A Brief Discussion on the Current Status and Development Strategies of Biomass Energy Utilization in China　

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Biomass energy refers to energy that originates from solar energy captured by plants through photosynthesis; it is transformed into organic matter on Earth via the food chain, and after processing, serves as a raw material for human society. China is a country with a large population and an economy that is developing rapidly; in the 21st century, it will face the dual pressures of economic growth and environmental protection. Therefore, changing the patterns of energy production and consumption, and utilizing renewable clean energy sources such as biomass energy, is of great significance for establishing a sustainable energy system, promoting national economic development, and protecting the environment. 1 Characteristics and Classification of Bioenergy 1.1 Bioenergy has the following characteristics: 1.1.1 Low pollution. Biomass energy produces carbon dioxide during combustion, but the carbon dioxide emitted can be absorbed by plants that grow in equal quantities through photosynthesis, resulting in zero carbon dioxide emissions. This is highly beneficial for reducing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and mitigating the \"greenhouse effect\". 1.1.2 It has a huge content and is renewable. As long as there is sunlight, the photosynthesis of green plants will not cease, and biomass energy will not run out. Strongly promoting activities such as tree planting and grass cultivation not only ensures a continuous supply of biomass energy materials from plants, but also helps improve the ecological environment. 1.1.3 It features universality and accessibility. Biomass energy is available in various countries and regions around the world; it is inexpensive, easily accessible, and its production process is very simple. 1.1.4 It can be stored and transported. Among renewable energy sources, biomass energy is the only one that can be stored and transported, facilitating its processing, conversion, and continuous use. 1.1.5 High volatile components, high carbon activity, and flammability. At temperatures around 400°C, most of the volatile components in biomass energy can be released, making it relatively easy to convert it into gaseous fuel. Biomass energy produces little ash after combustion, and it does not stick easily, which simplifies ash removal equipment. 1.2 Classification of biomass energy 1.2.1 Agricultural and forestry waste Agricultural and forestry waste includes agricultural waste and forestry waste. Agricultural waste refers to the residues generated in fields during crop harvesting; usable ones include grains, root and tuber crops, and sugarcane residues. Forest waste refers to the waste generated by the wood processing industry when producing various primary wooden products from raw materials, as well as the waste produced by the wood utilization industry when using those primary products as raw materials to create secondary products such as buildings. 1.2.2 Organic wastewater Organic wastewater refers to wastewater containing high levels of organic substances, including industrial wastewater, agricultural wastewater, and domestic wastewater. Due to its outstanding features such as cleanliness, efficiency, and renewability, hydrogen is gaining increasing attention as an energy source. Current methods for producing hydrogen include: water electrolysis, thermochemical methods, photoelectrochemical methods, plasma chemistry methods, and biological hydrogen production. From the perspective of the cost of biohydrogen production, it is relatively expensive to produce hydrogen using these single-type substrates. On the other hand, using inexpensive and complex substrates such as industrial and agricultural organic wastewater to produce hydrogen allows for the recycling of waste materials, thereby reducing the production costs. Progress has been made as the hydrogen production technology using mixed microbial strains gradually matures, with significant achievements obtained. 1.2.3 Animal manure Animal manure is also an important source of biomass energy. Apart from a small amount of direct burning in pastoral areas, livestock manure is mainly used as a raw material for biogas fermentation. 1.2.4 Domestic waste: Urban domestic waste is primarily a mixture of household waste from residents, waste from commercial and service industries, as well as a small amount of construction waste. Its composition is quite complex, and it is influenced mainly by factors such as residents’ living standards, energy structure, urban development, green space coverage, and seasonal changes. The composition of waste in China’s large cities is showing a trend toward that of modern cities, with the following characteristics: first, the proportion of organic matter in the waste is close to 1/3 or even higher ； Secondly, food waste is the main component of organic matter ； Third, it has a high content of readily degradable organic matter. Currently, the calorific value of municipal waste in China is around 4.18 megajoules per kilogram (1,000 kcal per kilogram). 