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Coal-to-liquefaction technology has developed rapidly in my country in recent years. A large number of coal direct liquefaction and indirect liquefaction technology projects are surging, and research and development projects planned and under construction have reached unprecedented levels.* * . In order to implement the Scientific Outlook on Development and carry out coal-to-liquid industrialization technology in an orderly manner, * * The National Development and Reform Commission has successively issued documents suspending investment in coal-to-liquid projects across the country. This is very important for achieving domestic macro-control, ensuring the ecological environment, realizing a green economy, and preventing economic overheating. From ensuring * * Energy strategy is of great significance. However, my country's petroleum resource consumption is increasing year by year, and its dependence on foreign countries is increasing year by year. It is urgent and imperative to develop, research, construct, and produce new alternative petroleum energy sources. Therefore, it is very important to conduct planned research and development of coal-to-liquid technology and build demonstration devices. * * According to the plan, before 2010, the development of my country's indirect coal-to-oil industry will mainly focus on engineering development and industrialization demonstration.: After 2010, with the gradual maturity of domestic indirect coal liquefaction engineering technology development and the accumulation of engineering operation experience, the industrial development of this technology will enter the second stage. According to the analysis of the current situation, there are resource conditions for the development of coal liquefaction industrialization in Northwest, North China, Southwest, Northeast and other places, and several industrial zones will be built between 2010 and 2020. It is estimated that by 2020, my country's total coal direct liquefaction product production capacity will reach 10 million to 18 million t/a, and indirect coal liquefaction total product production capacity will reach 20 million to 25 million t/a per year. By then, the amount of engine fuel oil such as gasoline and diesel produced by coal liquefaction will be 30 million to 35 million t/a, which can provide about 13% of domestic transportation fuel and form one of the important ways to supplement the oil shortage. In the future, in addition to the work of a number of development and research departments such as the Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenhua, Yankuang, Shanxi Lu'an, and Yitai, which should achieve phased results as soon as possible, we will increase efforts to develop FT synthesis technology with my country's independent intellectual property rights, and establish several large-scale indirect coal liquefaction plants with an annual output of more than one million tons as soon as possible. This will have a decisive significance for my country's energy pattern and strategy now and in the future. 1 Overview of the development of indirect coal-to-liquids in foreign countries Indirect coal liquefaction is a process in which coal is vaporized to produce synthesis gas (CO+H2), and then the synthesis gas is synthesized into oil and chemicals under the action of a catalyst. As early as the 1920s, Germany began research on indirect coal liquefaction technology, and first built an industrial-scale synthetic oil plant in 1936, with a total production capacity of 1 million t/a. Currently, there are still commercially operating indirect coal liquefaction plants in South Africa. SASOL uses FT synthesis technology and has built three production plants. The total annual coal processing reaches 45.9 million tons. The main products are gasoline, diesel, wax, ammonia, ethylene, propylene, polymers, alcohols, aldehydes, and 113 types of equivalents. The total output reaches 7.6 million tons, of which oil products account for about 60%, ensuring 28% of the gasoline and diesel supply in South Africa. For the purpose of protecting the environment, countries around the world continue to introduce more and more stringent oil specifications, resulting in higher and higher production costs of diesel products, making FT technology more and more economical. It is predicted that the global production of synthetic diesel in 2015 will be 600,000 bbl/d, accounting for 4% of the total global diesel consumption and 13% of the total new consumption. Typical indirect liquefaction technologies include: South Africa's Sasol process, Royal Dutch Shell Petroleum Company's SMDS synthesis process. 2 The development of indirect coal-to-liquids in my country During the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" period, the coal-based synthetic gasoline technology of Shanxi Coal Chemical Institute was listed as * * Key scientific and technological research projects. In 1989, a small experiment was completed at Dai County Fertilizer Factory. “During the Eighth Five-Year Plan, * * and Shanxi Province * * With an investment of more than 20 million yuan, an industrial test device with an annual output of 2,000 tons of synthetic gasoline was established at the Jincheng Fertilizer Plant, and No. 90 gasoline was produced. 