Seek training materials for cold storage (liquid ammonia)

View the MSDS for liquid ammonia and use this information for training. Part 1: Chemical name. Back to table of contents. Chinese name of the chemical: Ammonia. English name of the chemical: ammonia. Alternative Chinese name: Ammonia gas (liquid ammonia). Alternative English name: . Technical data sheet code: 28. CAS No.: 7664-41-7. Molecular formula: NH3. Molecular weight: 17.03. Part 2: Composition/information on components. Back to table of contents. Hazardous components and their concentrations. CAS No.: Ammonia – 7664-41-7. Part 3: Overview of hazards. Back to table of contents. Hazard category: Route of exposure: Health hazards: Low concentrations of ammonia can irritate mucous membranes, while high concentrations can cause tissue dissolution and necrosis. Acute poisoning: In mild cases, symptoms such as tearing, sore throat, hoarseness, coughing, and phlegm production occur ； Congestion and edema of the conjunctiva, nasal mucosa, and pharynx ； The chest X-ray findings are consistent with bronchitis or peribronchitis. In moderate poisoning, the aforementioned symptoms worsen, with difficulty breathing and cyanosis occurring ； The chest X-ray findings are consistent with pneumonia or interstitial pneumonia. In severe cases, toxic pulmonary edema may occur, or respiratory distress syndrome can develop; patients experience severe coughing, the production of large amounts of pink frothy sputum, respiratory distress, delirium, coma, shock, and other symptoms. Laryngeal edema or necrosis and detachment of the bronchial mucosa can occur, leading to asphyxiation. High concentrations of ammonia can cause reflexive respiratory arrest. Liquid ammonia or high-concentration ammonia can cause eye burns ； Liquid ammonia can cause skin burns. Environmental hazards: It poses serious threats to the environment, causing pollution to water bodies, soil, and the atmosphere. Explosion hazard: This product is flammable, toxic, and irritating. Part 4: First aid measures. Skin contact: Immediately remove contaminated clothing and rinse thoroughly with 2% boric acid solution or plenty of water. Seek medical attention. Eye contact: Immediately lift the eyelids and rinse thoroughly with plenty of flowing water or saline for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention. Inhalation: Quickly move to a place with fresh air. Keep the airways clear. If there is difficulty breathing, administer oxygen. If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration immediately. Seek medical attention. Ingestion: Part V: Fire-fighting measures Return to table of contents Hazardous properties: Can form explosive mixtures when mixed with air. It can catch fire and explode in the presence of open flames or high heat. It undergoes violent chemical reactions when in contact with fluorine, chlorine, etc. In the event of high temperatures, the pressure inside the container increases, posing a risk of cracking and explosion. Harmful combustion products: nitrogen oxides, ammonia. Fire extinguishing method: Firefighters must wear full-body fire and poison-resistant suits and extinguish the fire from the upwind direction. Cut off the gas supply. If the gas supply cannot be cut off, it is not allowed to extinguish the flame at the leak site. **Cool the container; if possible, move it away from the fire to an open area. Extinguishing agents: fog water, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide, sand. Part 6: Emergency Response to Leaks Back to Table of Contents Emergency Response: Evacuate people from the area affected by the leak to an area upwind immediately, and establish a 150-m exclusion zone to strictly control access. Cut off the source of fire. It is recommended that emergency responders wear self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus and anti-static work clothing. Seal the source of leakage as much as possible. Ensure proper ventilation to accelerate diffusion. In areas with high-concentration leaks, mist containing hydrochloric acid is used for neutralization, dilution, and dissolution. Construct dikes or dig pits to contain the large amount of wastewater generated. If possible, use an exhaust fan to send the residual gas or escaping gas to a wash tower or a fume hood connected to the tower. It is advisable to install dilute acid spraying facilities in the tank area. Leaking containers must be properly handled, repaired, and inspected before being used again. Part 7: Handling, Disposal, and Storage Back to Table of Contents Handling Precautions: Maintain strict sealing, and provide adequate local exhaust ventilation as well as general ventilation. Operators must receive specialized training and strictly adhere to operating procedures. It is recommended that operators wear filter-type gas masks (half-masks), chemical safety goggles, anti-static work clothing, and rubber gloves. Stay away from flames