of compressor lubricant in the crankcase; the oil level should be between the two marks on the oil gauge. 4. Open the inlet and outlet valves for the circulating cooling water; the water pressure should be within the range of 0.15–0.4 Mpa, and the water temperature should be normal. 5. Add 19# compressor oil to the oil filler until the oil level reaches the upper limit. Turn the oiler handle 5–10 times; the appropriate rate of oil delivery to each lubrication point is 8–12 drops per minute. 6. Turn the compressor by hand 2–3 times to check that there are no shocks or noises, and turn it to the position where it rotates most smoothly. III. Checks during startup and operation 1. If there is no pressure in the process system, open the first and second series of shut-off valves, and slightly open the bypass valve between the first and second series. 2. Turn on the main power switch to start the compressor. 3. Check whether the oil pressure of the oil pump on the compressor is between 0.15 and 0.35 Mpa; if not, the oil pressure can be adjusted by turning the screw at the top of the oil pump. 4. After normal operation begins, open the secondary suction and primary suction shut-off valves in sequence, while closing the bypass valve between primary suction and secondary discharge, so that the compressor enters its normal operating state. 5. If there is pressure in the process system, the suction and discharge check valves as well as the second suction and second discharge check valves must be closed, while the bypass valves between suction and discharge, and between first suction and second suction, must be opened. 6. Turn on the main power switch to start the compressor. 7. Check whether the oil pressure of the oil pump on the compressor is between 0.15 and 0.35 Mpa. 8. After normal operation begins, slowly open the shut-off valves for row 2 until they are fully open. At the same time, quickly close the bypass valves for suction stage 1 and row 2. Then open the shut-off valves for row 1 and suction stage 2, and close the bypass valve between row 1 and suction stage 2. Finally, while ensuring that the suction pressure of the compressor does not exceed 0.12 Mpa, slowly open all the shut-off valves for the suction stage. 9. After the compressor starts operating normally, it is necessary to constantly monitor and check the following conditions: (1) The compressor should run smoothly, with normal sounds from all its moving parts. (2) The lubricating oil pressure should be within the range of 0.15–0.35 Mpa. (3) The suction pressure should be around 0.03–0.05 Mpa, the first-stage discharge pressure should be between 0.4–0.55 Mpa, and the second-stage discharge pressure should not exceed 2.1 Mpa. (4) Regularly check the drain valve to ensure timely drainage. IV. Normal shutdown: 1. Open the main bypass valve of the unit, close the suction valve, press the compressor stop button, and cut off the main power supply. 2. Close the first row, second row, and second suction valves, and open the vent valve to release the remaining gas in the compressor. 3. During winter shutdown, it is necessary to ensure that the circulating water circuit remains unobstructed to prevent the water pipes from cracking due to freezing. V. Emergency Shutdown 1. Press the stop button to cut off the main power supply; in the event of a serious mechanical failure in the compressor, go directly to the power distribution room to turn off the power and close the suction valve. The following is the same as for normal shutdowns 2 and 3. Operating Procedures for T30 Air Compressor I. Subject Matter and Scope These procedures specify the operating steps and precautions for the T30 type air compressor. II. Checks before startup 1. The oil level of the lubricating oil should be between the two marks on the dipstick, and the oil quality should be good; otherwise, replace the oil. 2. The air filter should be kept clean and free of dirt. 3. Check that the flow of gas discharged by the air compressor is unobstructed after passing through the air storage tank and the dryer. 4. Press the dryer start button to check whether the dryer is operating properly. III. Checks during startup and operation 1. Connect the power supply; if the pressure in the air storage tank is at atmospheric level, the compressor can be started directly under no-load conditions. 2. Listen to whether the compressor operates normally, and check whether all bolts and nuts are loose, as well as whether the belt is loose or too tight. 3. After startup, check that the inter-stage pressure of the compressor should be between 0.19 and 0.24 Mpa. If the inter-stage pressure is higher than 0.24 Mpa, it indicates that the second-stage cylinder, piston rings, or valves are worn or damaged; if the inter-stage pressure is lower than 0.19 Mpa, it means that the first-stage cylinder, piston rings, or valves are worn or damaged, and the machine should be shut down for replacement. 4. After startup, when the output pressure reaches the rated value or under gas-regulated unloading conditions, the pressure in the middle chamber should be within the range of 0.07–0.21 Mpa. This pressure is controlled by adjusting the pressure reducing valve and the pressure limiting valve located in the middle chamber. The adjustment of the medium-pressure relief valve is as follows: Lift the adjustment knob and rotate it (clockwise to increase the pressure in the medium chamber, counterclockwise to decrease it), then press it down to secure it in place. If adjusting the pressure relief valve in the middle section does not yield satisfactory results, the pressure limiting valve in the middle section can be adjusted slightly. The adjustment is as follows: loosen the locking nut, rotate the pressure adjustment screw (clockwise rotation increases the pressure in the middle section, counterclockwise rotation decreases it); once the adjustment is complete, tighten the locking nut. Note: It is generally advisable to adjust the medium pressure within the range of 0.15–0.2 Mpa. 5. Check the loading and unloading conditions of the pressure regulating valve: When the pressure in the gas storage tank reaches 0.6 Mpa, it should unload automatically; when the pressure is below 0.6 Mpa, it