2 Current Status of Biomass Energy Development and Utilization Abroad As environmental problems caused by humanity’s extensive use of fossil fuels become increasingly severe, countries have begun to pay attention to and emphasize the development and utilization of biomass energy sources. Although natural conditions and technological levels vary greatly among countries, and the future use of biomass energy will differ from one place to another, generally speaking, its development in the future will not continue to decline as it has done over the past 200 years or so. Instead, it will once again play an important role and occupy a stable proportion and significant position within the overall primary energy system. Since the United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy was held in Nairobi in August 1981, there has been increasing attention **to energy, environmental, and ecological issues; in particular, the use of modern new energy technologies and materials to develop new energy sources, including biomass energy, has attracted significant interest from various countries. Currently, the technical research and development of biomass energy have become one of the major topics of interest worldwide. Many countries have established corresponding development and research programs, such as Japan’s Sun Project, India’s Green Energy Program, and Brazil’s Alcohol Energy Program; in these programs, the utilization of biomass energy plays a significant role. Today, many biomass energy utilization technologies and equipment abroad have reached the stage of commercial application, enabling large-scale industrial operation. 2.1 In the United States, biomass energy utilization accounts for about 4% of total primary energy consumption. The total installed capacity for generating electricity from biomass energy has exceeded 10,000 MW, with individual units having a capacity of 10–25 MW. The Staten Island waste treatment plant in New York has invested $200 million in a wet-process waste treatment system that recovers biogas for power generation and also produces fertilizer ； A technology for producing alcohol from cellulose waste was developed, and a 1MW rice husk power generation demonstration project was established, producing 2,500 tons of alcohol per year. STM is a company based in the United States that specializes in the development of Stirling engine technology for General Motors. The STM4–120 engine developed by this company has been rated by the U.S. Department of Energy as one of the most advanced Stirling engines in the world. It can be combined with biogas technology or biomass gasification technology to create village-scale biomass power generation systems with a capacity of around 50 kW. The Center for Energy and the Environment at Princeton University is developing a small fuel cell/gas turbine power generation system that uses biomass gas as fuel and has a power output of 200 kW. 2.2 Brazil Biomass energy accounts for about 25% of Brazil’s total energy consumption; firewood and sugarcane make up 50%–60% of this biomass energy, with the remainder coming from agricultural waste. Brazil is the most prominent country in terms of the development and use of ethanol fuel; it has implemented the largest ethanol development program in the world, using raw materials such as sugarcane and cassava. Currently, ethanol fuel accounts for over 50% of the country’s automotive fuel consumption. Brazil is a country rich in sugarcane, and in 1965 the **Forest Law** was enacted to promote the cultivation of fuelwood forests on a large scale. One-third of Brazil’s land in the northeast region (50 million hectares) is suitable for such forests. In the state of Bahia in this region, a 25MW biogas power plant has been built using eucalyptus as fuel, and it is now in commercial operation. The potential for generating electricity using wood from fuelwood forests is expected to exceed that of sugarcane. By 2005, Brazil’s biomass power generation had reached around 600 MW. In 1980, Brazil introduced a **program** for the use of vegetable oil as fuel, aimed at accelerating the replacement of diesel with vegetable oils. Various types of vegetable oils, including castor oil, coconut oil, and cocoa butter, were to be utilized, with the goal of replacing 6–20% of the diesel used. Brazil is the most prominent country in terms of the development and use of ethanol fuel; it has implemented the largest ethanol development program in the world, and today ethanol fuel accounts for over 50% of the country’s automotive fuel consumption. 