and heat sources; smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace. Use explosion-proof ventilation systems and equipment. Prevent gas from leaking into the workplace air. Avoid contact with oxidizers, acids, and halogens. Handle with care during transportation to prevent damage to the cylinders and accessories. Equipped with fire-fighting equipment of appropriate types and quantities, as well as emergency response equipment for leaks. Storage precautions: Store in a cool, well-ventilated warehouse. Keep away from flames and heat sources. The storage temperature should not exceed 30°C. It should be stored separately from oxidizers, acids, halogens, and food chemicals; mixed storage is strictly prohibited. Use explosion-proof lighting and ventilation facilities. The use of mechanical equipment and tools that can generate sparks is prohibited. The storage area should be equipped with emergency equipment for handling leaks. Part 8: Exposure Control/Personal Protection Back to Table of Contents Occupational Exposure Limits China’s MAC (mg/m3): 30 Former Soviet Union’s MAC (mg/m3): 20 TLVTN: OSHA 50 ppm, 34 mg/m3; ACGIH 25 ppm, 17 mg/m3 TLVWN: ACGIH 35 ppm, 24 mg/m3 Monitoring Method: Nessler’s reagent colorimetry Engineering Controls: Strict sealing, along with adequate local exhaust and general ventilation. Provide safety showers and eye wash stations. Respiratory protection: When the concentration in the air is above the permissible level, it is recommended to wear a filtered gas mask (half-mask). An air respirator must be worn during emergency rescue or evacuation. Eye protection: Wear chemical safety goggles. Body protection: Wear anti-static work clothing. Hand protection: Wear rubber gloves. Other protections: Smoking, eating, and drinking are prohibited at the work site. Work is done, time for a shower**. Maintain good hygiene* habits. Part 9: Physical and Chemical Properties Back to Table of Contents Main components: Pure substance Appearance and properties: Colorless gas with a pungent, irritating odor. pH: Melting point (°C): -77.7 Boiling point (°C): -33.5 Relative density (water = 1): 0.82 (-79°C) Relative vapor density (air = 1): 0.6 Saturated vapor pressure (kPa): 506.62 (4.7°C) Heat of combustion (kJ/mol): No data Critical temperature (°C): 132.5 Critical pressure (MPa): 11.40 Logarithm of octanol/water partition coefficient: No data Flash point (°C): Not applicable Ignition temperature (°C): 651 Upper explosive limit (% V/V): 27.4 Lower explosive limit (% V/V): 15.7 Solubility: Highly soluble in water, ethanol, and ether. Primary uses: Used as a refrigerant and in the production of ammonium salts and nitrogen fertilizers. Other physical and chemical properties: Part 10: Stability and Reactivity. Return to table of contents. Stability: Incompatible substances: Halogens, acyl chlorides, acids, chloroform, strong oxidizing agents. Conditions to avoid contact: Polymerization hazards: Decomposition products: Section 11: Toxicological data. Return to table of contents. Acute toxicity: LD50: 350 mg/kg (oral, rats); LC50: 1390 mg/m3, 4 hours (inhalation, rats). Subacute and chronic toxicity: Irritation: In rabbits, when applied to the eyes: 100 mg causes severe irritation. Sensitization: Mutagenicity: Teratogenicity: Carcinogenicity: Part XII: Ecological data Return to table of contents Ecotoxicity: Biodegradability: Non-biodegradability: Bioaccumulation: Other harmful effects: This substance poses a serious threat to the environment; special attention should be paid to its contamination of surface water, soil, air, and drinking water. Part Thirteen: Disposal of Waste Return to Table of Contents Properties of the waste: Methods of waste disposal: Dilute with water first, then neutralize with hydrochloric acid, and subsequently discharge into the wastewater system. Disposal precautions: Part XIV: Transport information. Back to table of contents. Hazardous goods code: 23003. UN number: 1005. Packaging mark: Packaging category: O52. Packaging method: Steel gas cylinders. Transportation precautions: For railway transportation of this product, it must be shipped in tank cars provided by the enterprise that produces pressure-resistant liquefied gas; approval from the relevant authorities is required prior to shipment. When transporting cylinders, it is necessary to wear the safety cap on the cylinder. Gas cylinders should generally be placed flat, with their openings facing in the same direction; they must not be crossed ； The height must not exceed the vehicle’s guardrail, and it should be secured with wooden wedges to prevent rolling. During transportation, the vehicle should be equipped with fire-fighting equipment of the appropriate type and in sufficient quantity. The exhaust pipes of the vehicles used to transport this item must be equipped with flame arrestors, and the use of mechanical equipment and tools that may generate sparks for loading and