should load automatically. The adjustment method is as follows: a: Loosen the locking nut on the upper part of the pressure regulating valve. b: Slightly tighten the screw sleeve: turn it clockwise to increase pressure, and turn it counterclockwise to decrease pressure. c: Make the air compressor operate in a cycle of unloading and loading, and monitor the pressure gauge until the pressure reaches the appropriate level. d: Tighten the lock nut. 6. When two compressors need to operate in alternating mode and the pressure in the air storage tank is greater than 0.2 Mpa, the other compressor must be started in a unloaded state. Operating Procedures for Circulating Water Pumps 1. Subject Matter and Scope These procedures specify the operating steps and precautions for the cooling circulating water pumps at light hydrocarbon stations. II. Preparations before startup 1. Check the circuit system to ensure that the power voltage is normal. 2. Check whether the oil level in the pump’s oil reservoir is at the 1/2 mark on the oil sight glass. 3. Check whether the pump outlet valve and the outlet valve of the standby pump are closed, and open the pump inlet valve. 4. Remove the gas from the pump. III. Inspection during pump startup and operation 1. Turn on the pump’s power switch and press the start button to make the pump operate. 2. Once pump pressure is generated at the pump outlet, slowly open the pump outlet valve. 3. After normal operation, regularly check the pump’s operating sound, oil level, and pump pressure. IV. Pump Switching 1. To start the standby pump, carry out all the preparatory work required before starting a pump, and then press the start button for the standby pump. 2. After the pressure builds up at the outlet of the standby pump, slowly open the pump outlet valve. 3. Close the outlet valve of the pump that is in operation, and press the stop button to bring the running pump to a halt. 4. Cut off the power to the standby pump. V. Shutting down the pump 1. Close the pump’s outlet valve. 2. Press the stop button to cut off the power supply to the pump. Operating Procedures for Ammonia Compressors I. Subject Matter and Scope These procedures specify the operating steps and precautions for the KA16C-110 type ammonia compressor. II. Preparations before startup 1. Check all electrical switches to ensure they are functioning properly. 2. Check whether the unit is in good condition, ensuring that there are no issues such as looseness or leaks at joints and bolts; the unit and its surrounding area should be clean with no debris, and rotating the shaft 2–3 times should show no abnormalities. 3. Check the oil level of the refrigerant oil; it should be at the full level indicated by the sight gauge ； If it is being operated for the first time, the fuel should be filled to a level visible through the upper view mirror. 4. Open all valves in the cooling water circuit to ensure smooth circulation of water. 5. Check whether the process flow of the refrigeration system is in normal condition; close the vent valve, suction stop valve, and refueling valve. 6. Check whether the exhaust stop valve, the valves before and after the oil filter, the valves before and after the oil separator, and the gauge valve are open. III. Checks during startup and normal operation 1. Turn on the power control switch, and check whether the voltage, control light, and oil level are normal. 2. Before the first start-up, manually operate the oil pump and compressor motor to check whether their rotation direction is correct. 3. Start the oil pump and run it for one minute, then check whether the oil level is normal. 4. Check whether the energy indicator is at zero; press the load-reduction button to reach the load-reduction position. 5. Start the compressor and gradually open the suction shut-off valve, checking whether the oil pressure is 0.05–0.3 Mpa higher than the exhaust pressure. 6. Press the load-increasing button several times to gradually open the suction shut-off valve, keeping the compressor’s suction pressure at 0 Mpa. Repeat this process until all the suction shut-off valves are opened. At this point, the energy indicator should be at the desired value. When the pressure in the ammonia evaporator is slightly above 0 Mpa, slowly open the supply valve to ensure that the evaporation pressure in the ammonia evaporator remains at 0 Mpa, with the liquid level in the ammonia liquid separator at the normal level. 7. During normal operation, it is necessary to pay attention to and regularly record the intake pressure, exhaust pressure, intake temperature, exhaust temperature, oil pressure, oil temperature, oil level, outlet temperature of the ammonia evaporator, as well as voltage and current values. 8. If the oil level is insufficient during normal operation, it must be refilled using the method specified for normal operation. The method of refilling it is as follows: slightly close the intake shut-off valve to reduce the pressure at the intake port below atmospheric pressure, connect the refilling tube to the refilling valve on the intake filter, and use the pressure difference to fill the tank through the intake filter. IV. Normal shutdown 1. Close the liquid supply valve, press the load-reduction button to the load-reduction position, and reduce the opening of the suction stop valve. 2. When the slide valve returns to the 45%–50% position, press the main unit stop button; once the compressor has stopped running, close the suction shut-off valve. 3. After reducing the load to zero, press the oil pump stop button and close the exhaust shut-off valve. 