2.3 Europe Europe is a region where the development and utilization of biomass energy are very active; new technologies continue to emerge and are widely applied there. In 1991, the world’s first completed biomass gasification combined cycle power plant – consisting of a gas turbine/generator and a steam turbine/generator – was built in Varnamo, Sweden. It had a net power generation capacity of 6 MW and a net heat supply capacity of 9 MW, with an overall system efficiency of over 80%. The country is at the world’s forefront in using catalytic cracking to reduce the tar level in biomass gas. In Finland, the use of upflow gasifiers to produce biomass gas for district heating has reached a commercial level. The 9 sets of equipment manufactured by the country’s biomass gasification equipment manufacturers before 1988 were installed and are in operation throughout Finland and Sweden. In Finland, there is the world’s first plant that produces fertilizers using the gasification of peat to synthesize ammonia. Over the past decade or so, the European Community has been working on the development of methods for converting wood into methanol through gasification. Several demonstration plants have been established to date. Germany uses mixed gasoline containing 1% to 3% methanol in its vehicles, while countries such as France, the Czech Republic, Sweden, Spain, and the former Soviet Union are developing and utilizing liquid fuels made from methanol and ethanol. Research on the production of biooil through biomass pyrolysis has been carried out in countries such as the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Greece, and Portugal; after modification, biooil can be used as a liquid fuel. Some in Europe are also engaged in the development and research of using vegetable oils as fuel. The UK is researching the use of genetic technology to improve rapeseed varieties, with the aim of increasing yields and reducing the carbon chain length of fatty acids in rapeseed from 18 carbon atoms to around 8, in order to produce high-quality rapeseed oil. Sweden is researching methods of using appropriate ratios of canola oil and methanol to produce biodiesel. 2.4 India: India produces around 28.4 million tons of firewood per year, while industrial waste and agricultural by-products (such as straw) amount to 246 million tons per year. In the process of development, India has done a good job in the utilization of biomass energy; biogas was widely used in the past, while recent advances have been significant in areas such as biomass compression and gasification technologies. In the 3.7 kW, 25 kW, 70 kW, and 100 kW systems composed of biomass gasifiers and diesel engines/generators, the power generation efficiency of the 100 kW system is 35%. The electricity generated is used for water pumps, grain mills, and other small electrical devices, with hundreds of 3.7kW power generation systems having been deployed. The gas produced by biomass gasifiers is also used in the production processes of tobacco, tea, food, and wood processing. 3 Current Status of Biomass Energy Development and Utilization in Our Country In terms of the overall composition of biomass energy resources, in rural areas of our country, biomass energy accounts for over 70% of the total biomass energy available; the rest mainly comes from urban waste, sewage, and forestry waste. As for advanced biomass resources and their utilization at present, the main components are forestry waste and fuelwood trees. Our country is in urgent need of advancements in afforestation technologies and improvements in industrial processes. In light of this situation, the relevant government departments have asked research institutions and related organizations to accelerate the research and application of new biomass energy technologies. Many policies and plans have been formulated and put into practice. Through the joint efforts of all parties involved, significant progress has been made in the development and utilization of biomass energy in our country over a period of about 20 years: 3.1 Biogas Since the 1990s, the development of biogas projects in our country has been on a steady upward trend. By the end of 2006, the number of rural household biogas systems across the country reached around 22.6 million. By 2010, 40 million farming households across the country will be using biogas, accounting for about 30% of the suitable farming households ； The total number of large and medium-sized biogas projects in large-scale farms across the country is around 4,700, accounting for approximately 39% of the total number of farms suitable for livestock and poultry breeding ； Comprehensive biogas utilization technologies that focus on the direct use of biogas, biogas fermentation liquid, and biogas residue in agricultural production have been rapidly adopted, reaching 3.39 million households. Of these, 210,000 households adopt the \"four-in-one\" energy-ecology model in the north, while 810,000 households use the \"pigs-biogas-fruits\" energy-ecology model in the south. 3.2 Biomass gasification – After more than a decade of research, testing, and demonstration, biomass gasification technology has become fairly mature. A range of gasification equipment is available, with gas production rates ranging from 200 to 1000 m3/h, and a gasification efficiency of over 70%. By 2010, around 400 demonstration sites for the use of solidified straw fuel had been established across the country, with an annual consumption of such solidified straw fuel reaching around 1 million tons ； Approximately 1,000 straw gasification centralized supply stations have been built, producing 365 million cubic meters of straw gas per year. Previously, fixed-bed gasifiers were used to gasify rice husks for power generation on a small scale. There are already several facilities in China that use fluidized-bed gasification reactors to generate electricity by using rice husks, sawdust, and even crushed straw as feedstock. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the capacity of such gasification power plants was 1000 kW; during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, about 4000 kW capacity plants were built, and it is expected that the number of biomass gasification power plants across the country will rise to around 30. 3.3 Fuelwood Forests: Since 1981, China has begun to develop fuelwood forests on a planned basis. At present, there are over 4.72 million hectares of such forests in China, with the total area reaching 5.4 million hectares. Together with other forests, they produce approximately 100 million tons of standard coal worth of timber energy each year. The development of fuelwood forests plays a positive role in alleviating energy shortages in rural areas, protecting forest resources, vegetation, and the ecological environment, as well as promoting rural economic development. New developments have emerged in biomass energy utilization technologies. 3.4 Biomass compression molding and other technologies: China has developed several types of biomass compression molding equipment, including screw extrusion type, piston stamping type, and ring die rolling type. Among these, the screw extrusion type is the most widely used. Relevant institutions have conducted in-depth research on the wear resistance of the extrusion screws, thereby extending their service life. There are currently 35 biomass compression molding plants nationwide. After being compressed into pellets, biomass can be used directly as fuel, or it can be carbonized in a carbonization furnace to produce biochar, which is used in barbecuing and the metallurgical industry ； Bulk feed can also be produced. 4 Biomass Energy and China’s Sustainable Development 4.1 The Conflict between Limited Energy Resources and High Demand As the population and economy continue to grow, China’s energy consumption is also increasing; in 2001, the consumption of primary energy reached 1.3 billion tons of standard coal. China’s oil reserves account for only 2% of the world’s total reserves. The proven reserves in 2000 were between 3 billion and 4 billion tons. Based on the annual oil production levels in 2000, China’s oil resources would have been depleted by 2020. In 2000, crude oil production was 162 million tons, while the actual amount of crude oil processed reached 210 million tons. One-third of the crude oil required was imported to meet market demand, with net imports reaching 75 million tons. It is estimated that by 2020, China’s oil demand will reach 360 million tons, with net imports exceeding 200 million tons. This will inevitably have a negative impact on the security of China’s energy supply, becoming one of the main obstacles to the country’s economic development and social progress in the long term. 4.2 Biomass energy can serve as an alternative energy source. The «Outline of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development», adopted at the ninth **fourth plenary session of the country, called for «developing petroleum substitutes such as fuel ethanol and taking measures to conserve petroleum resources». Biomass can be used to produce liquid fuels, ensuring **oil security**. If the \"integrated development model of energy agriculture, energy forestry, and energy industry\" can be promoted to develop the biomass energy sector, so that the total amount of biomass resources by 2020 reaches 1.5 billion tons of standard coal, and 50% of these resources are used to produce liquid fuels, then 200 million tons of liquid fuel could be supplied to China’s oil market. Our country also faces a significant shortage in electricity supply; to achieve the goal of quadrupling the national economy by 2020, ensuring a reliable electricity supply is an essential condition. In 2001, the total electricity generated was 1.3556 trillion kWh, with per capita electricity consumption of less than 1,000 kWh per person per year – roughly one-fifth of that in South Korea. Per capita household electricity consumption was even lower, at about 110 kWh per person per year. After several years of no such issues, widespread power outages and restrictions on electricity supply have resurfaced across the country. Making use of local biomass resources such as straw, firewood, grain husks, and wood chips in a manner suited to local conditions to establish decentralized, independent off-grid or grid-connected power plants holds great market potential. Biomass can be widely used to generate electricity, ensuring the safety of **power grid supply. If 40% of the current output of agricultural and forestry waste is used as fuel for power plants, 300 billion kWh of electricity can be generated, accounting for over 20% of China’s total electricity consumption at present. 