unloading is prohibited. Mixing or transporting it together with oxidizers, acids, halogens, food chemicals, etc. is strictly prohibited. During summer, transportation should take place in the morning and evening to avoid exposure to sunlight. When making stops en route, stay away from sources of fire and heat. When transporting by road, it is necessary to follow the designated routes, and stopping in residential areas and densely populated zones is prohibited. Sliding is prohibited during railway transportation. Part XV: Regulatory Information Return to Table of Contents Regulatory Information: Regulations on the Safe Management of Chemical Hazardous Materials (issued by the State Council on February 17, 1987), Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations on the Safe Management of Chemical Hazardous Materials (Document No. Hualao Fa 677), Provisions on the Safe Use of Chemicals in the Workplace (Document No. Laobu Fa 423), and other regulations that set out rules regarding the safe use, production, storage, transportation, and handling of chemical hazardous materials ； The Classification and Labelling of Commonly Used Hazardous Chemicals (GB 13690-92) classifies this substance as a toxic gas of Category 2.3. Part 16: Other Information Back to Table of Contents References: Department responsible for filling in the form: Unit responsible for data verification: Notes on revisions: Other information:

Baidu Content Overview Liquid ammonia, also known as anhydrous ammonia, is a colorless liquid. As an important chemical raw material, ammonia is widely used. For the purpose of convenient transportation and storage, gaseous ammonia is usually converted into liquid ammonia through compression or cooling. Ammonia is highly soluble in water, and upon dissolution it forms an alkaline solution of ammonium hydroxide. The solubility of ammonia in water at 20°C is 34%. Liquid ammonia is widely used in industry; it is corrosive and volatile, which results in a relatively high incidence of chemical accidents. Product description: English name – Liquid ammonia (anhydrous ammonia). Structure and molecular formula – NH3. Production method – Liquid ammonia is obtained by compressing synthetic ammonia gas. 　　Product properties: Liquid ammonia is a colorless liquid with a strong, irritating odor, and it readily vaporizes into gaseous ammonia. Density 0.617 g/cm3 ； Its boiling point is –33.5°C; below –77.7°C it turns into colorless crystals with an odor. 　　Molecular formula: NH3. Relative density of gaseous ammonia (air = 1): 0.59. Molecular weight: 17.04. Relative density of liquid ammonia (water = 1): 0.7067 (at 25°C). CAS number: 7664-41-7. Autoignition temperature: 651.11°C. Melting point (°C): -77.7. Explosive range: 16%–25%. Boiling point (°C): -33.4. pH value of 1% aqueous solution: 11.7. Specific heat: 4.609 kJ/kg·K for liquid ammonia, and 2.179 kJ/kg·K for gaseous ammonia. Vapor pressure: 882 kPa at 200°C. Uses: Liquid ammonia is primarily used in the production of nitric acid, urea, and other chemical fertilizers; it can also be used as a raw material in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and pesticides. In the defense industry, it is a propellant used for manufacturing rockets and missiles. It can be used as a raw material for ammonia-based organic chemical products, as well as a refrigerant. The lone electron pair in the NH3 molecule tends to form coordinate bonds with other molecules or ions, resulting in various forms of ammines. Compounds such as +, 2+, BF3·NH3, etc., are all complexes with NH3 as the ligand. Liquid ammonia is an excellent solvent; due to the polarity of its molecules and the presence of hydrogen bonds, it has many physical properties in common with water. Some active metals can displace hydrogen from water and form hydroxides, but they are less capable of displacing hydrogen in liquid ammonia. But liquid ammonia can dissolve metals to form a blue solution. This metal-liquid ammonia solution is capable of conducting electricity, slowly decomposing to release hydrogen, and possesses strong reducing properties. For example, a sodium solution in liquid ammonia: Metal solutions in liquid ammonia appear blue, can conduct electricity, and possess strong reducing properties due to the formation of \"ammoniated electrons\" in the solution. For example, when metallic sodium is dissolved in liquid ammonia, it loses its valence electrons and produces positrons. When liquid ammonia is heated to 800–850°C, ammonia is decomposed in the presence of a nickel-based catalyst, resulting in a hydrogen-nitrogen mixture containing 75% H2 and 25% N2. The gas produced by this method is an excellent shielding gas that can be widely used in the semiconductor industry, the metallurgical industry, as well as in other industries and scientific research areas that require a protective atmosphere. Packaging and transportation: Filled in steel cylinders or tank