4. Determine whether to stop the water pump as needed ； 5. Cut off the power supply to the unit. V. Prolonged Shutdown 1. When the unit is shut down for an extended period, the oil pump should be started once a week for about ten minutes to ensure that all parts of the unit are lubricated by oil. 2. When parking in winter, the water in the cooler should be drained to prevent freezing and cracking of the pipes. VI. Automatic shutdown: The unit is equipped with automatic protection devices; when pressure and temperature exceed the specified limits, the controller activates to immediately shut down the main engine, indicating that a fault has occurred. At the same time, the corresponding indicator lights turn on to show the location of the fault. The fault must be resolved before the compressor can be started again. VII. Operation of the oil return valve in the oil separator: A needle valve and a viewing window are installed on the pipeline connecting the oil separator to the compressor. It is necessary to regularly open the needle valve while observing the viewing window; open the needle valve gradually from its fully closed position, and stop once bubbles begin to appear (about 1 to 2 turns). It is important to ensure thorough oil separation, as otherwise it will affect the machine’s fuel consumption metrics. Operating Procedures for R81-416J4M Shielded Electric Pump 1. Subject Matter and Scope These procedures specify the operating steps and precautions for the R81-416J4M shielded electric pump. II. Pre-startup checks 1. Check the circuit system to ensure that the power supply and voltage are normal. 2. Close the valve on the pump outlet pipeline. 3. Fully open the valve of the pump inlet pipeline. 4. Remove the gas from the pump. III. Inspection during pump startup and operation 1. Close the power switch of the pump to start the motor. 2. After the pump pressure builds up, slowly open the valve on the pump’s outlet pipeline. 3. After normal operation, regularly check the pump’s operating sound, pressure, and other conditions. 4. Under normal operating conditions, if vibration, excessive noise, or an increase in power is observed, it indicates that the bearings are worn out and should be inspected immediately. IV. Shutting down the pump 1. Close the valve on the pump’s outlet pipeline. 2. Press the stop button to cut off the power supply to the running pump. V. Precautions 1. Since the sliding bearings of the shielded electric pump are lubricated by the medium pumped by the pump, it is strictly prohibited to operate the pump without liquid in the pump chamber. 2. To reduce wear on the sliding bearings during startup and shutdown and to extend their service life, shielded electric pumps are suitable for continuous operation; therefore, startup and shutdown of the pump should be minimized as much as possible. Safety Operating Procedures for ZW-7/-0.5-2 Piston Natural Gas Compressors 1. Scope of Application These procedures specify the preparatory work to be carried out before starting up the ZW-7/-0.5-2 piston compressor, the maintenance and management requirements during operation, as well as the methods for shutting it down. They are applicable solely to the safe operation and management of ZW-7/-0.5-2 type piston compressors. II. Preparations before starting up 1. Check the power supply and the power control cabinet; the voltage should be within the range of 380±30 V. Verify that the three-phase power supply is balanced, with each voltage not exceeding 10 V. Adjust the start-up delay time to 6–7 seconds. 2. Thoroughly check the tightness of all components, attachments, and connectors; all parts must be complete and in good condition, and the fuselage should be clean with no debris. 3. Fill the crankcase with 68# mechanical oil up to 2/3 of the level indicated by the sight glass, ensuring that the oil is of good quality; when starting the machine in winter, keep the oil temperature above 15 degrees Celsius. 4. Open the inlet and outlet valves for cooling water, and check through the drain whether the water flow is smooth; adjust the water pressure to within the range of 0.15–0.3 MPa. 5. Check the safety valves and instruments to ensure that the safety valves function properly and that the instruments give accurate readings. 6. Check that the area around the machine is clean and free of debris. 7. Manually rotate the coupling for more than two weeks; if there is no knocking sound or any other abnormal noises from the compressor, adjust the coupling to its lightest position. III. Startup 1. Close the inlet and outlet control valves, and open the manual unloading valve for 2–3 minutes; after the compressor has been unloaded, close the manual unloading valve. 2. Start the compressor; once it is running properly, open the inlet and outlet valves, and the compressor will then operate normally. IV. Maintenance and Management during Operation 1. Keep the lubricating oil level between the upper and lower limits indicated on the oil gauge, and maintain the oil pressure at 0.15–0.3 MPa. 2. Conduct routine inspections every 2 hours and fill in the operation records carefully. 3. Carefully check the operation of the machine, inspect the air, oil, and water circuits for any leaks, listen for unusual noises during operation, and pay attention to whether the motor temperature is too high. During inspection, pay attention to the parameter values at each key point (the following are the specified values for these parameters): Inlet pressure (gauge pressure) –0.03 to -0.05 Mpa; Outlet pressure (gauge pressure) 0.1 to 0.2 Mpa; Lubricating oil pressure (gauge pressure) 0.15 to 0.3 Mpa; Cooling water pressure (gauge pressure) 0.15 to 0.3 Mpa. Cooling water temperature: <35 ℃; Lubricating oil temperature: <70 ℃. 4. Drain the residue in the compressor’s pre-separator every 8 hours; if there is an excessive amount of liquid accumulated, increase the frequency of drainage accordingly. V. Shutdown Procedure 1. Close the air intake valve. 2. Stop the machine by pressing the stop button. 3. Open the water drain valves for each cylinder to drain all accumulated water (this is especially important in winter to prevent the frame from cracking due to freezing). 4. Close the exhaust valve, pull down the power switch, and hang up the shutdown sign. VI. The machine should be stopped immediately in the following situations: 1. The temperature of any part of the compressor rises above the allowable value. 2. The key pressure of the compressor exceeds the allowable range. 3. The motor makes abnormal noises, or there are issues such as overheating or smoking in the electrical circuit. 4. The ammeter reading suddenly increases. 5. Severe leaks in the compressor’s air circuit, water circuit, and oil circuit. 