4.3 Biomass energy is beneficial for environmental protection. As a clean energy source, it contributes to environmental improvement and the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. China’s SO₂ emissions from fossil fuel consumption rank first in the world, while its CO₂ emissions rank second, only behind those of the United States. China’s annual carbon dioxide emissions resulting from fossil fuel consumption can reach 2.27 billion tons, equivalent to 620 million tons of carbon emissions, accounting for about 11.8% of the world’s total GHG emissions. In 1998, sulfur dioxide emissions reached 0.209 million tons, of which about 85% came from coal combustion. The area affected by acid rain has exceeded one-third of the country’s total land area. The economic losses caused by S02 and acid rain account for about 2% of GDP. The content of harmful substances in biomass (such as sulfur and ash) is only about 1/10 that of medium-quality bituminous coal. At the same time, the carbon dioxide emitted during biomass production and energy utilization processes can be incorporated into the natural carbon cycle, achieving zero carbon dioxide emissions; this is the most important way to reduce CO2 emissions. 4.4 The urgent need for sustainable rural development: Biomass has always been one of the main energy sources in rural areas of our country, with direct combustion being the predominant method of use. This not only results in low thermal efficiency but also leads to the emission of large amounts of smoke and ash, thereby deteriorating living conditions and posing serious threats to people’s physical and mental health. According to statistics from 2001, China’s total straw production in 2000 was 700 million tons, of which the straw produced by the five major crops—rice, corn, wheat, rapeseed, and cotton—accounted for nearly 600 million tons ； The total amount of residues from logging areas and the timber processing industry in our country is also large, at around 3700×10⁴ m³. Using new technologies to convert biomass into energy can significantly improve energy utilization efficiency in rural areas. The use of biomass energy conversion technology can increase thermal efficiency to 35%–40%, save resources, improve farmers’ living conditions, and enhance their standard of living. The use of biomass as an energy source can fundamentally solve the \"straw problem\" that is widespread in rural areas of our country and has yet to be resolved. By converting agricultural and forestry waste into high-quality energy sources and enabling their industrial utilization, it is possible to consume large amounts of straw waste, thereby eliminating the harms caused by straw. It can not only **accelerate the process of energy modernization for rural residents and meet the urgent need for high-quality energy among farmers once they become wealthier, but it can also be applied in industrial sectors such as township enterprises. Given China’s vast territory and large population, conventional energy sources cannot fully meet the growing demands of rural areas. Moreover, as international conventions related to environmental issues are being established to limit the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, China must rely on the existing biomass resources in rural areas, research new conversion technologies, and develop new equipment to meet the urgent needs of sustainable development in those areas. 4.5 The use of biomass as an energy source can bring about a range of ecological, social, and economic benefits. At present, the consumption of firewood exceeds the sustainable level by 15%, leading to widespread destruction of forest vegetation, increased soil erosion, and disruption of ecological balance. The generation and accumulation of organic waste in industries, towns, and rural areas are increasing year by year, at an annual growth rate of around 10%, posing one of the major obstacles to the modernization of rural and urban areas. The utilization of biomass energy not only allows for the disposal of various organic wastes, thereby eliminating their negative impact on the environment, but also contributes to the modernization of rural and urban areas ； Furthermore, thanks to the large-scale development of energy agriculture and energy forestry, it will effectively green up barren mountains and lands, reduce soil erosion and land degradation, combat deserts, protect biodiversity, and promote a healthy ecological cycle. At the same time, the development of modern integrated biomass energy systems will promote the growth of modern agriculture, serve as a new source of economic growth in rural areas, create more job opportunities in rural regions, improve living conditions, increase the incomes of rural residents, and revitalize the rural economy. In summary, the **strategic role of biomass energy is manifested in various aspects and at multiple levels, including energy security, the ecological environment, the rural economy, and social life. Given the crucial strategic importance of biomass energy, it is necessary for the relevant decision-making bodies in our country to work closely together, coordinating efforts from research institutions, enterprises, local authorities, and other stakeholders, in order to increase support for the development of biomass energy and provide technical support for the establishment and growth of this industry in the future. 