5 tons of coal can be synthesized into 1 ton of refined oil products, including nearly 500 kinds of chemical extension products such as high-quality gasoline and diesel. On this basis, a technical plan for a synthetic gasoline device with an annual output of 100,000 tons was proposed. After 20 years of development and research, our country currently has the technical reserves to build 10,000-ton-scale production equipment, and has independent intellectual property rights in the research and development of key technologies and catalysts. At present, my country's self-developed coal liquefaction technology has reached the world's advanced level. “During the Tenth Five-Year Plan, during * * With the strong support of the 863 Program, my country has made major breakthroughs in the research and development of indirect coal liquefaction technology, successfully building and operating two sets of (annual oil production: Zhongke (750t, Yankuang 5000t) new slurry bed synthetic oil development test device has obtained relevant data required for further amplification and engineering. Important results have been achieved in catalyst preparation and online separation, reactor design, system stable operation, etc., and a certain amount of technology development and engineering experience has been accumulated. It has laid a technical foundation and cultivated relevant talents for the further amplification verification and commercialization of my country's indirect coal liquefaction technology. 2.1 Yankuang 2.1.1 Construction and operation of Yankuang's 5,000t annual crude oil unit In 2002, Yankuang Group established Shanghai Yankuang Energy Technology R&D Company in Zhangjiang, Shanghai, introduced domestic and foreign high-tech talents, established a coal liquefaction laboratory, and conducted experimental research on indirect coal liquefaction technology (low-temperature FT synthesis technology). In 2003, a FT synthesis pilot plant process design software package was compiled on the basis of the laboratory, and passed expert review. In the same year, the construction and operation of a crude oil product unit with an annual output of 5,000 tons was completed, and the construction design of the coal indirect liquefaction low-temperature FT synthesis process pilot plant was completed. The construction of the pilot plant was completed at the end of 2003. In April 2004, the process flow of the pilot plant was completed and pilot products were obtained. The pilot plant operated continuously and stably for 196 days, and obtained complete pilot research data that provides a basis for industrial applications. The research work on the extraction and processing technology of indirect coal liquefaction products developed in cooperation with the Petrochemical Research Institute has been completed. A complete set of technologies for indirect liquefaction of coal to produce fuel oil was developed in a relatively short period of time. At present, the pilot research results of this project have passed the acceptance and appraisal by experts from the Ministry of Science and Technology. Experts have evaluated that the technical results have reached the internationally advanced level. 2.1.2 Project progress is affected by * * Entrusted by the National Development and Reform Commission, China Consulting Company organized the approval evaluation and review of the implementation of evaluation opinions for the Yankuang Yulin 1 million t/a coal indirect liquefaction industrial demonstration project in December 2007 and May 2008 respectively. The project's approved consulting and evaluation report has passed the review of the China Consulting Company's review committee and will be submitted soon. * * National Development and Reform Commission. This marks that the project approval consultation and evaluation work has been basically completed, and significant progress has been made in the preliminary work. This project is independently developed by Yankuang Group and has achieved 14 * * The patented indirect coal liquefaction oil production technology with independent intellectual property rights in my country produces major products such as high cetane number diesel and naphtha. On this basis, products can be refined and the industrial chain can be extended. While producing lubricants, aviation kerosene and other oil products, high value-added chemical products such as olefins, α-olefins, special waxes, hydrocarbon solvent oils, etc. can be produced, which can be used in the production of plastics, rubber, coatings, aerosol insecticides and other products. The environmental impact report of the project has been approved * * The technical assessment meeting organized by the Environmental Engineering Assessment Center of the Ministry of Environmental Protection entrusted by the Ministry of Environmental Protection is pending. * * After approval from the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the 23 supporting documents required for project approval will be complete, thus entering the project approval stage. * * The National Development and Reform Commission will continue to fully promote it with the close cooperation of relevant provincial departments and Yulin City to ensure that the project is approved and construction begins as soon as possible. 2.2 Shenhua 829 Project June 6, 2007 * * The National Development and Reform Commission approved the Shenhua 829 project and approved the project. The construction scale of the project is to produce 180,000 t/a of synthetic oil products. The main products include 49,600 t/a of liquefied gas, 35,700 t/a of naphtha, 98,100 t/a of diesel, etc. The consumption of synthetic gas is 871,800 t/a. The project is located in Yijinhuoluo Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, on the northwest side of the current Shenhua Coal Direct Liquefaction Plant. Expected to drive in August 2009. The FT synthesis unit is the core part of the synthetic oil industrial demonstration plant. The FT synthesis technology used in this project is coal-based synthetic liquid fuel technology with independent intellectual property rights. It is developed by Synfuels China, ICC (Synthetic Oil Engineering Research Center of Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences). * * The (FT) synthesis series catalysts, reactor technology and supporting process technologies developed with the support of the 863 Project. The slurry bed FT synthesis reaction is the core technology of the indirect coal