6. Parts of the machine have fallen off. Operating Procedures for Dryers 1. Subject Matter and Scope These procedures specify the steps for switching molecular sieve dryers. These procedures apply to the switching operations of the three dryers in the light hydrocarbon treatment unit. II. Taking the three dryers No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 in their adsorption, regeneration, and cold blow states respectively as an example, the operation steps for switching the dryers during each shift are as follows: 1. Open the cold blow bypass valve, and close the inlet and outlet valves for cold blow of Dryer No. 3 ； 2. Open the inlet and outlet valves of dryer #3 for adsorption, and close the inlet and outlet valves of dryer #1 for adsorption. 3. Open the inlet and outlet valves for the regeneration of Dryer #1, and close the inlet and outlet valves for the regeneration of Dryer #2. 4. Open the cold blow inlet and outlet valves of dryer No. 2, and close the cold blow bypass valve. 5. Perform the operation every eight hours; the operator should carry out the procedures in the same manner as described above. Operating Procedures for Stable Three-Phase Separators 1. Subject Matter and Scope of Application These standards specify the operating procedures for the three-phase separators and their associated equipment before and after the stabilization of crude oil. This standard applies to the cooling and separation of stable gases at normal temperature. II. Commissioning 1. Use natural gas to displace the air in the pre- and post-three-phase separators as well as the condenser exchangers; the amount of natural gas used should be at least 3 times the volume of the equipment to be considered sufficient. 2. Open the inlet and outlet valves of the three-phase separator and the condenser. 3. Open the water supply valve for the condenser to prepare starting the circulation pump. 4. Open the inlet valve of the vacuum pump and start it. 5. Open the inlet valve of the circulation water pump and close the outlet valve; start the circulation water pump. Once the pump pressure is normal, gradually open the outlet valve of the pump to supply water to the condenser. 6. Open the outlet valve of the three-phase separator and the inlet valve of the compressor, then start the compressor in accordance with its operating procedures. III. Operation 1. Maintain normal circulation of the cooling water in the condenser to cool the circulating water. 2. Adjust the outlet valve of the three-phase separator to keep the operating pressure of the light oil separator within the range of 0.05–0.2 MPa ； The pressure of the negative pressure separator should be maintained above -0.03 Mpa. 3. Once the liquid level in the negative pressure separator reaches 500 mm, open the balance valve and the oil outlet valve of the negative pressure separator to pump oil into the condensate intermediate tank; at this time, all other valves connected to the intermediate tank should be closed. When pressurizing the condensate intermediate tank, the pressure increase valve should be opened first, followed by the opening of the tank’s oil outlet valve to carry out the pressurization; once the pressurization is complete, the oil outlet valve and the pressure increase valve should be closed. The operation of draining water and pressurizing light oil from the separator is carried out by directly opening the corresponding valves: the drain valve is opened to push the wastewater into the underground sewage tank, while light oil is pushed directly into the light oil storage tank. 4. The wastewater in the condensate intermediate tank and the light oil separator should be discharged into the underground sewage tank once every 8 hours. Note that when draining the condensate intermediate tank, the pressure boost valve should be opened first; once the pressure stabilizes, the drain valve should be opened to carry out the drainage. After the drainage is complete, both the drain valve and the pressure boost valve should be closed. 5. The wastewater in the underground sewage tank should be discharged every 8 hours. Before discharging the wastewater, the pressure increase valve of the tank must be opened first; once the pressure stabilizes, the discharge valve should be opened to release the wastewater. After that, both the pressure increase valve and the discharge valve should be closed. IV. Shutdown 1. Close the inlet and outlet valves of the separator, and use mainline natural gas to drain the oil and water from within the separator. 2. Open the vent valve and shut down the water pump. V. Maintenance 1. The inspection of various instruments is carried out in accordance with the weekly inspection plan. 2. Perform maintenance on the valves once a year to ensure they function smoothly, and insulate the pipelines. 3. Inspect the interior of the separator every two years, remove corrosion products from the container, and check whether the mist catcher needs to be replaced. 4. Inspect and repair the cooling water tower to ensure it functions properly. Operating Procedures for Regeneration Gas Heater 1. Subject Matter and Scope These standards specify the operating steps for the regeneration gas heater in light hydrocarbon production units. II. Method of Lighting the Furnace 1. Preparatory work before lighting the furnace (1) Remove flammable and explosive items from around the heating furnace. (2) Open the inlet valve of the regeneration furnace to check for any air leaks and to ensure that the regeneration gas flows smoothly. (3) The inlet valve for the process fuel gas, to ensure flexible operation. (4) Start the blower and open the air inlet valve of the air duct to ventilate the furnace and disperse combustible gases. (5) After checking that the electric ignition device is functioning properly, prepare to light the furnace. 2. Ignition (1) Close the air inlet valve of the air duct. (2) Open the air inlet valve of the auxiliary combustion port to supply air, press the electric ignition start button to light the pilot flame, and control it so that it is not too large. (3) Properly open the air inlet valve of the auxiliary burner to allow air supply, ensuring normal flame combustion. (4) Slowly open the air inlet valve of the main burner, ignite it, then open the air duct valve to allow ventilation, adjusting it to achieve optimal combustion conditions. (5) Adjust the amounts of fuel gas and air based on the temperature of the regenerated gas as it leaves the furnace, so as to achieve the process requirements and maintain stable operation. (6) Keep proper records of furnace startup. III. Operation of the heating furnace 1. Check the main pipeline for regenerative gas; there should be a pressure difference to ensure smooth flow of the natural gas inside the furnace. 