trucks. The steel cylinders or tank trucks used for filling must comply with relevant regulations such as the \"Regulations on the Safety Supervision of Gas Cylinders\" and the \"Regulations on the Safety Supervision of Pressure Vessels\" issued by the Labor Bureau. The allowable weight filling factor is 0.52 kg/L. Steel cylinders and tank trucks used for transporting liquid ammonia must comply with the \"Rules for the Transport of Dangerous Goods\" established by the Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China. They should be kept away from heat during transport, and the use of fire and open flames is strictly prohibited. Gas cylinders must be equipped with safety caps, and the outside of the cylinders should be wrapped with rubber bands or straw ropes to protect them from severe impacts and vibrations. Liquid ammonia cylinders should be stored in a warehouse or on a covered platform. When stored outdoors, it should be covered with a tent to prevent direct sunlight. It relies mainly on rail and road transportation. Poisoning Management (I) Toxicity and Mechanism of Poisoning Oral TDLo for humans: 0.15 ml/kg Inhalation LCLo for humans: 5000 ppm/5m Once ammonia enters the body, it interferes with the tricarboxylic acid cycle and reduces the activity of cytochrome oxidase. It leads to an increase in brain ammonia, which can have neurotoxic effects. High concentrations of ammonia can cause tissue dissolution and necrosis. 　　(II) Routes of exposure and symptoms of poisoning 1. Inhalation Inhalation is the main route of exposure. The irritancy of ammonia is a reliable alarm signal for harmful concentrations. However, due to olfactory fatigue, it becomes difficult to detect low concentrations of ammonia after prolonged exposure. 　　(1) Mild ammonia inhalation poisoning is manifested by rhinitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis, and bronchitis. The patient experiences sore throat, cough, expectoration or hemoptysis, chest tightness, and pain behind the sternum. 　　(2) Acute ammonia inhalation poisoning usually results from accidents such as pipe ruptures or valve failures. Acute ammonia poisoning is primarily characterized by irritation and burns of the respiratory mucosa. Its symptoms vary in severity depending on the ammonia concentration, the duration of inhalation, and individual sensitivity. 　　(3) Severe inhalation poisoning can lead to laryngeal edema, glottic stenosis, and detachment of the respiratory mucosa, which may cause tracheal obstruction and result in asphyxiation. Inhaling high concentrations can directly affect the permeability of pulmonary capillaries, leading to pulmonary edema. 　　2. Skin and eye contact Low concentrations of ammonia can quickly cause irritation to the eyes and moist skin. Contact of moist skin or eyes with high concentrations of ammonia gas can cause severe chemical burns. 　　Skin contact can cause severe pain and burns, as well as coffee-colored discoloration. The corroded area becomes gelatinous and soft, and deep tissue damage can occur. 　　High-concentration vapors are highly irritating to the eyes, causing pain and burns, leading to significant inflammation as well as possible edema, damage to epithelial tissue, corneal opacity, and iritis. Mild cases generally improve, while severe cases may persist for a long time, leading to complications such as persistent edema, scarring, permanent clouding, protruding eyes, cataracts, adhesion of the eyelids to the eyeball, and blindness. Repeated or prolonged exposure to ammonia can cause conjunctivitis. 　　(III) First aid measures 　　1. Remove contamination 　　If the patient has only been exposed to ammonia gas and shows no symptoms of irritation to the skin or eyes, then it is not necessary to remove the contamination. If liquid ammonia is involved and the clothing has been contaminated, it should be removed and placed in a double-layer plastic bag. 　　If eye contact occurs or there is a stinging sensation in the eyes, rinse with plenty of clean water or saline for more than 20 minutes. If blepharospasm occurs during irrigation, 1–2 drops of 0.4% oxybuprocaine should be slowly instilled, followed by continued thorough irrigation. If the patient is wearing contact lenses, and they can be removed easily without causing damage to the eyes, the contact lenses should be removed. 　　Rinse the exposed skin and hair thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Be careful to protect your eyes when rinsing your skin and hair. 　　2. Patient resuscitation The patient should be immediately moved out of the contaminated area, and the three-step resuscitation protocol (airway, breathing, circulation) should be applied: Airway: Ensure that the airway is not blocked by the tongue or foreign objects. 　　