liquefaction process. Its principle is that the synthetic raw material gas enters the slurry bed reactor under a certain pressure and temperature, and the FT synthesis reaction occurs under the action of a catalyst to generate a series of products such as light distillate oil, heavy distillate oil, heavy wax, and water. After the FT reaction, most of the synthetic products and tail gases are directly recycled through the pressurized circulation machine after heat exchange, separation and collection. Another part of the tail gas is sent to the decarburization process to remove CO2 and then returned to the synthesis reactor for recycling. The partially decarburized tail gas is sent to the oil washing process to recover low carbon hydrocarbons. The slurry bed coal-based synthetic oil process can realize online replenishment and discharge of catalysts and realize continuous operation of the production process. The chemical equation of FT synthesis reaction is: Simultaneous water-gas shift reaction occurs: CO+H2O→CO2+H2+Q. The reaction liquid phase product enters the oil processing process for refining treatment. Part of the tail gas enters the decarbonization unit to remove the CO2, and most of it is returned to the FT synthesis unit for recycling. The remaining part is sent to the light hydrocarbon concentration unit to recover the liquefied gas. 2.3 Coal-to-liquid project of Inner Mongolia Yitai Group Co., Ltd. In September 2002, Yitai Group successfully commissioned a 1,000-ton unit, streamlined the process, and obtained a large sample of oil products. The core technology of coal-based synthetic oil passed the technical appraisal of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2004 and the Ministry of Science and Technology in 2005.“ * * 863" project acceptance. The first phase of the Yitai coal-to-liquids project, which officially started construction on May 11, 2006, has a scale of 160,000 t/a, with a total investment of 2.17 billion yuan, including 1.85 billion yuan in fixed assets. The main products are diesel, naphtha and liquefied petroleum gas, with annual output of 110,000 tons, 38,000 tons and 12,000 tons respectively. It is planned to reach the scale of 480,000 tons/a coal-based synthetic oil in 2010, and produce 327,000 tons of diesel, 115,700 tons of naphtha, 37,000 tons of liquefied petroleum gas and 32,000 tons of by-product mixed fuel. The project is located in the Zhunqi Dalu Coal Chemical Industry Base. By the end of 2006, most of the engineering including site leveling, exploration, temporary construction, and underground pipe networks were completed. In 2007, all main process equipment was started. At present, the civil construction work is basically completed, all equipment is in place, and more than 95% of the materials are in place. Each process has gradually entered the stand-alone commissioning stage, and oil is expected to be produced in 2009. 2.4 Lu’an Coal-to-Liquids Demonstration Project This project was approved * * Level project bidding is determined. Its gasifier was successfully ignited on September 15, 2008, indicating that the project is ready for chemical commissioning. At present, the water, electricity, steam and air separation of the entire plant have been put into operation and are running well, and have entered the final test run stage. Construction is expected to start in November. The demonstration project is located in Tunliu Coal-Oil-Electricity Circular Economic Park of Lu'an Group. The project development plan is: Build a 160,000 t/a demonstration device in 2 to 3 years ； After that, from 2008 to 2015, the industrial chemical plant was built in two phases, with the final scale reaching 5.2 million t/a. At present, the preliminary work of the 3 million t/a industrial factory has begun. 3 Discussion and Suggestions (1) Indirect oil products have high added value (octane number >70%). Due to the impact of the international financial crisis, international crude oil prices have fallen sharply. According to analysis by industry insiders, with the elimination of the financial crisis, international oil prices will remain above US$70. OPEC will cut production when oil prices fall below $70 to keep oil prices high. Indirect oil production from coal can effectively increase the added value of low-quality lignite. Lignite has low calorific value and unstable properties. The best way to utilize lignite is to convert it on site to improve the economic benefits of the product. As my country's oil imports increase rapidly, we must consider establishing strategic oil reserves as one of the means to ensure oil supply. * * an important part of the overall energy security strategy. Its comprehensive response includes the development of alternative fuels and alternative technologies. Among them, "coal liquefaction", as a substitute for petroleum, has guaranteed * * The strategic significance of energy security. (2) It is not feasible for existing refineries of a certain scale to use the coal liquefaction process to produce the same amount of liquid fuel. Coal liquefaction can only be used as an auxiliary means to produce hydrocarbon liquids. When the production of crude oil cannot meet the demand for transportation fuel, coal liquefaction technology is a better choice. In this case, coal liquefied fuel can be sold and supplied using existing infrastructure, which is inevitably controlled and operated by the oil industry. but it is beneficial * * Simplify the supply and sales network of coal liquefaction products. Therefore, coal liquefaction projects may initially be implemented by the oil industry rather than the coal industry. This trend is confirmed by the fact that coal liquefaction is developed independently by most oil companies. In view of the above situation, the most beneficial approach for coal liquefaction companies is to directly transport their liquefied products to existing