2. Check the temperature at the outlet of the regenerator gas from the heating furnace, and adjust it promptly to meet the production requirements. 3. Check the operation of the blower to ensure it is functioning properly. 4. Check the combustion condition of the heating furnace, adjust the air supply promptly to ensure no smoke is emitted from the chimney, thereby maintaining efficient furnace operation. 5. Regularly check the thermometer at the outlet of the regenerated gas in the heating circuit, and replace it promptly. 6. Keep records of operating parameters. IV. Methods for shutting down the furnace: 1. Reduce the air supply by closing the air inlet valve in the air duct. 2. Close the inlet valve for the main combustion gas to extinguish the flame. 3. Close the air inlet valve of the air duct, and adjust the fuel valve and air inlet valve of the auxiliary burner so that the pilot flame remains at a minimum level to ensure it does not go out. 4. Stop the furnace once the temperature at the outlet of the regenerated gas drops to 20–30 degrees. 5. When the furnace is shut down for an extended period, extinguish the permanent flame and continue to supply air; stop the air supply only after the furnace chamber has cooled down. 6. Keep proper records of furnace shutdowns. V. Precautions for starting the furnace 1. Before starting the furnace, remove all flammable and explosive materials from around it to prevent accidents during startup. 2. When starting the furnace, regenerate gas should be supplied first to ensure smooth flow of the regenerate gas with no leaks. 3. Ventilation should be carried out before lighting the furnace to disperse any natural gas that may still remain inside, thereby preventing detonations or explosions during ignition. 4. When lighting the furnace, the operator should stand upwind. 5. The heating furnace should not be heated too quickly to prevent deformation and damage to the heating circuit and gas pipes. 6. When the original press is shut down urgently, the regeneration furnace must be stopped immediately to prevent dry burning and deformation of the heating furnace due to a disruption in the regeneration gas supply. 7. The heating furnace should be operated in such a way that no smoke is produced; excessive air flow is prohibited as it reduces the efficiency of the furnace. Operating Procedures for Heat Transfer Oil Furnaces I. Checks before startup 1. Ensure that the heating furnace and its surrounding area are clean and free of debris; check that the furnace body, burner, controller, viewing ports, and flue (chimney) are all in good condition ； 2. Reverse the process equipment and flow sequence, and check whether the oil level in the expansion tank is above 1/4–1/2 of its capacity, as well as whether thermometers, pressure gauges, etc. are functioning properly ； 3. Turn on the power to the heating furnace control cabinet, check whether the voltage is normal, and verify that the indicator lights and various display instruments are functioning properly ； 4. Adjust the main gas pressure regulator and the secondary pressure regulator so that the pressure is controlled at 0.005 MPa. II. Startup 1. Start the heat transfer oil circulation pump (one in operation and one as backup; follow the operating procedures for water pumps). After starting the pump, allow it to circulate normally for about 0.5 hours to stabilize the pressure ； 2. Press the burner start button and observe whether the flame in the furnace is burning properly; if ignition does not occur, the burner should be started again after the fault has been resolved. III. Shutdown Procedures 1. Normal shutdown ① Gradually reduce the temperature, turn off the burner, and stop combustion ； ②When the temperature of the hot oil drops below 70°C, stop the operation of the hot oil circulation pump (follow the operating procedures for water pumps) ； ③Turn off the main power supply and complete the shift handover records. 2. Emergency shutdown: In the event of an emergency that requires an immediate shutdown of the furnace, the burner should be shut off promptly. At the same time, the burner should be moved away using its hinge axis, so that natural ventilation can occur between the furnace chamber and the chimney. This allows the heat stored in the furnace chamber to dissipate, enabling the heat transfer oil to cool down naturally and preventing overheating. IV. Precautions 1. During routine inspections, it is necessary to check for any leaks around the heat transfer oil furnace; sufficient fire-fighting equipment suitable for dealing with oils and electrical devices should be available in the vicinity, and water must not be used as a fire extinguishing agent ； 2. The maximum operating temperature of the heat transfer oil shall not exceed 300°C, and proper circulation of the heat transfer oil must be ensured at high temperatures ； 3. The expansion tank shall not be used in the system pressure testing, and no valves shall be installed on the overflow pipe or vent pipe of the expansion tank ； During normal operation, the heat transfer oil in the expansion tank should be at about 1/2 level ； 4. When shutting down the furnace, it is necessary to wait until the temperature of the heat transfer oil drops below 70°C before stopping the operation of the hot oil circulation pump ； 5. If the burner does not ignite properly, the gas valve should be closed immediately; after checking and fixing the fault, the burner should be restarted to attempt ignition again. Operating Procedures for Chromatography Analyzer 1. Subject Matter and Scope These procedures specify the operating steps for the gas chromatography analyzer (packed column) used at light hydrocarbon stations, as well as its associated equipment. II. Operation Method 1. Turn on the regulated power supply and check that its output voltage is between 200–240VAC. 2. Power on the hydrogen generator and wait until the hydrogen pressure stabilizes at 0.3 MPa; then set the hydrogen pressure on the chromatograph to 0.1 MPa, with a hydrogen flow rate of around 90 ml/min. 3. Check whether there is any gas flowing out of the exhaust outlet of the chromatograph; if not, inspect the hydrogen carrier gas delivery line for blockages or leaks. Only when the exhaust flow is unobstructed can the subsequent steps be carried out. 4. Turn on the power of the chromatograph main unit, activate the bridge temperature switch, start the recorder, turn on the integrator switch, adjust the zero-point limit of the recorder, use the integrator’s ‘List Zero’ function to display the zero-level and set it to 0. Then enter the time and date for the integrator and select appropriate parameters. 