Heavy oil physical property parameters

Heavy oil is the heavy crude oil that remains after gasoline and diesel have been extracted from crude oil; it is characterized by a high molecular weight and high viscosity. The specific gravity of heavy oil is generally between 0.82 and 0.95, while its specific heat is around 10,000–11,000 kcal/kg. Its main component is carbohydrate polymers; in addition, it contains a certain amount of sulfur (about 0.1–4%) and trace amounts of inorganic compounds. Since crude oil is a mixture, its calorific value varies depending on the content of various substances, and it is also impossible to determine its specific heat. The properties of crude oil include both physical and chemical properties. Physical properties include color, density, viscosity, freezing point, solubility, calorific value, fluorescence, optical rotation, etc ； Chemical properties include chemical composition, component makeup, and impurity content, etc. Density: The relative density of crude oil generally ranges from 0.75 to 0.95; in some cases it is higher than 0.95 or lower than 0.75. Crude oil with a relative density between 0.9 and 1.0 is considered heavy crude oil, while that with a density below 0.9 is considered light crude oil. Viscosity: The viscosity of crude oil refers to the internal frictional resistance encountered when crude oil flows; its value depends on temperature, pressure, the amount of dissolved gas, and its chemical composition. As temperature increases, its viscosity decreases; as pressure increases, its viscosity increases. An increase in the amount of dissolved gas reduces its viscosity, and an increase in light oil components also leads to a decrease in viscosity. Crude oil viscosity varies significantly, generally ranging from 1 to 100 mPa•s. Crude oil with high viscosity is commonly referred to as heavy oil, and its poor fluidity makes it more difficult to develop. Generally speaking, crude oil with high viscosity also has a higher density. Freezing point: The temperature at which crude oil changes from a liquid to a solid is called the freezing point. The freezing point of crude oil is approximately between -50°C and 35°C. The freezing point is related to the composition of the oil; a higher content of light components results in a lower freezing point, while a higher content of heavy components, especially paraffin, leads to a higher freezing point. Wax content: Wax content refers to the percentage of paraffin and earth waxes contained in crude oil under normal temperature and pressure conditions. Paraffin is a white or pale yellow solid composed of higher alkanes, with a melting point of 37°C to 76°C. Paraffin is dissolved in oil in a colloidal form underground, and it can precipitate out of the oil when pressure and temperature decrease. The temperature at which paraffin begins to crystallize out of the crude oil in the strata is called the paraffin crystallization temperature; the higher the wax content, the higher this temperature. A high paraffin melting temperature makes it easy for oil wells to form wax, which is detrimental to well management. Sulfur content refers to the percentage of sulfur (in the form of sulfides or elemental sulfur) present in crude oil. The sulfur content in crude oil is low, generally less than 1%, but it has a significant impact on the properties of crude oil; it causes corrosion in pipelines and is harmful to human health. Depending on the sulfur content, it can be divided into low-sulfur or sulfur-containing petroleum. Gum content: Gum content refers to the percentage of gums present in crude oil. The gum content in crude oil generally ranges from 5% to 20%. Resins refer to polyyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds with relatively high molecular weights (300–1000) that contain elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; they are in a semi-solid dispersed state and dissolved within crude oil. Gelatin is readily soluble in organic solvents such as petroleum ether, lubricating oil, gasoline, and chloroform. Other: The content of asphaltenes in crude oil is low, generally less than 1%. Asphaltene is a high-molecular-weight (over 1000) black solid with a polycyclic structure; it is insoluble in alcohol and petroleum ether, but soluble in benzene, chloroform, and carbon disulfide. As the asphaltenes content increases, the quality of crude oil deteriorates. The hydrocarbon components in crude oil are mainly divided into alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on their hydrocarbon composition, they can be divided into three categories: paraffinic oil, naphthenic oil, and intermediate-base oil. Paraffin-based petroleum contains a high amount of alkanes ； Naphthenic petroleum contains a high amount of naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons ； Intermediate base oil lies between the two. At present, the crude oil extracted in our country is mostly low-sulfur paraffin-based. Crude oil from places such as Daqing falls into this category. Among them, Daqing crude oil, which is the most representative, has a low sulfur content, a high wax content, and a high freezing point; it can be used to produce high-quality kerosene, diesel fuel, solvent oils, lubricants, and commercial paraffin. Victory crude oil has a high gel content (29%), a relatively high specific gravity (around 0.91), and a high wax content (about 15–21%); it belongs to the sulfur-containing intermediate group. Gasoline fractions have a high sensitivity to lead and are rich in naphthenes and aromatics, making them excellent feedstocks for reforming. Heavy oil is the heavy crude oil that remains after gasoline and diesel have been extracted from crude oil; it is characterized by a high molecular weight and high viscosity. The specific gravity of heavy oil is generally between 0.82 and 0.95, while its specific heat is around 10,000–11,000 kcal/kg. Its main component is carbohydrate polysaccharides; in addition, it contains a certain amount of sulfur (about 0.1–4%) as well as trace amounts of inorganic compounds

3# chunsongliang: How many people has this heat illusion misled? I have encountered people who have been misled by this data. The difference is astronomical!

Are there any figures on the asphalt production and capacity of various petrochemical companies?

On the 2nd floor, \"the specific gravity of heavy oil is generally between 0.82 and 0.95, while its specific heat is around 10,000–11,000 kcal/kg.\" ”. The specific heat is between 10,000 and 11,000 kcal/kg – what kind of advanced material is this? If such a substance with high specific heat existed, it would trigger a revolution in the field of energy storage, bringing new hope to the world’s energy sector. How exciting it is to use this substance to store thermal energy! This number was copied from the Internet, and it’s a huge mistake! Errors are widely copied and spread!

"It’s very enlightening for me that as temperature increases, viscosity decreases, while an increase in pressure leads to an increase in viscosity. When joining rubber inner tubes, high temperatures make the process difficult; I believe this is because rising temperatures reduce viscosity, thereby decreasing their self-adhesive properties. Increasing the joint pressure raises its self-adhesion as pressure increases

“The specific heat being ‘10,000–11,000 kcal/kg’ – this huge lie has harmed so many people. Whoever has such heavy oil with a high specific heat capacity deserves the Nobel Prize. The sorrow of copying books! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

The value given in the data on the second floor should be the calorific value, not the specific heat. The specific heat of heavy oil is generally in the order of kJ/(kg·°C), where C is degrees Celsius. Specific data could not be found. Furthermore, there is considerable debate regarding the molecular weight of heavy oil; currently, it is believed that the number of molecules with very high molecular weights (over 1000) is small. The high molecular weights are caused by the aggregation of molecules during measurement – in other words, it is not the molecular weight of individual molecules, but rather the molecular weight of their aggregates. Furthermore, many of the properties mentioned above are characteristic of crude oil; to provide additional data on the properties of heavy oil: its density is around 0.93–1, and its viscosity is around 100–10,000 cp.

Hehe, pay attention, my friend – this viscosity refers to the dynamic viscosity of a liquid. In other words, it indicates at what pressure the liquid can move at what speed, rather than what you call its stickiness. The “stickiness” of rubber is related to its viscosity; after all, when the viscosity is low, the S-bonds in the rubber can come into contact with each other more quickly, allowing cross-linking to occur. However, as the temperature rises, the probability of these S-bonds breaking increases, leading to a decrease in molecular weight. This undermines the properties of the rubber; its tensile strength and other properties also decline, so very high temperatures are not suitable either!