5 Development directions and strategies for biomass energy in China 5.1 Development directions China possesses abundant biomass energy resources, and remarkable achievements have been made in their development and utilization, laying a solid foundation for further progress. However, overall, there is still a significant gap compared to advanced ** in terms of research capabilities, the level of development and utilization, the scale of conversion equipment, as well as industry development and marketing.  The main problem is: a lack of awareness of the strategic importance of developing renewable energy ； Biomass energy has not yet been included in the **energy development plan ； There are no proper channels for allocating funds for development, and too little investment is made ； There is a lack of comprehensive incentive policies, and few corresponding regulations as well ； Small production scale, high costs, lack of product quality standards and quality supervision systems, low level of commercialization, and weak industrial development ； Poor management, multiple sources of authority, etc. China’s economy is developing rapidly, and there is an increasing demand for high-quality fuel. Given the limitations of conventional energy resources and the growing environmental pressures, it is necessary to accelerate the development of new and renewable energy sources. In particular, efforts should be made to modernize the use of biomass energy, improve its conversion efficiency, and reduce production costs; significant breakthroughs have been achieved in terms of new technologies and processes ； Mature technologies need to achieve large-scale, modern production in order to develop a relatively complete production and service system ； Increase the share of biomass as a new energy source in the energy mix. 5.2 The basic development strategies for biomass energy are as follows: 5.2.1 Rural energy: Further promote practical technologies to fully utilize biomass energy as a supplementary source of energy in rural areas, providing clean energy there, improving the living environment in rural regions, and enhancing the living standards of the local population. 5.2.2 Industrial application: Promote the industrialization of mature technologies, increase the proportion of biomass energy utilization, enhance the role of biomass energy in the energy sector, and lay an industrial foundation for its large-scale use in the future. 5.2.3 Technological Frontiers and New Technologies: Improve the utilization value of biomass energy and enable its use through multiple pathways; vigorously develop new technologies for converting high-quality biomass energy; establish industrial-scale pilot projects to provide technical support and reserves for the large-scale use of biomass energy in the future. 5.2.4 Fundamental theoretical research: Significant scientific and theoretical issues that exist in the research on biomass energy technologies and must be resolved should receive adequate attention, with increased efforts invested in their study to provide a theoretical foundation for the development and research of new biomass energy technologies or processes. 5.2.5 Resource Development: Research, cultivate, and develop fast-growing, high-yield energy plant varieties; utilize mountainous areas, wasteland, deserts, lakes, and offshore regions to establish energy farms, forestry plantations, or breeding facilities; set up bases for the development of biomass energy resources, providing biomass energy sources such as sugars, starches, wood, and oils that can be utilized on an industrial scale. 6 Recommendations for the Development of Biomass Energy in Our Country: Since the modern utilization of biomass energy is still in its initial stages, compared to the development of other energy sources, it requires **more support and appropriate incentive policies.  6.1 Raise awareness and strengthen leadership: Authorities at all levels, the relevant regulatory departments, as well as the general public should gain an understanding of the importance of modernizing the use of biomass energy. They should make advancing its development a core part of energy policy, strengthen leadership in this area, clarify responsibilities, and ensure that these duties are properly carried out. Integrate new and renewable energy sources, including biomass energy, into the overall plan for national economic development, and include them in the **financial budget. 