What are the effects of cationic PAM and non-ionic PAM in wastewater treatment?

Cationic PAM is better, but it’s more expensive! ! !

Polyacrylamide (PAM) are anionic, non-ionic, and cationic polymers used to improve the efficiency of processes such as sedimentation, clarification, filtration, and centrifugation in water treatment. I. Physical and chemical properties: It is a water-soluble polymeric electrolyte that is non-toxic and tasteless. It absorbs moisture easily, is soluble in water, but insoluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and propanol. Its molecular chains contain positively charged functional groups, granting it excellent flocculation properties. II. Main uses: 1. In the field of oil extraction, it is primarily used as an oil displacement agent in tertiary oil recovery. Ultra-high molecular weight polyacrylamide is widely used in the petroleum industry, oil extraction, drilling muds, and waste mud treatment. It can prevent water intrusion, reduce friction, and increase recovery rates; its salt resistance and temperature resistance are sufficient to replace similar products ； Polyacrylamide can also be used as a thickener in the third oil recovery stage to improve oil recovery rates ； In addition, polyacrylamide can also be used as a thickener, stabilizer, and sedimentation flocculant for drilling muds, a controller of the water-oil ratio, an additive in fracturing fluids, and a lubricant. 2. Wastewater treatment: it is particularly effective for the sedimentation of positively charged metal oxides, with anions playing a major role. 3. For domestic wastewater treatment, it is highly effective in settling organic colloidal suspensions, with cations playing a key role. 4. In papermaking, polyacrylamide is widely used as a dry and wet strength agent for paper, a retention and drainage inhibitor, a surface enhancement agent, and a fiber dispersant. It has excellent resistance to whitening and can be used in various harsh pH conditions, making it suitable for the production process of different types of paper. It can effectively improve the strength of paper, enhance the uniformity of paper sheets, help increase production, and significantly save process water. Polyacrylamide can increase the wet tensile strength of paper by 20–30 times and its dry tensile strength by 50%, with cationic types being the most common. III. Usage Method 1. The water used to dissolve this product should be clean water (such as tap water), to achieve a solubility concentration of 0.1%-0.3% (not higher than 0.5%). 2. When dissolving, slowly sprinkle the polymer into the vortex of water; care should be taken to prevent the polymer particles from sticking together once they enter the water, which could cause turbulence. Then stir for another period of time to ensure complete dissolution, resulting in a uniform, transparent, and viscous solution; a one-hour aging period is required to guarantee its flocculation properties. 3. The dissolution and mixing time for this product varies depending on the water temperature, typically ranging from 1 to 3 hours. IV. Precautions: Avoid contact with iron containers during dissolution and storage ； The linear velocity at the tip of the agitator blades should not exceed 8 meters per second to prevent polymer degradation. V. Packaging and storage: Packaged in plastic bags lined with composite textile bags, with a net weight of 25 kg per bag. This product should be stored in a well-ventilated, dry warehouse, protected from moisture and rain, and not left exposed to the air. The shelf life of the dry powder is not less than two years.

Cationic PAM is more expensive than anionic PAM