Explanation of petroleum geology terms

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Petroleum Geology Terminology Explanation Oilfield------a combination of a group of oil reservoirs within the same area controlled by a single structure. 　　Gas field------A single structure controls the sum of several or a dozen gas reservoirs. 　　Petroleum ------A mixture of hydrocarbons with different structures as the main component is a brown color. Dark green or black liquid. 　　Natural gas - a flammable mixed gas composed of various gases mainly composed of hydrocarbons. 　　Oil-generating formation - a rock formation that produced oil in ancient times. 　　Oil and gas migration--the process of oil and natural gas moving freely within the earth's crust under the conditions of pressure difference and concentration difference. 　　Vertical migration - that is, the direction of oil and gas migration is nearly vertical to the stratigraphic layer, moving up and down. 　　Directional migration---that is, lateral movement in which the direction of oil and gas migration is nearly parallel to the stratigraphic layer. 　　Reservoir - A rock formation that allows oil and natural gas to flow, accumulate, and be stored in its pores and fractures. 　　Oil-bearing layer -----A reservoir containing oil and gas. 　　Trap - Any place that stops the flow of oil and gas in a reservoir and collects it. 　　Caprock - the impermeable rock layer immediately above and below the reservoir that prevents the spread of oil and gas. 　　Barrier - an impermeable rock layer sandwiched between two adjacent reservoirs to prevent their communication. 　　Obstruction - conditions or objects that prevent oil and gas migration. 　　Oil-bearing area - the area enclosed by the oil-bearing inner boundary. 　　Oil-water boundary - the contact boundary between oil and water. 　　Oil storage area-----the plane area within the oil-bearing boundary in the oil storage structure. 　　Industrial oil and gas reservoirs-----oil and gas reservoirs that are valuable for exploitation under current technical conditions. 　　Structural oil and gas reservoirs - traps formed by deformation and displacement of rock formations caused by tectonic movements. 　　Stratigraphic oil and gas reservoirs - traps with blocking conditions caused by stratigraphic factors. 　　Lithological oil and gas reservoirs - traps caused by changes in reservoir lithology. 　　Oil storage structure - any geological structure that can accumulate oil and gas. 　　Geological structure-----the form left over from the deformation and displacement of rock layers in the earth's crust due to crustal movement. 　　Sedimentary phase ---- refers to the sum of sedimentary characteristics formed in a certain sedimentary environment. 　　Sedimentary environment - refers to the natural geographical conditions, climate conditions, biological development conditions, physical and chemical properties and geochemical conditions of the sedimentary medium in which rocks were deposited and diagenetically formed. 　　Simple medium - A medium with only one pore structure is called a simple medium. Such as porous media, fracture media, etc. 　　Multiple media—Media that have two or more pore structures at the same time are called multiple media. 　　Homogeneous reservoir - the entire reservoir has the same properties. 　　Heterogeneous reservoirs—reservoirs with different properties, including dual-media reservoirs ； Fractured Western Oil Reservoir ； Elastic movement of multi-layer oil reservoirs ----- After the oil well is opened, the pressure drops, and the liquid in the oil layer will elastically expand and increase in volume, pushing the crude oil to the bottom of the well. 　　Water pressure tends to move - rely on the edge water of the oil reservoir. The pressure of bottom water or injected water pushes the crude oil to the bottom of the well. 　　Geological reserves - the total amount of crude oil stored in reservoirs with the ability to produce oil and gas under the original conditions of the formation. 　　Recoverable reserves - the amount of oil that can be recovered from the reservoir under current technological and economic conditions. 　　Remaining recoverable reserves - the difference between recoverable reserves and cumulative production after the oil field is put into development. 　　Recovery factor -----The percentage of oil produced from an oil field to its geological reserves. 　　Ultimate recovery factor - the percentage of cumulative oil production and geological reserves after the completion of oil field development. 　　Production degree---the ratio of the cumulative oil production and geological reserves of an oil field at a certain time. 　　Oil production rate - the ratio of annual oil production to geological reserves. 　　Crude oil density - refers to the quality of crude oil per cubic meter under standard conditions (20 degrees, 0.1MPa). 　　Relative density of crude oil - refers to the ratio of the density of crude oil to the density of pure water at 4 degrees under standard ground conditions (20 degrees, 0.1MPa). 　　