Properties of some commonly used organic compounds

Thread Content

Organic compound [methane] has a molecular formula of CH4 and a molecular weight of 16.04. Is the simplest organic compound. It is widely distributed in nature and is the main component of natural gas, coal gas, etc. It is a colorless, odorless, flammable gas that is poorly soluble in water. When it is mixed with air in an appropriate proportion, it will explode when it encounters sparks. Methane has stable chemical properties and does not react with other substances under normal conditions, but it can undergo oxidation, halogenation, pyrolysis and other reactions under appropriate conditions. Industrially, it is mainly used to produce acetylene, or to produce hydrogen, synthetic ammonia and raw materials for organic synthesis through conversion. It is also used to prepare carbon black, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, etc. Methane can be used directly as fuel. Industrially it is mainly obtained from natural gas. It can be prepared by co-heating anhydrous sodium acetate and soda lime in the laboratory. 【Ethane】Molecular formula C2H6, simplified structural formula CH3CH3, molecular weight 30.068, colorless and odorless gas, density is 1.357. Slightly soluble in water. Forms explosive mixture with air, explosion limit is: 3.2～12.5% ​​(volume). In the petrochemical industry, ethane is mainly used as a raw material for the production of ethylene and can also be used as a fuel. 【Propane】Molecular formula C3H3, simplified structural formula CH3CH2CH3, molecular weight: 44.094, colorless gas. Slightly soluble in water. The chemical properties are very stable and chemical reactions are not easy to occur. It forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 2.4 to 9.5% (volume). Propane can be cracked to produce raw materials for organic synthesis such as ethylene and propylene. Can also be used as fuel. 【Butane】Molecular formula C4H10 Molecular weight: 58.12. There are two isomers: n-butane and isobutane. [n-Butane] has the simplified structural formula CH3CH2CH2CH3. It is a colorless gas that exists in petroleum gas, natural gas and catalytic cracking gas. It forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 1.6 to 8.5% (volume). The main use is to produce butadiene through dehydrogenation. In natural gas and cracked gas. Isobutane can also be produced by isomerization of n-butane. Colorless gas. It is slightly soluble in water, has stable chemical properties, and forms explosive mixtures with air. The explosion limit is 1.9 to 8.4% (volume). It is mainly used to produce isooctane through alkylation with isobutylene as an improver for gasoline octane number. It can also be used as a refrigerant. 【Pentane】Molecular formula C5H12 Molecular weight: 72.146. There are three isomers: n-pentane, isopentane and neopentane. [n-Pentane] has the simplified structural formula CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3. Colorless flammable liquid, melting point -129.7℃, boiling point 36.1℃. Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, soluble in hydrocarbons and ether. Methylbutane. Colorless flammable liquid. The melting point is -159.6℃ and the boiling point is 27.9℃. Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, soluble in hydrocarbons and ether. Colorless gas or volatile liquid. Melting point -20℃, boiling point 9.5℃. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol. Pentane is found in oil and natural gas and is the main component of gasoline. n-pentane is isomerized in the presence of aluminum chloride and hydrogen chloride to produce isopentane, which can be dehydrogenated to produce isoprene, which is an important raw material for organic synthesis. 【Heptane】Molecular formula C7H16. molecular weight: 100.2, there are nine isomers. N-Heptane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 is a colorless flammable liquid that vibrates violently when it burns and explodes in the cylinder. Its octane number is assumed to be zero, and its mixture with isooctane (octane number is assumed to be 100) is often used as a standard for determining the octane number of gasoline. 【Octane】Molecular formula C8H18, molecular weight, 114.22. There are eighteen isomers. Among them, isooctane is the most important. [Isooctane] is also known as 2.2.4-trimethylpentane. Simplified structure: Colorless flammable liquid. It has good shock resistance when burned in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine and is an excellent engine fuel. Its octane number is assumed to be 100, and its mixture with n-heptane (octane number is assumed to be zero) is often used as the standard for determining the octane number of gasoline. [2,2,3-Trimethylbutane] is an isomer of heptane. Colorless flammable liquid, its simplified structure: Melting point -24.96℃, boiling point 81.0℃. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol. Extremely high in shock resistance, better than many high-octane components and even better than isooctane. Used as a component of high-octane aviation fuel. [Cyclopropane] Molecular formula C3H6, molecular weight 42.08, colorless flammable gas with the smell of petroleum ether. Melting point -126.6℃, boiling point -33℃. It weighs 1.879 grams per liter under standard conditions. It can be liquefied at 192 to 588 kPa (4 to 6 atmospheres). Slightly soluble in water, easily soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. It forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 2.4 to 10.3% (volume). It is unstable in nature and easily becomes an open-chain compound, which is easily absorbed by concentrated sulfuric acid. During hydrogenation, it opens the chain to produce propane, and reacts with bromine to open the chain to produce 1,3-dibromopropane. Cyclopropane can be used in organic synthesis and in medicine * * agent. It can be prepared by the interaction between 1,3-dibromopropane or 1,3-dichloropropane and sodium or zinc. 【Cyclobutane】Molecular formula C4H8, molecular weight 56.10, colorless gas, with flame when burning. The melting point is -80℃ and the boiling point is 11℃. Liquefaction point -15℃. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol and propylene glycol. Used as cellulose ether solvent. Cyclobutane can be prepared by hydrogenating cyclobutene by heating and using nickel as a catalyst, decarboxylating cyclobutane carboxylic acid, or reacting 1.4-dibromobutane with metallic zinc in an alcohol solution. [Cyclopentane] has a molecular formula of C5H10 and a molecular weight of 70.13. It is present in some fractions of petroleum cracking by-products. Colorless flowing liquid, it is the most stable cycloalkane. Melting point -94.4℃, boiling point 49.3℃. Insoluble in water, miscible with ethanol, ether and other hydrocarbons. It can be obtained by hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene or reduction of cyclopentadiene by the Clemensen method. 