6.2 Formulate preferential policies to increase funding investment. At present, the biomass energy technology development industry is small in scale and fragmented; although it offers significant economic benefits, it does not yet have the capability to compete in the market, and therefore it should receive **macro-control policies and protection. Appropriate policies regarding finance, investment, credit, tax exemptions and reductions, price subsidies, and incentives should be established for the development of biomass energy ； Increase investment in research and development, new product prototyping, and technical training ； Expand publicity, stimulate investment enthusiasm from all sectors, broaden funding channels, and improve the efficiency of fund utilization. 6.3 Apply advanced technologies to carry out experimental demonstrations; the development of new projects should start from a high level in order to achieve leapfrog progress. Introduce advanced domestic and foreign technologies in a manner suited to local conditions, conduct in-depth research, experimentation, improvement, and demonstration based on those conditions, and use the results of high-tech applications with significant benefits to educate and inform the public. The Chinese people are most accustomed to the principle that \"seeing is believing.\" With a solid popular foundation, various regions construct projects in phases, based on actual conditions such as natural resources, economic status, and energy needs, and gradually introduce and implement these solutions. 6.4 Strengthen industrial development and improve economic efficiency. It is necessary to pay attention to the transformation of research results, so that products that are technically mature can be finalized as soon as possible. Enterprises should be encouraged to break down departmental and regional barriers, form horizontal partnerships, and organize specialized production. It is necessary to support the development of a group of key enterprises in a planned and step-by-step manner, establish an industrial system with scale production capabilities, so as to continuously improve product quality, reduce production costs, and expand market sales. At present, some project developments have a welfare and public-interest character; they need to gradually adopt industrialized, corporate, and commercial operation models in line with the laws of the market economy ； To ensure product quality, enhance the reputation of the company (or manufacturer), expand domestic and international markets through fair competition, increase product sales volume, achieve a balance among social, ecological, and economic benefits, and strengthen the capacity for independent development. S^|`*%pq As businesses grow, it is necessary to establish corresponding service systems and continuously improve the quality of those services. Individuals and organizations that meet the requirements and have the necessary capabilities are encouraged to establish energy technology service companies, taking on technical services such as the sales, installation, commissioning, and maintenance of new energy equipment. A **-level quality supervision system should be established to ensure the standardization, serialization, and generalization of products. 6.5 Improve professional competence and strengthen the technical workforce. The utilization of biomass energy takes place primarily in rural areas, and to develop it using advanced technologies, a large number of skilled personnel are needed, covering various fields such as research, management, production, and dissemination. The solution is to establish relevant majors in institutions of higher education and secondary vocational schools, organize various types of training courses, send students abroad for study, invite experts for guidance, and arrange visits and exchanges ； And some incentive policies should be established to enable those with technical skills to remain in this industry. It is necessary to systematically cultivate a large number of technical experts in this industry, raise the level of research, achieve scientific management and production, and promote the widespread use of standardized practices. 6.6 Carrying out international cooperation to introduce advanced technologies and funds is a major focus at the global level today, particularly in the development and utilization of new and renewable energy sources, including biomass energy. China has joined the World Trade Organization, and it should seize this favorable opportunity to continue adhering to a technical approach that combines independent development with the introduction, digestion, and absorption of foreign technologies, while actively engaging in international exchanges and cooperation. Overcome the mindset of starting from scratch; introduce advanced technologies, processes, and key equipment in a targeted and selective manner. Develop China’s biomass energy application technologies from a strong foundation, strengthen ties and cooperation with international organizations and agencies, promote bilateral and multilateral collaborative research and production, and enhance the exchange of personnel, technology, and information. Take concrete steps to create conditions for attracting investments from international institutions, social organizations, entrepreneurs, and individuals to establish, either solely or through joint ventures, various entities in the field of new and renewable energy sources, including biomass energy.