5. Take 0.2–1 ml of the liquefied gas sample, inject it into the long or short column as needed, and press the Start button on the integrator. 6. After observing that all components have been completely separated, press the Start button on the integrator and perform calculations based on the data provided by it. 7. Calculation formula: Pi = (Aifi) / (Aifi + ............. + Anfn). Pi represents the volume percentage of component i; fi is the molar correction factor for component i; Ai is the area of component i. 8. Shutdown sequence: (1) Turn off the bridge temperature switch, then turn off the main power supply. (2) Turn off the power to the hydrogen generator. (3) Turn off the power to the integrator and recorder. (4) Turn off the regulated power supply. Appendix: Moles of correction factors for component fi – Oxygen: 2.5; Nitrogen: 2.381; Methane: 2.778; Ethane: 1.961; Carbon dioxide: 2.083; Propane: 1.538; n-Butane: 1.22; Isobutane: 1.76. Operating procedures for determining the boiling range by distillation of petroleum products. 1. Subject matter and scope of application: This method is formulated in accordance with the **Standard of the People’s Republic of China GB6536-86, and it is applicable to the determination of the boiling range of No. 1 stable light hydrocarbons produced by light hydrocarbon cryogenic recovery systems. II. Operating Steps
1. Sample Conditions
(1) Temperature at the start of the test
(2) Temperature of the flask thermometer: 13–18 degrees
(3) The flask support and cover should not be higher than room temperature
(4) Volume of the distillation flask: 125 ml
(5) Temperature of the cold bath: 0–1 degree
(6) Temperature around the measuring cylinder: 13–18 degrees
(7) Time required to start heating until the initial boiling point is reached: 5–10 minutes
(8) Time from the initial boiling point to when 5% of the sample has been collected: 60–75 seconds
(9) Average rate of collection from when 5% of the sample has been collected to when only 5% remains in the flask: 4–5 ml/min
(10) Time from when 5 ml remains in the flask to the end of the process: 3–5 minutes

2. Sample Preparation
(1) Cool the sample flask to 13–18 degrees, then transfer the sample into the pre-cooled flask. Shake it as little as possible, immediately seal the flask with its lid, and place it in an ice bath or refrigerator to keep the sample temperature below 15 degrees. (2) Wait until the instruments reach an appropriate temperature, and the sample must be free of water. Adjust the cold bath to the desired temperature, then wipe away any residual liquid inside the condenser using a lint-free cloth. 3. Begin the experiment: (1) Lower the temperature of the sample to below 15 degrees; use a measuring cylinder to take 100 ml of the sample and pour it as completely as possible into the distillation flask, being careful not to let any liquid enter the side tubes of the flask. (2) Fit a well-perforated cork that fits tightly over the neck of the distillation flask, ensuring that the bulb of the thermometer is positioned on the center line, with the bottom of the thermometer’s capillary aligned with the bottom of the inner wall of the side tubes. (3) Place the distillation flask containing the sample on the stand; connect the cork passing through the stand tightly to the condenser, adjust the distillation flask to be vertical, and extend the branch tube 25 mm–50 mm into the condenser. Use the same measuring cylinder for the sample; place it in the cold bath beneath the condenser without drying it, ensuring that the bottom of the condenser is positioned at the center of the cylinder. The condenser should extend 25 mm into the cylinder, but not below the 100 ml mark. The cylinder must be covered tightly with a piece of absorbent paper or similar material, such that it fits snugly over the mouth of the cylinder. The liquid level in the cooling bath should be at least above the 100 ml mark on the cylinder. 4. Distillation process: (1) Follow the heating rate specified in the experimental conditions, and pay attention to the time interval from the start of heating to the onset of distillation and until the end of distillation. (2) Once the initial boiling point is observed, immediately move the measuring cylinder so that the tip of the condenser comes into contact with the inner wall of the cylinder. Adjust the heater so that the condensate drops evenly into the cylinder at a rate specified by the experimental conditions. If distillation does not meet the requirements of the test conditions, the test shall be repeated. (3) Starting from the initial boiling point and going up to 5%, 10%, 20% – up to 90%, observations and recordings are made at each 10% interval, along with the required calculations and data for the test report. These data include temperature readings at the specified recovery volumes; the volume readings are accurate to 0.5 ml, while the temperature readings are accurate to 0.5 degrees. (4) Stop heating immediately when observing and recording the final boiling point. (5) As liquid continues to drip from the condenser into the measuring cylinder, the volume of the condensed liquid is observed every 2 hours until two consecutive readings are identical; this volume is then measured accurately to within 0.5 ml and recorded as the recovery percentage. The loss percentage is calculated by subtracting this recovery percentage from 100, and the resulting difference is reported as the loss percentage. 