【Cyclohexane】Molecular formula C6H12, molecular weight 84.16, colorless fluid liquid with gasoline smell. Found in some petroleum products. The melting point is 6.47°C and the boiling point is 80.7°C. It is volatile and flammable. Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air. The explosion limit is 1.3-8.4%. It is insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, propylene glycol, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride. Cyclohexane exists in two conformations, "chair" and "boat" (as shown on the right). It is widely used as a solvent in the coating industry and is also a good solvent for resins, fats, and paraffin oils. More importantly, cyclohexane can be oxidized to form cyclohexanol, * * and adipic acid as raw materials for producing nylon-6 or nylon-66. Cyclohexane can be recovered from petroleum fractions or produced by catalytic hydrogenation of benzene. [Ethylene] Molecular formula C2H4, molecular weight 28.05, is the simplest alkene. The simple structural formula CH2=CH2 exists in ripe fruits, coke oven gas and thermal cracked petroleum gas. It is a colorless gas with a sweet aroma. Melting point -169.4℃, boiling point -103.9℃. The critical temperature is 9.6°C, the critical pressure is 4968.6 kPa (50.7 atmospheres), it is slightly soluble in water, soluble in ether, propylene glycol, benzene, etc. It forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 3.02 to 34%. The molecule contains unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds, so it can undergo addition reactions with hydrogen, halogen, hydrogen halide, water, etc., and can also undergo addition polymerization reactions under certain conditions. Industrially used to make ethanol, acetaldehyde, rubber, plastics, synthetic fibers, ethylene oxide, etc. It can be made from cracked petroleum gas or from ethanol catalytically dehydrated with alumina. 【Propylene】Molecular formula C3H6, molecular weight 42.08, simplified structural formula CH2=CH—CH3. Colorless gas with sweet taste. Melting point -185.2℃, boiling point -47.7℃. The critical temperature is 91.4~92.3℃, and the critical pressure is 4410~4468.8 kPa (45~45.6 atmospheres). Chemical Properties Activities. It forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 2.0 to 11.0% (volume). The molecule contains unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds, which can undergo addition reactions with hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, etc., and can also undergo addition polymerization reactions. Mainly used to make isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol, synthetic glycerin, synthetic resin, synthetic rubber, plastics and synthetic fibers. It is generally separated from petroleum thermal cracking and catalytic cracking gases, and is also a by-product of light oil cracking to produce ethylene. [Butene] has the molecular formula C4H8 and a molecular weight of 56.10. It has three isomers, all of which are colorless gases. Exists in coal gas and can form explosive mixtures with air. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, etc. [1-Butene] has the simplified structural formula CH3—CH2—CH=CH2. The melting point is -185.4℃ and the boiling point is -6.4℃. It can be obtained by thermally cracking petroleum, or by reacting concentrated sulfuric acid with butanol. [2-Butene] has the simplified structural formula CH3—CH=CH—CH3. The colorless gas has two isomers, cis and trans (see simplified structural formula). cis: Melting point -139.3℃, boiling point 3.72℃ ； Trans: The melting point is: -105.8℃, boiling point 0.88℃. [Isobutylene] has the simplified structural formula (CH3) 2C=CH2, also known as 2-methylpropene. Colorless gas. Melting point -139℃, boiling point -6.9℃. Insoluble in water, easily soluble in ethanol, ether, etc. It forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 1.7 to 9.0% (volume). 1-Butene and 2-butene are mainly used to produce butadiene through dehydrogenation. N-butanol and sec-butanol can also be produced respectively through hydration. Adding water to isobutylene produces tert-butyl alcohol. If oxidized, it can produce methacrolein and methacrylic acid. Isobutylene can also be used to produce butyl rubber. [1-Pentene] has the molecular formula C5H10 and a molecular weight of 70.13. It is the most important of the six isomers of pentene and has the simplified structural formula CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2. Colorless flammable liquid, melting point -138℃, boiling point 30℃. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol. It cracks into lower hydrocarbons at high temperatures. It is used in organic synthesis and dehydrogenation to produce isoprene, and can also be used as an additive for high-octane gasoline. [1,3-Butadiene] Molecular formula C4H6, molecular weight 54.09, the simplest diene with conjugated double bonds, simple structural formula CH2=CH—CH=CH2. A colorless gas with a special odor, * * sex. Easy to liquefy. Melting point -108.9℃, boiling point -4.45℃. It has active chemical properties and is prone to polymerization reactions. It forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 2.16 to 11.47% (volume). It is a raw material for manufacturing synthetic rubbers such as sodium butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, and nitrile rubber, synthetic resins, and synthetic nylon. It can be obtained from the dehydrogenation of butane and butene, or from the separation of four-carbon hydrocarbon fractions. [2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene] Molecular formula C5H8, molecular weight 68.11, also known as isoprene, simple structural formula. Colorless irritating liquid. Melting point -120℃, boiling point 34℃. Insoluble in water, soluble in benzene, easily soluble in ethanol and ether. The molecule contains conjugated double bonds and is prone to polymerization reactions. Oxidation and polymerization are prone to occur during storage, and a small amount of stabilizers such as hydroquinone are often added. Mainly used to prepare styrene-butadiene rubber and cis-polyisoprene rubber. It can be produced from high-temperature thermally cracked petroleum gas, or from the dehydrogenation of isopentane and isopentene, or from the condensation of acetylene and propylene. Ethylbenzene] Molecular formula C8H10, molecular weight 106.16. Simplified structure. Colorless liquid. Flammable. The boiling point is 136°C and the freezing point is -49°C. Density (20℃) 0.8672 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, benzene, ether, carbon tetrachloride and other organic solvents. Can dehydrogenate to produce styrene. used in the production of styrene and * * It is also a raw material for the pharmaceutical industry. It can be separated from the reformed petroleum carbon eight fraction, or produced by the reaction of benzene and ethylene. 