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Chloroethane – Chinese name: Chloroethane； Ethyl chloride – English name: chloroethane; molecular formula: C2H5Cl; relative molecular mass: 64.52; CAS number: 75–00–3. Hazard category: Class 2.1 flammable gas. Chemical category: Halogenated alkane. Main components and properties: The pure substance is a colorless gas with an odor similar to that of ether. Primary uses: It is used as a catalyst for polypropylene, as well as in refrigerants, **agents, insecticides, etc. 3. Routes of health hazard exposure: Inhalation. Health hazards: It has irritating and ** effects. High concentrations damage the heart, liver, and kidneys. Inhalation of a concentration of 2% to 4% can cause ataxia and mild decreased pain sensitivity, with loss of sensation occurring quite rapidly; however, its stimulating effect is very mild ； High-concentration exposure causes **, leading to central nervous system depression, as well as circulatory and respiratory depression. Skin contact can lead to frostbite due to rapid local cooling. IV. First aid measures: In case of skin contact, seek medical treatment if frostbite occurs. Eye contact, inhalation: Immediately move to a place with fresh air. Keep the airway open; if breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration immediately. Seek medical attention. Ingestion: Combustion and explosion properties and fire-fighting measures. Flammability: Flammable. Flash point (°C): –43 (open cup). Lower explosive limit (%): 3.6. Ignition temperature (°C): 510. Upper explosive limit (%): 14.8. Minimum ignition energy (mJ): No data available. Maximum explosion pressure (MPa): No data available. Hazardous properties: Flammable; can form explosive mixtures when mixed with air. There is a risk of combustion and explosion in the presence of heat sources and open flames. It reacts violently upon contact with oxidizers. Gases are heavier than air and can spread over considerable distances at lower levels; they can also cause backdrafts when exposed to an open flame. Fire extinguishing method: Cut off the gas supply. If the gas supply cannot be cut off immediately, it is not allowed to extinguish the burning gas. **Cool the container; if possible, move it away from the fire to an open area. Extinguishing agents: fogged water, foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide. 6. Emergency response to leaks: Evacuate people from the area contaminated by the leak promptly to an area upwind, and establish a barrier to strictly control access. Cut off the source of fire. It is recommended that emergency responders wear self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus and fire protection clothing. Seal the source of leakage as much as possible. Cover areas such as sewers near the leak site with industrial coverings or adsorbents/absorbents to prevent gases from entering. Ensure proper ventilation to accelerate diffusion. Diluted and dissolved with spray water. Construct dikes or dig pits to contain the large amount of wastewater generated. Use it immediately if possible. Leaking containers must be properly handled, repaired, and inspected before being reused. 7. Storage and transportation precautions: Flammable compressed gases. Store in a cool, well-ventilated warehouse. The warehouse temperature should not exceed 30°C. Keep away from flames and heat sources. Protect from direct sunlight. It should be stored separately from oxygen, compressed air, oxidizers, etc. The lighting, ventilation, and other facilities in the storage area must be of explosion-proof type; the switches should be located outside the warehouse, and appropriate types and quantities of fire-fighting equipment must be available. Fire and explosion prevention technical measures must be in place during storage in tanks. Cooling measures must be in place for open-air storage tanks in summer. The use of mechanical equipment and tools that may generate sparks is prohibited. During acceptance, pay attention to the product name and the date of bottle inspection; those that were stored first should be used first. Handle with care during transportation to prevent damage to the cylinders and accessories. The vehicle shall travel along the designated route and must not stop in residential areas or densely populated zones. 8. Protective Measures: Workshop hygiene standards. No standard established in China (MAC, mg/m3). Former Soviet Union MAC: 50 mg/m3. United States: TVL-TWA OSHA – 1000 ppm, 264 mg/m3; ACGIH – 100 ppm, 26 mg/m3. United States: TLV-STEL – no standard established. Detection methods: Engineering controls – strict sealing, along with adequate local exhaust and general ventilation. Respiratory protection: When the concentration in the air is high, it is recommended to use a self-priming filter-type respirator (half-mask). Eye protection: Wear chemical safety goggles. Body protection: Wear anti-static work clothing. Hand protection: Wear chemical-resistant gloves. Others: Smoking is prohibited at the work site. When entering tanks, confined spaces, or other areas with high concentrations, supervision must be provided. 9. Physical and chemical properties: Melting point (°C): –140.8; Boiling point (°C): 12.5; Relative density (water = 1): 0.92; Relative density (water vapor = 1): 2.20; Saturated vapor pressure (kPa): 53.32 at –3.9°C; Logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient: 1.54; Heat of combustion (kJ/mol): 1349.3; Critical temperature (°C): 187.2; Critical pressure (MPa): 5.23; Solubility: Slightly soluble in water; miscible with most organic solvents. 10 Stability and Reactivity Stability: Stable. Polymerization hazard: No polymerization. Conditions to avoid contact: Contraindicated with strong oxidizing agents, potassium, sodium, and their alloys. Combustion (decomposition) products: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, phosgene. 11. Toxicology data: Acute toxicity LD50 LC50 – 160,000 mg/m3 over 2 hours (inhalation in rats); Mutagenicity – Microbial mutagenesis: Salmonella typhimurium at 10 μg/plate. Particle mutagenesis: Salmonella typhimurium 10 μg/plate. Carcinogenicity IARC carcinogenicity assessment: Suspiciously positive in animals; no reliable data available for humans. 12. Environmental Information: This substance poses serious hazards to the environment; special attention should be paid to its contamination of surface water, soil, air, and drinking water. Special attention is also required regarding its impact on aquatic organisms. 13 Before disposal, refer to ** and relevant local regulations. Dispose of it using controlled combustion. The hydrogen halides emitted from the incinerator are removed through an acid scrubber. 14. Transport Information: Hazard Class Code 21034, UN Number 1037, Packaging Category II, Packaging Mark 4, Packaging Method: Steel gas cylinder. 15. Regulatory Provisions: Regulations on the Safe Management of Chemical Hazardous Materials (issued by the State Council on February 17, 1987), Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations on the Safe Management of Chemical Hazardous Materials (Document No. Hualao Fa 677), Provisions Concerning the Safe Use of Chemicals in the Workplace (Document No. Laobu Fa 423), and other regulations that establish corresponding rules regarding the safe use, production, storage, transportation, and handling of chemical hazardous materials ； The Classification and Labelling of Commonly Used Hazardous Chemicals (GB13690—92) classifies this substance as a flammable gas of Category 2.1.