refineries to be used as raw materials for further refining, or to be mixed with refinery products. Since both liquefaction plants and refineries have many ancillary facilities, such as electricity and chemical feedstock supplies, it is possible to share some necessary public facilities. In addition, some unit operations of refineries and coal liquefaction plants are also very similar, which also makes coal liquefaction likely to be implemented first in the petroleum industry. (3) One of the constraints on the development of indirect coal-to-oil technology is that regardless of whether coal-based indirect liquefaction or direct liquefaction is developed, it cannot simply be considered that it can replace all of my country's oil imports, but rather reduce and ultimately eliminate various pressures caused by oil tensions and possible negative impacts on economic development. At the same time, coal chemical industry and petrochemical industry should complement each other in terms of technology and product advantages. (4) The indirect coal oil production technology is mature, and there are large-scale industrial installations abroad. The advantages and disadvantages of coal-based indirect liquefaction and coal hydrogenation direct liquefaction cannot be simply discussed from a technical point of view, nor can they be simply judged from an economic point of view. Although the two have some similarities, the fundamental difference is that each has its own scope of application and its own target positioning. It should be analyzed from various aspects such as historical origin, process characteristics, coal type selectivity, product market adaptability and impact on integrated polygeneration systems. The two coal liquefaction processes are not exclusive to each other. South Africa has 7.6 million t/a industrialized units for indirect liquefaction oil production that can be used as a reference. FT synthesis technology is relatively mature, the industrial process is simple, and the catalyst is mature. Whether it is indirect liquefaction or direct liquefaction, it is necessary to increase technological investment and accelerate the development of technologies with independent intellectual property rights, especially core technologies and key technologies (such as synthesis reactors and high-efficiency catalysts for indirect liquefaction, hydrogenation reactors and catalysts for direct liquefaction, etc.). Completely dependent on others, it is inevitable to be controlled by others. For this reason, it is a very urgent task to promote the industrialization process of my country's own liquefaction technology. (5)If a * * To prepare to build a coal liquefaction plant, the country must have abundant coal reserves. The economics of coal liquefaction are largely determined by the cost of coal and the freight charges for transporting coal to the liquefaction plant. Since coal transportation is more difficult than oil, in principle, coal liquefaction plants should be selected in coal-producing countries, preferably near coal mines. However, if the coal mine is located in a relatively remote location, the construction cost of the liquefaction plant will be greater. If the railway facilities in the mining area are relatively complete, the liquefaction plant may not be built near the coal mine. (6) When building a coal liquefaction plant in a coal production area, it should also be noted that the coal reserves in the area are sufficient to meet the coal demand within the 25 to 30-year service life of the liquefaction plant. The annual coal consumption of a commercial liquefaction plant is 3 to 4 million tons of oil equivalent. This means that at least 150 million tons of hard coal reserves (100 million tons of oil equivalent) or 300 million tons of lignite reserves are required, and the minimum storage-to-production ratio is 25. Analyzing the objective conditions of my country's coal resources is more suitable for the development of coal-to-liquids projects. 4 Summary of coal-to-liquid projects (1) From a global perspective, for a long time, using coal as raw material to produce oil will not have any advantages and is not a trend in the development of new energy. Our country is poor in oil * * , but it does not mean that coal-to-liquids must be developed to alleviate energy tensions. Although my country's overall coal reserves are not small, per capita coal possession is only 60% of the world average, and coal resources are limited. At present, coal-to-liquid projects are popping up everywhere and disorderly investment is the biggest concern. * * The only truly approved coal-to-liquids project is the Shenhua project. Whether coal-to-liquids is an optimal way to solve oil shortages is still a topic worth discussing. Of course, a coal-to-liquids project of appropriate scale is in line with * * recent economic development situation. (2) At present, breakthroughs in core technology and product economy are the keys to the success of coal-to-liquids projects. (3) Coal-based indirect oil production technology is in a mature stage at home and abroad, and the process is simple and the risk is low. The coal-based oil produced by the Shanxi Coal Science Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has been used in automobile trials for several years and has very good results. The cost is low, equivalent to less than 40 US dollars/bbl of crude oil, and the cost of gasoline is less than 3,500 to 4,000 yuan/t. The economic benefits are considerable. Although South Africa has a production capacity of 7.6 million t/a, it has a monopoly and blockade on FT synthesis technology. Therefore, the rapidly developing domestic indirect coal liquefaction technology with independent intellectual property rights is * * The strategic reserve technology of petroleum alternative energy will help solve the problem of * * The energy crisis is of great significance.