【Xylene】Molecular formula C8H10, molecular weight 106.16. It is generally a mixture of three isomers (o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene), also known as mixed xylene. separable. Industrial xylene also contains toluene and ethylbenzene. colorless. Volatile, aromatic, toxic liquid. Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. Density (20/4℃) 0.8969 g/cm. 139.3℃. Density (17/4℃) 0.867 g/cm3. Boiling point 138.5℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.861 g/cm3. It is produced by fractionating the light oil part of coal tar or catalytically reformed light gasoline. It can also be obtained by disproportionation of toluene. 【Cumene】Molecular formula C9H12, molecular weight 120.19. Also known as cumene. Colorless liquid with aromatic odor. Melting point -96℃, boiling point 152~153℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.862 g/cm3. It forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 1 to 8% (volume). Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, benzene, ether and carbon tetrachloride. It can be decomposed into phenol and propylene under the action of strong inorganic acids. After dehydrogenation, α can be generated- * * Ethylene, therefore can be used to produce phenol and propylene, α- * * Ethylene, and cumene peroxide, etc. It can also be used as an additive to increase the octane number of engine fuels. It can be obtained by alkylation of benzene with propylene in the presence of a catalyst. [Styrene] Molecular formula C8H8, molecular weight 104.14. The simplified structural formula is -33℃ and the boiling point is 146℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.9O59 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, propylene and carbon disulfide, etc. It is easy to polymerize in the air and can also be copolymerized with other monomers. Hydrogenation and halogenation reactions can occur. It is an important chemical raw material and is mainly used to prepare plastics, resins, synthetic rubber, etc. It is produced by catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene, or by extractive distillation of the C8 fraction of cracked tar. 【Vinyltoluene】Molecular formula C9H10, molecular weight 118.7, its isomers are: Commercial vinyltoluene is a mixture of para- and meta-isomers, with a melting point of -82.5°C and a boiling point of 171.45°C. The density is 0.8970 g/cm3. It is easy to polymerize and can also be copolymerized with other monomers. Often used to replace styrene. Mainly used to prepare resins, plastics, rubber and coatings, etc. It can be produced by hydrocarbonizing toluene with ethylene to form a mixture of three isomers of ethyltoluene, then separating the ortho-isomers and then dehydrogenating it. It is the simplest fused ring compound, a colorless flaky crystal that is easy to sublimate and has a special smell. The melting point is 80.2℃ and the boiling point is 217.9℃. Density (20/4℃) 1.162 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, toluene, chloroform, carbon disulfide, etc. It can burn with weak smoke and lots of smoke when burning. Under appropriate conditions, substitution reactions can occur, such as nitration, sulfonation, halogenation and other reactions, and addition reactions with chlorine, hydrogen, etc. can also occur. Phthalic acid can be generated after oxidation. Mainly used in the preparation of phthalic anhydride, naphthol, polyester, resin, dyes, pesticides and pharmaceutical intermediates. It can be separated from the medium oil part and carbolic acid part of coal tar. It can also be separated from the cracked tar carbon+ fraction or diesel fraction. 【Stilbene】Molecular formula C14H12, molecular weight 130.24. The scientific name is 1.2-stilbene. Colorless crystals. There are two isomers, trans and cis. Stilbene usually refers to the trans form, and the cis form is called isostilbene. Trans: The melting point is 124℃ and the boiling point is 806~307℃. Density (0/4°C solid) 1.164 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, soluble in ether and benzene. Isostilbene is a yellow oily liquid. The melting point is 1℃ and the boiling point is 145℃ (1732.9 Pa - 13mmHg). Stilbene derivatives are intermediates between dyes and fluorescent whitening agents. Stilbene can be produced by the reaction of benzyl magnesium bromide and benzaldehyde. It can be converted into isostilbene when exposed to ultraviolet light. 【Biphenyl】Molecular formula D12H10, molecular weight 154.20. The simplified structural formula is 254.25℃. Density (20/4℃) 1.041 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. It is the most stable organic compound. Its properties are like benzene, but more stable than benzene. It can undergo chlorination, nitration, sulfonation and other reactions, and can also undergo hydrogenation reactions. Can be used in organic synthesis, as heat exchange agent, etc. It can be produced from benzene by thermal cracking and dehydrogenation. 【Acnaphthene】Molecular formula C12H10 Molecular weight 154.20. Simplified structure. Colorless needle-shaped crystals. The melting point is 95°C and the boiling point is 279°C. Density (94/4℃) is 1.0242 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, soluble in chloroform, benzene, toluene, anhydrous acetic acid and petroleum ether. It can be used as an intermediate for dyes, or in the manufacture of plastics, pesticides and fungicides. Can be separated from coal tar ； It may be generated when naphthalene and ethylene pass through a red-hot pipe, or it may be produced by the reaction of naphthalene and acetylene. [Indene] Molecular formula C9H10, molecular weight 118.17. Simplified structure. Colorless liquid. Found in coal tar. Melting point -51.4℃, boiling point 176.5℃, relative density (20/4℃) 0.9639 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. Chemically active, easy to polymerize. Mainly used to prepare resin. It can be prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of indene. Or prepared from o-bromomethyl-2-bromoethylbenzene as raw material. 【Anthracene】Molecular formula C14H10. Molecular weight 178.22. Simplified structure. Monoclinic flake crystal, sublimable. Pure product is colorless with purple fluorescence. The melting point is 218°C, the boiling point is 342°C, and the density (27/4°C) is 1.25 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ether, soluble in ethanol, benzene, chloroform, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, etc. Mainly used to prepare anthraquinone and dyes. It can be separated from the anthracene oil part of coal tar. 【Phenanthrene】Molecular formula C14H10 Molecular weight 178.22. Simplified structure. An isomer of anthracene, a colorless and fluorescent crystal. Found in coal tar. The melting point is 100~101℃, the boiling point is 340℃, and the density (25/4℃) is 1.179 g/cm3. Can sublimate in vacuum. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, anhydrous acetic acid, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, etc. The solution has blue fluorescence. Used in the manufacture of dyes and pesticides, etc., and as smoke-free * * stabilizer. Can be separated from coal tar anthracene oil. 【Methanol】Molecular formula CHO, molecular weight 32.04. The simplified structural formula is CH3OH. Also known as wood alcohol or wood essence. It is the simplest saturated monohydric alcohol. Colorless flammable liquid. Volatile. poisonous! Melting point -97.8℃, boiling point 64.6℃, density (20/4℃) 0.7915g/cm3. It is miscible with most organic solvents such as water, ethanol, ether, and benzene. Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 6.0 to 36.5% (volume). Generates blue flame when burning. Susceptible to oxidative dehydrogenation to formaldehyde. Mainly used for the preparation of formaldehyde, spray paint, varnish and pesticides. It is also used as an extraction agent for organic matter and a denaturant for alcohol. It can also be mixed with gasoline and used as fuel for cars and airplanes. It was first produced by dry distillation of wood. It is synthesized from a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide through a catalyst under high temperature and pressure. Methanol can cause blindness. 【Ethanol】Molecular formula C2H6O, molecular weight 46.07. The simplified structural formula is CH3CH2OH. Commonly known as alcohol. Colorless liquid, easily volatile, with a special smell and easy to burn. Melting point -114.1℃, boiling point 78.5℃, density (20/4℃) 0.789 g/cm3, miscible with water and many organic solvents. Hygroscopic. It forms an azeotropic mixture with water, with an azeotropic point of 78.10°C. Only 95.57% ethanol can be obtained by distillation, and it also contains 4.43% water. Ethanol can dissolve many organic and inorganic substances and is a widely used solvent. It can burn and is a commonly used fuel. Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 3.5 to 18.0% (volume). Used for making dyes, coatings, drugs, synthetic rubber, detergents, etc. The traditional method for industrial ethanol production is fermentation, that is, fermenting grain to make wine. The disadvantage is that it consumes a lot of food. Now we use ethylene from petroleum cracked gas as raw material, absorb it with concentrated sulfuric acid at 100℃, and then hydrolyze it. Or use phosphoric acid as a catalyst to pass excess water vapor into ethylene and react with water at 300°C and under pressure. 【Propanol】Molecular formula C3H8O, molecular weight 60.09. There are two isomers: n-propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. [n-Propanol] has the simplified structural formula CH3CH2CH2OH. Colorless transparent liquid with the smell of ethanol. Melting point -127°C, boiling point 97.19°C, density (20/4°C) 0.8036 g/cm3. Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 2.5 to 8.7% (volume). Mainly used as solvent. In many cases it can replace ethanol with a lower boiling point. Propanal is synthesized from ethylene through carbonyl and then reduced to obtain n-propanol, which can also be separated from the oxidation solution of lower alkanes. [Isopropyl alcohol] Structural formula. Colorless transparent liquid. Has the smell of ethanol. Melting point -88℃, boiling point 82.5℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.7851 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol, ether, etc. Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 3.8 to 10.2% (volume). It can form an azeotropic mixture with water. Mainly used to prepare propylene glycol, diisopropyl ether, isopropyl acetate and thymol, etc. Propylene separated from thermally cracked petroleum gas is absorbed with concentrated sulfuric acid and then hydrolyzed to produce it. Or use acidic cationic resin and silicotungstic acid homogeneous catalyst to hydrate propylene to produce isopropyl alcohol. [n-Butanol] Molecular formula C4H10O, molecular weight 74.12. The simplified structural formula is CH3CH2CH2CH2OH. Colorless liquid with the smell of ethanol. The vapor is irritating and can cause coughing. Melting point -90℃, boiling point 117~118℃. Relative density (20/4℃) 0.8098 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 3.7 to 10.2%. Mainly used in the synthesis of butyl acetate and resin, etc., and used as a solvent. Industrially, it is obtained by catalytic oxidation of petroleum cracked gas, or by fermentation of starch-containing substances (such as grain) to generate n-butanol and propylene glycol, which are then obtained by fractionation. [Isobutanol] Molecular formula C4H10O, molecular weight 74.12. Simple structure, colorless and transparent liquid with special smell. Melting point -108℃, boiling point 107℃. Density 0.806 g/cm3 (15℃). Soluble in water, ethanol and ether. Its vapor forms explosive mixtures with air. Used in the production of plasticizers, antioxidants, fruit essential oils, artificial musk and medicines. Found in fusel oil. It is a by-product during the synthesis of methanol and can also be obtained by reducing isobutyraldehyde. 【n-pentanol】Molecular formula C5H12O, molecular weight 88.15. Also known as n-pentyl alcohol. The simplified structural formula is CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH. Colorless transparent liquid. Has a special smell. Freezing point -79°C, boiling point 137.8°C, density (25/4°C) 0.8110 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, miscible with ethanol and ether. Its vapor forms explosive mixtures with air. It can be used as a solvent and as a raw material in the manufacture of several drugs. It is produced by chlorination and hydrolysis of n-pentane. [Isoamyl alcohol] Molecular formula C5H12O, molecular weight 88.15. Also known as primary isoamyl alcohol. Structurally simplified unpleasant odor. The vapors are toxic. Melting point -117℃, boiling point 132℃. Density (15/4℃) 0.813 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, miscible with ethanol and ether. Used as a solvent and floating agent for non-ferrous metal minerals, and also used in pharmaceuticals and photographic drugs. It is produced by fractionation of mixed alcohol or fusel oil generated after chlorination and hydrolysis of pentane. [Neopentyl alcohol] Molecular formula C5H12O, molecular weight 88.15. The simplified structural formula is a volatile crystal. Has the smell of peppermint oil. Melting point 53℃. Boiling point 114℃, density (20/4℃) 0.812g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, miscible with ethanol and ether. Fusel oil is distilled. Or it can be obtained by chlorination and then hydrolysis of pentane. 【Cyclohexanol】Molecular formula C6H12O, molecular weight 100.16. Simple structural formula: colorless crystal or liquid. Smells of camphor and fusel oil. The melting point is 25.2°C, the boiling point is 161°C, and the density (20/4°C) is 0.9624 g/cm3. Hygroscopic. Easy to burn. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, carbon disulfide, ethyl acetate and turpentine. Used as solvent and emulsifier. It can also be used to make adipic acid, plasticizers, detergents, etc. It can be obtained by hydrogenation of phenol under the condition of nickel as catalyst, or by catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane. 【Ethylene glycol】Molecular formula C2H6O2. The molecular weight is 62.07, and the structural formula is HO—CH2—CH2—OH. Commonly known as glycol. Colorless viscous liquid with sweet taste. The freezing point is -13°C, the boiling point is 197.6°C, the density (20/4°C) is 1.1135 g/cm3, and it has strong hygroscopicity. Equally miscible with water, ethanol and propylene. Can greatly reduce the freezing point of water. Often used as antifreeze in cars and airplanes. Used to make resins, synthetic fibers (refined), plasticizers, * * and cosmetics, etc. It can be produced by hydration of ethylene oxide, hydrolysis of chloroethanol or hydrolysis of 1,2-dichloroethane. [Glycerol] Molecular formula C3H8O3, molecular weight 92.09, simplified structural formula 17.8°C. Boiling point 290℃, density (20/4℃) 1.2613 g/cm3. Very hygroscopic. It is miscible with water and ethanol in any proportion, slightly soluble in ether, and insoluble in benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, etc. Diglycerol, polyglycerol, etc. can be generated when water is lost. It may explode when reacting with oxidizing agents (such as chromium oxide, potassium permanganate, potassium chlorate, etc.). Glyceraldehyde, glyceric acid, etc. can be generated during oxidation ； Propylene glycol is produced during reduction. It generates acrolein by heat with sulfuric acid, and can undergo reactions such as nitration and acetylation. Used in the manufacture of nitroglycerin. Alkyd resin and ester glue, etc. It is used as antifreeze in liquid fuels for automobiles and aircraft, as a plasticizer for cellophane, and as a hygroscopic agent for cosmetics, leather, tobacco, textiles, etc. Glyceryl trinitrate produced by the reaction of glycerin and nitric acid is highly explosive. * * , is also a first-aid medicine for the treatment of angina pectoris. Produced by hydrolysis of oils and fats as a by-product of the production of stearic acid and soap ； It can also be obtained by hydrolysis of starch. Industrially it can also be obtained by hydrating propylene. [Benzyl alcohol] Molecular formula C7H8O, molecular weight 108.13, also known as benzyl alcohol. The simplified structure density (20/4℃) is 1.04535 g/cm3, and the refractive index is 1.5392 (20℃). Slightly soluble in water, soluble in absolute ethanol, ether, benzene and chloroform. If left in the air for a long time, it can be oxidized to benzaldehyde. Used in the preparation of floral oils and medicines, and as solvents and fixatives in the fragrance industry. it has a weak * * function, so it can be used locally during injection * * agent. It can be obtained from benzaldehyde through catalytic reduction, or from benzyl chloride through hydrolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, etc. [Phenylethanol] Molecular formula C8H10O Molecular weight 122.16. Also known as 2-phenylethanol. Colorless viscous liquid. Slightly rose scent. Melting point -27℃, boiling point 219~221℃, density (15/4℃) 1.0235g/cm3. Refractive index 1.5310～1.5330 (20℃). Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether and glycerin. It is widely used in the preparation of rose-type and other types of fragrances. Used in making cosmetics and soaps. It can be obtained by adding styrene and hydrogen chloride and then hydrolyzing it. ； It can also be obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of phenylacetaldehyde. [Phenol] Molecular formula C6H6O Molecular weight 94.11. The simplified structure is commonly known as carbolic acid, which is a colorless crystal with a special odor. poisonous! Corrosive. Turns pink in the air. The melting point of pure phenol is 40.85°C and the boiling point is 182°C. Density (25/4℃) 1.071 g/cm3. Long-term use as a surgical disinfectant. Nowadays, the disinfection ability of various disinfectants is compared based on phenol, which is called the phenol coefficient. At room temperature, phenol is slightly soluble in water, and is miscible with water above 65°C. Easily soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, glycerol, carbon disulfide, etc. Insoluble in petroleum ether. Phenol has extremely weak acidity, which is weaker than carbonic acid, and can react with alkali to form sodium phenolate. Its aqueous solution reacts with ferric chloride solution to turn purple. Condensation with aldehydes compounds produces phenolic resin, which can be nitrated with nitric acid to produce 2,4,6-tris * * * Phenol (picric acid). Carboxylation with carbon dioxide produces salicylic acid. It is also widely used in making dyes, synthetic resins, plastics, synthetic fibers and pesticides. It can be obtained from coal tar by fractionation, by benzenesulfonic acid alkali fusion method, or by hydrolysis of chlorobenzene. Cumen is now industrially produced by air oxidation and then hydrolysis. 【Cresol】Molecular formula C7H8O, molecular weight 108.13. Also known as cresol. Usually cresol is a mixture of three isomers. Colorless or yellow-brown liquid. Soluble in large amounts of water, soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, petroleum ether and glycerol. Extracted from coal tar. 【m-Cresol】Simple structural formula. It is the most abundant of the three isomers of cresol. Colorless liquid. The melting point is 11~12℃, the boiling point is 202℃, and the density (20/4℃) is 1.034g/cm3. Soluble in 40 times water, miscible with ethanol, ether and chloroform. Mainly used as disinfectant, fumigant and photographic development. Also used to make resins and spices. [O-cresol] is the second isomer of cresol. Simple structure, low melting point crystal, melting point 30℃, boiling point 191~192℃, density (20/4℃) 1.047g/cm3. Soluble in 40 times water, miscible with ethanol, ether and chloroform. Mainly used as solvents, disinfectants and raw materials for resin production. [P-cresol] is the third isomer of cresol. Simplified structure. crystal. The melting point is 35.5℃ and the boiling point is 201.8℃. Density (20/4℃) 1.0341 g/cm3. Can evaporate with water vapor. Used in the production of resins and as plasticizers, etc. 【Hydroquinone】Molecular formula C6H6O2, molecular weight 110.11. The boiling point of the simplified structure is 286.2℃, and the density (20/4℃) is 1.358 g/cm3. Easily soluble in hot water, ethanol and ether, slightly soluble in benzene. When the temperature is slightly lower than its melting point, it can sublimate without decomposing. Its aqueous solution is easily oxidized in the air and turns brown, so it should be sealed and stored away from light. It can be used as a photographic reducing agent and developer, as well as in the preparation of dyes and drugs. It can be obtained by oxidizing aniline to p-benzoquinone and then reducing it. Or obtained by oxidation of phenol. 