5. Calculation: (1) For each test, record the initial boiling point, final boiling point, as well as the recovery temperatures at 5% and 95%, and at every 10% interval between 10% and 90%. (2) The observed recovery volume at the specified temperature plus the percentage loss is reported as the evaporation percentage. (3) Perform the calculations using the following example. Assume that the measured values for the distillation of a certain light oil are as follows: First distillation result, Second distillation result; Boiling point: 36.0, 37.0; 5% recovery: 44.5, 46.5; 10% recovery: 53.5, 54.5; 40% recovery: 89.0, 90.0; 50% recovery: 101.0, 102.0; 60% recovery: 115.0, 115.0; 80% recovery: 148.5, 149.5; 90% recovery: 186.5, 97.5. Total recovery percentage: 97.5; Loss percentage: 1.0; Residual percentage: 1.0. By calculating the evaporation degree and subtracting the distillation loss percentage, the corresponding recovery volume can be determined. 6. Precision: (1) The two results obtained by the same operator using the same instrument on the same sample under the same conditions should not exceed the specified value ； (2) Calculate the rate of change at each point ； (3) The distillation results of the sample are expressed as the required average of the two results from the repeatability test. Operating Procedures for the Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Petroleum Products 1. Subject Matter and Scope These procedures specify the method for determining the total sulfur content in light petroleum products using the electrical charge method ； These regulations apply to light petroleum products with boiling points ranging from 40 to 310°C. The detection range for sulfur content is 0.5~1000 ppm; samples exceeding this range can be analyzed after dilution. II. Procedure Steps 1. Preparation work: (1) Prepare the electrolyte: Take 0.5 g of potassium iodide and 0.6 g of sodium azide, dissolve them in 500 ml of water, add 5 ml of glacial acetic acid, dilute to 1000 ml, and store it in a brown bottle. (2) Preparation of sulfur standard samples: When preparing them, it is necessary to take into account the boiling point of the standard solution as well as the type of sulfide, choosing a suitable solvent and reference sulfide that are similar to those in the sample. First, prepare a standard sample with a sulfur content of 100–1000 ppm. Since the sulfur content range of the samples to be analyzed is wide, a series of standard samples with different concentrations are prepared accordingly for use with those samples. Place a small amount of desulfurized oil in a 100 or 1000 mL volumetric flask; accurately weigh a certain amount of sulfide, add the desulfurized oil to reach the mark on the volumetric flask, and calculate the sulfur content S2, % (m/m), based on mass or volume. (3) Instrument preparation: Replace the sampling port with a new heat-resistant silicone rubber diaphragm, and install the cryostat as well as oxygen and nitrogen supplies ； Clean the titration cell several times with the electrolyte to remove bubbles, and keep the electrolyte level 3–6 mm above the platinum electrode. Install the electric heating tape outside the inlet conduit of the titration cell, place the titration cell properly with the platinum plate of the electrolytic anode facing the side of the electrolytic cathode, adjust the stirring speed to an appropriate level, connect the power supply, and adjust the temperature to the desired level. (4) Adjust the gas flow rate and furnace temperature; the operating conditions are as follows: a) Pyrolysis furnace temperature, °C b) Inlet section: 600–700, middle section: 800–1000, outlet section: 700–800 c) Gas flow rate, mL/min d) Reaction gas: O2 at 40–200, carrier gas: N2 at 40–200 e) The operating conditions of the instrument should be adjusted according to the sulfur content; typically, the bias voltage is set between 120–160 mV to obtain a symmetric peak shape within the range of the recorder. 2. Testing: (1) Select a standard sample whose sulfur content is close to that of the sample to be analyzed, and use it for calibration testing. If the difference between the results of the two measurements is within the precision range permitted by national standards, the average value is taken, and the recovery rate c, in %, is calculated using the following formula. Otherwise, if the precision is extremely high, the test should be repeated. C = S2/S3 * 100, where S2 and S3 are respectively the average value of sulfur content determination in the standard sample and the value assigned to the sulfur content of the standard sample, both in ppm. (2) The recovery rate must be greater than 75% for the experiment to proceed. (3) Accurately draw 8 μL of the sample using the scale on the sampling syringe. With the syringe needle pointing upward, draw the sample stored in the needle into the graduated tube, ensuring that the lowest point of the sample’s concave surface is at the 1 μL mark, and then read the volume of the sample in the tube. After injection, read the remaining volume of the sample. The difference between the two is the injection volume. (4) The injection rate should be controlled within 0.1–1 μL/s to ensure complete combustion. (5) Conduct the measurement on the sample to be tested following the above steps. 3. The total sulfur content S (ppm) of the sample is calculated using the following formula: S = 0.166Q/(V*ρ*C) = 0.166Q/(m²*C). Here, Q represents the amount of charge measured, in μC ； V: Sample volume, μL ； ρ: sample density, g/mL ； m2: sample mass, mg ； C Recovery rate, % – Operating procedures for determining the total sulfur content in liquefied petroleum gas from oil and gas fields. 