Freezing point of crude oil - the highest temperature at which crude oil loses flow under certain conditions. 　　Crude oil viscosity - the frictional resistance between molecules when crude oil flows. 　　Crude oil volume coefficient - the ratio of unit volume of crude oil under formation conditions to the degassing volume under surface standard conditions. 　　Crude oil compressibility coefficient - the pressure change of unit volume of formation crude oil is 0. The rate of change of volume at 1 MPa. 　　Solubility coefficient - at a certain temperature, the pressure increases by 0 every time. The amount of natural gas dissolved in unit volume of crude oil at 1 MPa. 　　Porosity - the ratio of the volume of pores in a rock to the total volume of the rock. 　　Absolute porosity - the ratio of the volume of all pores in the rock to the total volume of the rock. 　　Effective porosity -----The ratio of the volume of interconnected pores in rock to the total volume of rock. 　　Oil saturation -----In an oil reservoir, the ratio of the volume of pores occupied by crude oil to the total pore volume of the rock. 　　Water saturation-----In oil reservoirs, the ratio of the volume of pores occupied by water to the volume of rock pores. 　　Stable seepage flow-----In the seepage process, if the various motion elements are independent of time (such as pressure and flow rate), it is called stable. 　　Unstable seepage-----In the seepage process, if each moving element is time-dependent, it is unstable seepage. 　　Isobars - The lines connecting points in the formation where the pressure is equal are called isobars. 　　Streamlines-----Lines orthogonal to isobars are called streamlines. 　　Flow field diagram - a graph composed of a set of isobars and a set of streamlines is a flow field diagram. 　　Single-phase flow-----The flow of only one fluid is called single-phase flow. 　　Multiphase flow------Two or more fluids flowing at the same time are called two-phase or multiphase flow. 　　Permeability - Under a certain pressure difference, the ability of a rock to allow liquid to pass through is called permeability, and the size of the permeability is expressed by permeability. 　　Absolute permeability - oil layer permeability measured with air steam. 　　Effective permeability - the permeability of a certain phase fluid measured when two or more fluids pass through the rock. 　　Relative permeability - the ratio of effective permeability to absolute permeability. 　　Oil-in-water - a form in which tiny oil droplets exist in a water medium. 　　Water-in-oil - tiny droplets of oil in aqueous medium. 　　Oil supply radius-----The circular radius after converting the oil supply area of ​​the oil well into a circular area. 　　Formation coefficient - the product of the effective thickness of the formation and the effective permeability. 　　Flow coefficient - the ratio of the formation coefficient to the viscosity of underground crude oil, indicating the ease of fluid flow in the rock formation. 　　Pressure conduction coefficient-----a parameter indicating the performance of the oil layer in transmitting pressure. 　　Afterflow - After the oil well is shut down on the surface, there is still oil flow from the formation into the wellbore. This phenomenon is called afterflow. 　　Wellbore storage effect - a phenomenon that occurs when an oil well is just shut in. 　　Conversion radius - converts the influence of various factors (imperfect or super-perfect) of the actual well on the pressure into an equivalent effect on the pressure due to a certain well diameter. This equivalent radius is called the conversion radius. 　　Perfection degree ----- refers to the ratio of the working pressure difference of the ideal perfect well to the actual working pressure difference of the well. 　　Perfection index -----The ratio of the actual operating pressure difference of the oil well to the pressure recovery is the slope of the limit line segment. 　　Skin effect -----The ratio of the additional pressure caused by various imperfect factors in the actual well to the penetration resistance of the oil layer. It is the phenomenon of a pressure drop occurring when crude oil flows from the oil reservoir into the wellbore. 　　Interwell interference-----the dynamic influence phenomenon between wells. 　　Oil production index - the amount of oil increased when the oil well production pressure difference increases by 0.1 MPa. 　　Raster diagram-------indicates the lithology and lithofacies changes in all directions of the oil layer, and the inter-layer ； Connectivity between wells. 　　Main oil layer -----The oil layer is thick, has high permeability, and is a good oil layer. 　　Replacement layer -----The oil layer that plays a role in the stable production of the oil field. 　　Water breakthrough layer -----The injected water advances toward the oil well along the connecting layer, making a certain layer of the oil well contain water. 　　