【Catechol】Molecular formula C6H6O2, molecular weight 110.11. The boiling point of the simplified structure is 245.5℃, and the density (15℃) is 1.371 g/cm3. Can be sublimated. Soluble in water, ethanol, ether and chloroform, etc. Slightly soluble in benzene. It changes color in the air and under light and has an astringent smell. It is a strong reducing agent. poisonous. It is used as an astringent and used in pharmaceuticals, dyes, etc. It is produced by hydrolysis of o-chlorophenol in caustic soda solution, or by hydrolysis of o-dichlorobenzene under high pressure and catalyst. It can also be obtained by reduction of guaiacol. 【Resorcin】Molecular formula C6H6O2, molecular weight 110.11. The structure is simple and simple. Colorless crystals. It turns red under the influence of light and moist air. Melting point 109~111℃, boiling point 280~281℃, density (15℃) 1.285g/cm3. Easily soluble in water, ethanol and ether. Slightly soluble in benzene. Used to make dyes, drugs, plastics, synthetic fibers, etc. It is prepared from isophthalic acid by alkali melting method. 【Phloroglucinol】Molecular formula C6H6O, molecular weight 126.11. The simplified structural formula is also called phloroglucinol or 1,3,5-phloroglucinol, and its common name is phloroglucinol. White body. There is a sweet taste. Darkens in color when exposed to light. Crystallization in aqueous solutions often contains two molecules of crystal water. Melting point 218℃. Soluble in ethanol, ether and pyridine, soluble in alkaline solution. Slightly soluble in water. Can sublimate and decompose. Used for making dyes, drugs, resins, and as a color developer for printing drawings, etc. It is prepared from resorcinol by alkali fusion method or using trinitrotoluene as raw material. 【Pyrogallol】Molecular formula C6H6O, molecular weight 126.11. Simplified structure. Commonly known as pyrogallic acid or pyrogallol. The scientific name is 1,2,3-phloroglucinol. White crystal. Color deepens in air and light. poisonous. The melting point is 131~133℃, the boiling point is 309℃, and the density (4/4℃) is 1.453 g/cm3. It can sublimate without decomposing when heated gradually. Easily soluble in water, ethanol, ether, slightly soluble in benzene and chloroform. Used in the manufacture of azo dyes, xanthene dyes, anthraquinone dyes, etc., and used as developers, wool mordants, and leather colorants. It can be obtained by heating gallic acid to lose carbon dioxide. 【α-Naphthol】Molecular formula C10H8O, molecular weight 144.16. Also known as 1-naphthol. White prismatic crystal. The crystal color becomes darker after exposure to light. Must be stored away from light. Melting point 96°C, boiling point 288°C - 101325 Pa (260mmHg) density (98.7/4°C) 1.0954 g/cm3. Can sublime and evaporate with water vapor. Slightly soluble in water, easily soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, and chloroform, soluble in sodium hydroxide solution, and reacts with ferric chloride solution to form a purple precipitate. It is used in the synthesis of dyes and their intermediates, as well as in the synthesis of spices and other organic synthesis industries. It is prepared by melting 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid and sodium hydroxide. 【β-Naphthol】Molecular formula C10H8O, molecular weight 144.16. Also known as 2-naphthol. White or slightly yellow flaky crystals. The color will darken if left in the air for a long time. It has the smell of phenol, melting point is 121~123℃, and boiling point is 285~286℃. Can evaporate with water vapor. Its aqueous solution reacts with ferric chloride solution and turns green. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, glycerin, soluble in sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. Mainly used for synthetic dyes, drugs, fungicides, rubber antioxidants, etc. It is prepared by melting 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid and sodium hydroxide. [Methyl formate] Molecular formula C2H4O2 Molecular weight 60.05. Colorless liquid, volatile, with pleasant odor. Melting point -99℃. Boiling point 31.5℃, density (20/4℃) 0.9742g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol and ether. Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 6.0 to 20.0% (volume). It can be used as a solvent for cellulose acetate, insecticides, fungicides, etc. It can be obtained by reacting methanol with sodium formate and hydrochloric acid. [Ethyl formate] Molecular formula C3H6O2 Molecular weight 74.08. Colorless liquid, easily volatile, with fruity aroma. Melting point -81℃, boiling point 54.3℃. Density (25/4℃) 0.9236 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, miscible with ethanol and ether. It is easy to burn, and its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 3.5 to 16.5% (volume). It is mainly used as a solvent for nitrocellulose and acetate cellulose, and can also be used as a fumigant, larvicidal agent, etc. It can be produced by the reaction of formic acid and ethanol under the catalysis of sulfuric acid, and then obtained by distillation. [Methyl acetate] Molecular formula C3H6O2 Molecular weight 74.08. Colorless liquid, easily volatile, with fruity aroma. Melting point -98°C, boiling point 56.9°C, density (20/4°C) 0.9342 g/cm3. Soluble in water, miscible with ethanol, ether, chloroform, etc. Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 4.1 to 14% (volume). It is mainly used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate and many resins, and is used in spray paint and artificial leather. It can be made by co-heating acetic acid and methanol under the catalysis of sulfuric acid. 【Ethyl acetate】Molecular formula C4H8O2, molecular weight 88.10. Colorless liquid, easily volatile, with fruity aroma. Melting point -83.6℃, ​​boiling point 77.1℃, density (20/4℃) 0.9005g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform and benzene. It is easy to burn, and its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 2.2 to 11.2% (volume). It is easily hydrolyzed and is mainly used as a solvent for varnish, artificial leather, nitrocellulose, chlorinated rubber, and vinyl resins. It is also used to prepare dyes, drugs, and spices. It can be produced by heating acetic acid and ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid and then distilling it. [n-Butyl acetate] Molecular formula C6H12O2 Molecular weight 116.16. Also known as n-butyl acetate, colorless liquid with fragrance, melting point -77℃, boiling point 126.3℃, density (18/4℃) 0.8824g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether and benzene. Its vapor forms explosive mixtures with air. It is mainly used as a solvent for varnish, artificial leather, plastics, etc., and is also used in the perfume industry. It is co-thermally generated from acetic acid and n-butanol in the presence of sulfuric acid and then distilled. [Isobutyl acetate] Molecular formula C6H12O2, molecular weight 116.16. Also known as isobutyl acetate. Colorless liquid, boiling point 112℃, density (20/4℃) 0.870 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, miscible with ethanol and ether. Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 2.4 to 10.5% (volume). It is mainly used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, a thinner for spray paint, and for making spray paint, artificial leather, etc. It is produced by co-heating acetic acid and isobutanol in the presence of sulfuric acid and then distilling it. 【Amyl acetate】Molecular formula C7H14O2, molecular weight 130.18. Colorless liquid, fragrant, melting point -70°C, boiling point 148°C (98.24 kPa - 737mmHg), density (20/4°C) 0.8708 g/cm3. Refractive index (21°C) 1.400. Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, carbon disulfide and benzene. Flammable. Used as a solvent and thinner for spray paint, also used in fragrances, cosmetics, wood adhesives, artificial leather, textile processing, film, * * wait. It can be produced by the esterification reaction of acetic acid, amyl alcohol and sulfuric acid under heating conditions. [Isoamyl acetate] Molecular formula C7H14O2, molecular weight 130.18, colorless liquid, with the smell of banana and pear. Melting point -78.5℃, boiling point 142℃, density (15/4℃) 0.876g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, miscible with ethanol, ether, ethyl acetate, etc. Mainly used as fruit flavor, spray paint, varnish, neoprene rubber, smokeless * * Solvents such as ； It is also used in the dyeing and processing of textiles and can be produced by the esterification reaction of acetic acid and isoamyl alcohol. [Vinyl acetate] Molecular formula C4H6O2, molecular weight 86.09. Also known as vinyl acetate. Colorless flammable liquid with pungent odor. Melting point -100.2℃, boiling point 72~73℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.9312 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, ether and benzene. Polymerization reaction can occur. Mainly used to produce vinyl resin, synthetic fibers, rubber, paint, adhesives, etc. It can be produced by the direct reaction of acetylene and acetic acid in the presence of a catalyst. 【Methyl salicylate】Molecular formula C8H8O3, molecular weight 152.14. Common name: wintergreen oil. Colorless liquid with fragrance. Melting point -8.6℃, boiling point 223.3℃. Density (20/4℃) 1.1738 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether. Easily changes color in air. It is commonly used as a flavoring in beverages, toothpaste, and cosmetics, and is also used to prepare analgesics, insecticides, inks, polishes, etc. It can be produced by the esterification reaction of salicylic acid and methanol in the presence of sulfuric acid, or by distilling holly leaves. 【2,4,6-trinitrotoluene】Molecular formula C7H5N3O6, molecular weight 227.11. Commonly known as TNT * T). Yellow monoclinic crystal. The melting point is 80.1℃, and the density (20/4℃) is 1.654 g/cm3. It is the most important military * * , the explosion is powerful. Good chemical stability and does not react with metals. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether. Can be used alone or with other * * Mixed and used as raw materials for making dyes and photographic medicines. It can be obtained by mixing toluene with concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid through nitration reaction. 【2,4,6-three * * * Phenol] Molecular formula C6H3N3O7, molecular weight 229.08. Commonly known as picric acid. Light yellow crystal. It tastes bitter and poisonous. Melting point 122℃, density (20/4℃) 1.763 g/cm3. It is not easy to absorb moisture, is difficult to dissolve in cold water, is more soluble in hot water, and is soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform and benzene. yes * * One of the earliest potent drugs used in the world * * . It explodes when heated rapidly or on impact, and can easily form more explosive picrates with a variety of heavy metals. It should be stored in a cool place and away from fire sources. Although its explosive power is higher than T * T is strong, but unsafe when used. It can form insoluble crystal salts with various organic alkaline substances and is often used for the isolation and purification of organic bases. Picric acid is an acidic dye that can be used to make other dyes and photographic drugs, and is used medicinally as a surgical astringent. There are many preparation methods. You can sulfonate phenol and then treat it with nitric acid. ； Shozo * * * Oxidation ； or will * * * Chlorinated benzene is produced by hydrolysis and nitration. [Methylamine] Molecular formula, CH5N, simplified structural formula CH3—NH2, molecular weight 31.06, colorless gas with the smell of ammonia. Melting point -93.5℃, boiling point -6.3℃, density (-11/4℃) 0.699 g/cm3. Easily soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether. It is flammable and forms explosive mixtures with air. It is more alkaline than ammonia and can form water-soluble salts with inorganic acids. Methylamine and its hydrochloride are reagents used to introduce methylamino groups in organic synthesis. Used in the synthesis of vulcanization accelerators, drugs, dyes and * * wait. Methylamine is also a tanning agent. Can be synthesized from methanol and ammonia under high temperature, high pressure and catalyst ； It can also be produced by heating formaldehyde and ammonium chloride to 300°C under the action of zinc chloride. [Ethylamine] Molecular formula C2H7N, simplified structural formula CH3—CH2—NH2, molecular weight 45.08, also known as ethylamine. Colorless liquid, highly volatile, with an ammonia odor. Melting point -80.6℃, boiling point 16.6℃, density (15/15℃) 0.6892 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol and ether. It is alkaline and reacts with inorganic acids to form salts that are easily soluble in water. Used to prepare dyes, surfactants, and also used as extraction agents. It is produced by the reaction of ethyl chloride and ammonia in ethanol solution, or by the reduction of acetonitrile. 