1. Subject matter and scope: These procedures specify the method for determining the total sulfur content in liquefied petroleum gas from oil and gas fields using the oxidation microcoulometry method ； These procedures are applicable to the determination of sulfur content in liquefied petroleum gas in oil and gas fields, with a measurement range of 1~400 mg/m3. II. Sample handling procedures 1. Preparation work (1) Collect samples in accordance with the liquefied petroleum gas sampling method ； (2) Preparation of the electrolyte: Take 0.5 g of potassium iodide, dissolve it in 500 ml of water, add 0.4 ml of glacial acetic acid, and dilute to 1000 ml. Store it in a brown bottle; the electrolyte must be prepared anew every 90 days. (3) Prepare a saturated potassium chloride solution: Weigh 20 g of potassium chloride in a beaker, add 50 mL of water to dissolve it, and store the solution in a dropper bottle for later use. (4) Preparation of sulfur standard sample: Thiophene or dimethyldisulfide is used as the standard reagent for sulfur, with sulfur-free petroleum ether as the solvent ； Gently warm the bulb part of the small ampoule with an alcohol lamp, then place it in a desiccator to cool to room temperature. After weighing the ampoule with an analytical balance, the bulbous part of the ampoule is heated slightly again; immediately, the capillary opening of the ampoule is inserted into the reagent bottle to draw in thiophene or dimethyldisulfide, after which the capillary opening is sealed. After cooling, the ampoule is weighed again, and the difference between the two weights represents the amount of test substance drawn in. Place the ampoule in a volumetric flask pre-filled with about 1/3 of the solvent, crush it using a glass rod, dilute with the solvent to the mark, and shake well before use. (5) The sulfur concentration of the standard sample is calculated using the following formula: ρB = nS*m*P*103/(V*M), where S is the sulfur content in the standard sample, in mg/μl, and n is the number of sulfur atoms in the organic sulfide molecule ； S Atomic weight of sulfur ； m: mass of organic sulfides, mg ； P Purity of organic sulfides, % ； Volume of the V volumetric flask, in ml ； The molecular weight of M organic sulfides. (6) The concentration of the sulfur standard sample should be roughly similar to the sulfur content of the sample; it should be prepared on the day it is to be used, and a new standard sample may be prepared each time the conversion rate needs to be calibrated. (7) Instrument preparation: Install the instrument according to the instruction manual, and connect the power circuit and gas supply lines ； The old electrolyte from the previous sampling is removed from the titration cell, and fresh electrolyte is added so that the liquid level is 5~10 mm above the mark. (8) Adjust the gas flow rate and furnace temperature; the operating conditions are as follows: Furnace temperature, °C – Inlet section: 370–420; Central section: 710–750; Outlet section: 570–620. Gas flow rate, mL/min – Reaction gas: O2, 40; Carrier gas: N2, 160. (9) Start the experiment: ① Measure the conversion rate: Use a 10μL syringe to draw up the sample. After cleaning the syringe several times, draw 4–8μL of the sample. Invert the syringe to remove any bubbles, pull the plunger back so that the liquid surface is at the 1μL mark, and read the value to obtain V1. Place the syringe on the clip of the automatic sampler and secure it; control the injection speed at 0.1–0.2μL/s. Stop injecting when approximately 0.5μL of sample remains in the syringe. Remove the syringe and pull the plunger back again so that the concave surface of the liquid falls on the 1μL mark; the reading obtained is V2. The difference between the two values represents the injection volume of the standard sample. The sulfur content is titrated using a microcoulometer, and the desulfurization value is displayed. A standard sample is measured twice, and the average value is taken. ② The conversion rate of sulfur is calculated using the following formula: F = W/(ρB*V)*100%, where F is the conversion rate of sulfur, in % ； Average of the two titrations of sulfur content using the W microcoulometer, in ng ； ρB standard sulfur content, ng/μl ； V injection volume, μl. The conversion rate is adjusted every 7 days, and sample testing can be carried out only when the conversion rate meets the requirements specified in the instrument’s manual. ③ Replace the automatic sampler with a liquid sampler. ④Connect the liquid sampler and the liquefied gas sampler according to the procedure; use a size 9 injection needle to connect to the outlet tube of the liquid sampler and then insert it into the sampling port of the pyrolysis tube. ⑤ Control conditions and parameters are as follows: Pyrolyzer temperature, °C – inlet section: 370–420, central section: 710–750, outlet section: 570–620. Gas flow rate, mL/min – purge gas: 35 ； Supplementary carrier gas 105 ； Reactive gas: O2, 60. ⑥ Open the outlet valve of the sampler, slightly open the vent valve until bubbles appear; pull the handle of the sliding sample injection valve to allow the sample to fill the valve core. Purge the valve core for 10–20 seconds, then pull the handle of the sliding sample injection valve again so that the valve core is aligned with the purge gas. The sample inside the valve core is then blown into the dilution tube and subsequently into the pyrolysis tube where it undergoes oxidative pyrolysis. The sulfur content is titrated using a microcoulometer, and the measured value for sulfur content is obtained. Each sample is measured twice, and the average value is taken. (10) Calculation ① The total sulfur content S (ppm) of the sample, expressed as a mass ratio, is calculated using the following formula: S = W / (V * ρ * F), where S represents the sulfur content in the sample, in ppm (m/m) ； Average of the two titrations of sulfur content using the W microcoulometer, in ng ； V: Sample volume, μL ； ρ: sample density, g/mL ； F: Sulfur conversion rate, % ② The sulfur content per unit volume of the vaporized sample is calculated using the following formula: ρB = W*M/(24.04*V*ρ*F), where ρB represents the sulfur content in the sample, in g/cm3 ； Average molecular weight of LPG W ； V injection volume, μL ； ρ: sample density, g/cm3 ； F Sulfur conversion rate, %. 24.04 is the molar volume of gaseous liquefied petroleum gas at 20°C and 101.325 kPa, in l/mol. ③ For the same operator, the difference between the results of two parallel measurements must not exceed the values specified below: Measurement range Allowable tolerance ppm mg/m3 % of minimum value 10 20 20 >10 >20 10