Water inflow direction-----The dynamic change of the oil production well due to the water injection effect of the water injection well in a certain direction is called the water inflow direction. 　　Oil sweep area coefficient ----- refers to the ratio of the flooded oil layer area to the controlled area of ​​a production well group. 　　Injection-production balance - the balance between the amount of water injected into the reservoir and the amount of oil produced * * The products are equal. 　　Injection-production ratio-----Oilfield injection agent (water, gas) ground * * The area of ​​accumulation and produced fluid volume (oil, gas, water) * * Product ratio. 　　Water absorption index - the daily water injection volume of a water injection well under unit water injection pressure difference. 　　Water injection intensity - the daily water injection volume of the water injection well in the unit effective thickness of the oil layer. 　　Pressure balance-----the pressure of the oil layer supplied by the water injection well and the produced oil. The pressure consumed by water is equal. 　　Underground deficit - the volume of injected water is less than the amount of produced liquid * * product. 　　Water content - water-containing oil wells, the percentage of daily water production and daily liquid water production. 　　Well Category - Wells are divided into different categories based on drilling purposes and development requirements. 　　Exploration wells - geological structures that have been proven promising through geophysical exploration in order to explore underground conditions and search for oil. Wells drilled for steam fields. 　　Data well -----A core well drilled for the purpose of preparing data needed for oil field development plans. 　　Production well - a well used to produce oil. 　　Water injection well - a well used to inject water into the oil reservoir. 　　Observation well - a well specially used to observe the underground dynamics of oil fields. 　　Inspection well - a well drilled to check the development effect of oil reservoirs. 　　Renewal wells-----In order to improve the injection and production system, new wells need to be drilled. These newly drilled wells are called renewal wells. 　　Adjustment wells - Based on the original well pattern, some additional scattered wells or batches of infill wells are drilled to improve the oil field development effect. 　　Positive injection well---a well that injects water into the formation from the tubing is called a positive injection well. 　　Reverse injection well---a well that injects water into the formation from the casing is called a reverse injection well. 　　Well network - the arrangement and distribution of oil, gas and water wells in the oil field. 　　Accuracy ---- reflects the degree of error of test instruments, meters and measuring instruments. 　　Error - the difference between the measured value and the true value. 　　Oil fill distance - the distance from the oil pipe hanging plane to the drill plate fill center. 　　Casing backing distance - the distance from the upper plane of the last hoop of the casing to the drilling disc backing center. 　　Hydrostatic pressure -----The water column pressure from the wellhead to the middle of the oil layer. 　　Original formation pressure -----The oil field has not yet been put into development, and the pressure in the middle of the oil layer measured in the exploratory well. 　　Current formation pressure -----The pressure in the middle of the oil layer measured at a certain period after the oil field was put into development. 　　Oil pressure - the residual pressure of crude oil flowing from the bottom of the well to the wellhead. 　　Casing pressure - the compressed gas pressure in the annular space of the oil casing. 　　Flow pressure - the pressure in the middle of the oil layer measured during normal production of the oil well. 　　Static pressure - after the oil well is put into production, the well is shut in for a short period of time and the pressure in the middle of the oil layer is measured when the bottom well pressure returns to stability. 　　Saturation pressure - the pressure at which natural gas dissolved in crude oil just begins to separate. 　　Base level pressure - In the process of oil field development, in order to correctly compare the force level between wells, the pressure is converted to the same altitude and depth for comparison. The pressure at the same altitude and depth is called base level pressure. 　　Pressure coefficient----refers to the ratio of original formation pressure to hydrostatic column pressure. 　　Total pressure difference -----The difference between the current formation pressure and the original formation pressure. 　　Oil production pressure difference------the difference between the current formation pressure and the flowing pressure. 　　Flow and saturation pressure difference——refers to the difference between flow pressure and saturation pressure. 　　Saturation pressure difference - refers to the difference between the current formation pressure and saturation pressure. 　　