Breathing: Check whether the patient is breathing; if not, provide ventilation using a pocket mask or similar device. Circulation: Check the pulse; if there is no pulse, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 　　3. Initial treatment 　　There is no specific antidote for ammonia poisoning; supportive treatment should be employed. 　　If the exposure concentration is ≥500 ppm and symptoms of eye irritation or pulmonary edema occur, it is recommended to take the following actions: spray dexamethasone 5 times first (using a metered-dose inhaler), then spray it twice every 5 minutes until arrival at the hospital emergency room. 　　If the exposure concentration is ≥1500 ppm, an intravenous access should be established, and 1.0 g of methylprednisolone or an equivalent amount of a steroid should be administered intravenously. (Note: In clinical controlled studies, the effect of corticosteroids has not been confirmed.) ) For those who have inhaled ammonia, humidified air or oxygen should be provided. If symptoms of hypoxia occur, humidified oxygen should be administered. If there is respiratory distress, tracheal intubation should be considered. When tracheal intubation is not possible due to the patient’s condition, cricothyrotomy should be performed if conditions permit. For patients with bronchospasm, bronchodilator sprays such as terbutaline can be administered. If ammonia comes into contact with the skin, it can cause chemical burns, which should be treated as thermal burns: adequate fluid replacement, administration of painkillers, maintenance of body temperature, and covering the affected area with a sterile pad or clean sheet. If skin comes into contact with high-pressure liquid ammonia, be careful of frostbite. Waste gas recovery: The liquid ammonia processing process generates waste gases, which consist of water vapor, air, and ammonia. Ammonia is a harmful gas that can affect health and pollute the environment; therefore, it is necessary to reduce emissions and enhance recovery. This not only helps to lower costs but also contributes to environmental protection. 　　Ammonia recovery can be achieved through absorption methods: the gas emitted from the liquid ammonia treatment units is conveyed via pipes to the washing tower (absorption tower) of the recovery device, where the ammonia mixed with air is absorbed by water to form ammonia water. During this process, the air is purified and discharged from the tower. Subsequently, ammonia and water are separated using a distillation tower; the ammonia is distilled and concentrated to produce concentrated ammonia water. This concentrated ammonia water is further refined to yield concentrated ammonia gas, which is then compressed and cooled by condensation to turn it back into liquid ammonia, before being stored in storage tanks. 　　In the ammonia recovery unit, there is an exhaust port at the top of the scrubber tower; it is necessary to control the ammonia content in the exhaust gases to keep it below the environmental regulations. The ammonia recovery system developed through collaboration between Chengjiang Textile Machinery Factory and Nanjing University of Chemical Technology is a method that combines absorption and compression. In January 2000, experts organized by the China Textile Machinery and Equipment Association conducted on-site inspections and unanimously agreed that the ammonia recovery cycle system was successful. The entire recovery system made creative use of the \"three lows and one pressure\" technology, which includes low-pressure absorption, low-pressure distillation, low-temperature water removal, and compression condensation; this approach not only simplifies the equipment but also saves energy. The system operates under low temperature and pressure, resulting in a high safety factor, and it also helps to reduce the need for maintenance. The main components include a scrubber tower (absorption tower), a distillation tower, compressors, condensers, and liquid ammonia storage tanks. 　　Liquid ammonia monitoring and alarm: An alarm must be triggered in the event of a leak of liquid ammonia during its use. The liquid ammonia leak alarm devices as well as the automatic shutdown devices for liquid ammonia filling, produced by Baoji Ketly Electronics Company, meet the requirements of technical supervision and safety inspection agencies. For more detailed information, please visit: HTTP://WWW.KETLY.COM.CN. Pressure of liquid ammonia: Since the critical temperature of ammonia is 132.4°C, it can be liquefied by applying appropriate pressure at temperatures below this value. 　　At room temperature, approximately 7 to 8 atmospheres of pressure are required to liquefy ammonia for storage as liquid ammonia. 　　However, the actual operating temperature is not necessarily at room temperature; in China, it is specified that the saturated vapor pressure at the time of design should be no less than 50°C. The design pressure for liquid ammonia containers should be 2.16 MPa. Our HaiChuan also has emergency handling guidelines available at http://bbs.hcbbs.com/viewthread.php?tid=394765