Water injection pressure difference ----- refers to the difference between the flowing pressure and the static pressure at the bottom of the water injection well. 　　Flow pressure gradient - the pressure generated per meter of liquid column during normal production of the oil well. 　　Static pressure gradient -----The pressure generated per meter of liquid column when the bottom hole pressure returns to stability after the oil well is shut in. 　　Mechanical oil extraction -----Using various mechanical methods to extract oil to the ground. 　　Oil pumping unit----is a surface machine that drives the underground oil pump. 　　The sucker rod is a slender rod in the pumping well. It is connected to the main rod and connected to the oil pump to transmit power. 　　Polished rod is a round steel rod, which is connected to the pumping unit and the pumping rod at the bottom, and plays the role of transmitting power. 　　The rope suspension device is the connecting device between the donkey head and the polished rod. 　　Oil pump-----an underground device driven by an oil pumping unit to lift the crude oil in the well to the surface. 　　Casing - a steel pipe fixed to the well wall with cement to seal the oil, steam and water layer. Reinforce oil layer. The role of well walls. 　　Oil pipe - a seamless steel pipe that is run into the middle of the casing. 　　Static liquid level - after the oil pump is turned off the well, the annular liquid level slowly rises to a certain position and stabilizes. 　　Dynamic liquid level - the distance from the wellhead to the liquid level when the pumping unit is in normal production. 　　Pump efficiency - the ratio of the actual displacement to the theoretical displacement of the oil pump. 　　Submergence -----The difference between the pump depth and the moving fluid level. 　　Stroke - the reciprocating motion of the donkey head drives the distance between the high point and the low point of the polished rod movement. 　　Number of strokes - the number of reciprocating movements of the oil pump piston in the working barrel per minute. 　　Filling coefficient - the ratio of the volume of oil entering the pump and the volume given out by the piston when the oil pump piston completes one stroke. 　　Air lock ----- When gas enters the deep well pump, the pump cannot pump out oil. 　　Power indicator diagram - a closed curve measured by the power indicator during one suction cycle of the pumping unit. 　　Fracturing - a method of using hydraulic force to form cracks in the oil layer. 　　Combined layer fracturing ---- refers to the simultaneous fracturing of each small layer of the production layer group in the Rikou well. 　　Single layer pressure selection ----- selects a certain small layer or section in a layer group for fracturing. 　　Oil layer rupture pressure ----- refers to the pressure when the oil layer ruptures or when the oil layer first begins to absorb water. 　　Contaminated wells---The oil layer with a pollution coefficient greater than zero is a contaminated well. 　　Perfect well---the oil layer with pollution coefficient equal to zero is a perfect well. 　　Super-perfect wells---The oil layer with a contamination coefficient less than zero is a super-perfect well. 　　Acidizing wells---Oil layers with a pollution coefficient of less than -3 are acidizing wells. 　　Water suction starting pressure - the pressure when the oil layer first begins to absorb water is called water suction starting pressure. 　　Driving mode - The power source mode that drives crude oil to flow to the bottom of the well is called the driving mode. 　　Water injection intensity-----The daily water injection amount per unit effective thickness is called water injection intensity. 　　Moisture content-----The ratio of daily water production to daily liquid production is called moisture content. 　　Cross groove - the connection between each layer along the oil well casing and the cement sheath or between the cement sheath and the well wall. 　　Complete drilling depth - the distance from the bottom of the completed drilling hole to the top surface of the square filler core. 　　Cement return height - the height of cement rising between the casing and the well wall. 　　Artificial bottom - the top surface of a section of cement left at the bottom of the casing after cementing is completed. 　　Cement plug - a cement column from the bottom of the drilled well to the bottom of the artificial well. 　　Mobility -----The ratio of the number of formation voids to the viscosity of underground crude oil is called mobility. 　　Mechanical oil production - The method of using various machines to extract oil from the ground is called mechanical oil production. 　　Epidermal factor-----The severity of epidermal effect properties is called epidermal factor. 　　Depth in the middle of the oil layer - 1/2 from the oil and water wellhead to the perforation well section (top to bottom). 　　Oil supply radius---In multi-well production, the semi-radius of oil and water wells controlling a certain range of oil-bearing area underground is called the oil supply semi-radius.