【Ethylenediamine】Molecular formula C2H8N2, molecular weight 60.08. Colorless viscous liquid. There is an ammonia smell. Boiling point 117.1℃, melting point 8.5℃, density (20/4℃) 0.8994 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol, insoluble in ether and benzene. Can evaporate with steam. It is alkaline and can absorb carbon dioxide in the air and react with inorganic acids to form salts that are soluble in water. Used to prepare dyes. Rubber vulcanization accelerator, medicine, also used as solvent for protein protein, fiber protein, etc. ； It is a raw material for making the pesticide desinzine and can be used to replace highly toxic cyanide in the electroplating industry. It can also be used to prepare EDTA, a complexing agent for metal ions commonly used in chemical analysis. It is produced by the interaction between ammonia and dichloroethane or dibromoethane. [Dimethylamine] Molecular formula C2H7N, (CH3)2NH, molecular weight 45.08. It is a gas at room temperature and smells like ammonia. Melting point -96℃, boiling point 7.4℃. Density (0/4℃) 0.680 g/cm3. Easily soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether. Easy to burn. It is weakly alkaline and forms salts easily soluble in water with inorganic acids. Used to prepare drugs, dyes, pesticides and rubber vulcanization accelerators. It is produced by the action of ammonia and methanol in the presence of high temperature, high pressure and catalyst. 【Diphenylamine】Molecular formula C12H11N, (C6H5)2NH, molecular weight 169.21. Colorless crystals, easily turn yellow in the air. The melting point is 53~54℃ and the boiling point is 302℃. Density (20/20℃) 1.160 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, carbon disulfide and glacial acetic acid. It is weakly alkaline and can form salts with strong acids. It can also precipitate diphenylamine when diluted with water. Used to prepare azo dyes and other dyes, and also used as a stabilizer for nitrocellulose. It is produced by the condensation of aniline hydrochloride and aniline under high temperature and pressure. [Vanillin] Molecular formula C8H8O3, molecular weight 152.14, scientific name 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, also known as vanillin, also known as citronellal. It is the aroma component of vanilla beans. Found in beets, vanilla beans, benzoin gum, balsam of Peru, tolu balsam, etc. It is an important spice. White needle crystal. The melting point is 80~81℃ and the boiling point is 285℃. The density is 1.056 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in cold water, soluble in hot water, soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide, glacial acetic acid, etc. Its aqueous solution turns blue-purple when exposed to ferric chloride. Used as a fixative, coordinator and modifier, widely used in cosmetic flavors ； It is also a flavor enhancer for beverages and food. It can be extracted from citronella oil or prepared by acetylation and oxidation of isoeugenol. [Furfural] Molecular formula C5H4O2, molecular weight 96.08. Also known as furan formaldehyde. Colorless oily liquid with special fragrance. Under the action of light, heat, air oxidation and inorganic acids, the color quickly changes to yellowish brown, and it is also prone to polymerization and becomes resinous. Melting point -36.5℃, boiling point 161.8℃. Density (20/4℃) is 1.1598 g/cm3. Soluble in water and can be steam distilled. Easily soluble in ethanol and ether. Its vapor is easily explosive when mixed with air, and the explosion limit is 2.1% (volume). Furfural is a commonly used solvent in refining petroleum. It is an important raw material for synthetic resins, electrical insulation materials, nylon, coatings, etc. It is also a raw material and reagent for preparing drugs and various organic synthesis. It is also an excellent solvent with a wide range of uses. and used as a preservative. It can be obtained by hydrolysis, dehydration and distillation of pentose sugar and dilute acid. Industrially, corn cobs, barley husks, sorghum stalks, etc. are used as raw materials and are produced through hydrolysis. [Trichloroacetaldehyde] Molecular formula C2HCl3O, molecular weight 147.38. Colorless oily liquid with pungent odor. Melting point -57℃, boiling point 97.7℃. Density (20/4℃) 1.5121 g/cm3. Easily absorbs water to form solid hydrates. Soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, etc. Mainly used in the production of pharmaceutical and agricultural pesticides, such as DDT, trichlorfon, etc. It can be obtained by reacting ethanol or acetaldehyde with chlorine. [Bingtong] Molecular formula C3H6O molecular weight 58.08. Also known as Erjiatong. Colorless liquid, easily volatile, with slightly fragrant odor. It is the simplest saturated version. Melting point -94.6℃, boiling point 56.5℃, density (20/4℃) 0.7898 g/cm3, refractive index (20℃) 1.3591. Miscible with water, methanol, ethanol, ether, chloroform, etc. Can dissolve oil, fat, resin and rubber, etc. Its vapor can form explosive mixtures with air, with an explosion limit of 2.55 to 12.80% (volume). The chemical properties are relatively active and can undergo halogenation, addition, condensation and other reactions. It is an important raw material for manufacturing acetic anhydride, dipropyl alcohol, epoxy resin, isoprene rubber, methyl methacrylate, etc. in smoke-free * * , celluloid, cellulose acetate, spray paint and other industries as a solvent. Used as an extractant in the oil industry. Industrially, it can be produced by grain fermentation. Propylene is hydrated into isopropanol, and then produced through catalytic oxidation. ； Produced by wood distillation ； Cumene is produced by air oxidation and then hydrolysis. 【Ding Tong】Molecular formula C4H8O, molecular weight 72.10. Also known as A and B. Colorless liquid with the same odor as acetone and flammable. Melting point -86.4℃, boiling point 79.6℃, density (20/4℃) 0.8061 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol, ether, oil and other organic solvents. It can form a constant boiling point mixture with water (containing 88.7% butyl alcohol, boiling point 73.4°C). Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 2.0 to 12.0% (volume). Mainly used as solvent, such as solvent for nitrocellulose, vinyl resin, paint, etc. ； It is also used as a dewaxing agent for lubricating oils. It is an important raw material for organic synthesis. Can be produced from 2-butanol through catalytic dehydrogenation or selective oxidation ； It can also be obtained by oxidation of butene in the presence of palladium catalyst. 【Ding Ertong】Molecular formula C4H6O2, molecular weight 86.09. Also known as diacetyl or 2,3-butane, it is a yellow oily liquid with a benzoquinone odor, and a dilute solution has a cream odor. It is present in fennel oil and cream. Melting point -3~-4℃, boiling point 88~91℃, density (15/15℃) 0.990 g/cm3, soluble in water, miscible with ethanol and ether. Can be reduced to form butanediol. It reacts with two molecules of hydroxylamine to form butanedioxime, which is an important reagent for identifying nickel ions. It is mainly used as a flavoring agent for cream, margarine, cheese and candy, and a hardening agent for gelatin. It can be obtained by passing vinyl acetylene into a mercury sulfate solution and then treating it with hydrochloric acid through hydrolysis. [acetylacetonate] Molecular formula C5H8O2, molecular weight 100.11, also known as 2,4-pentanedimethyl. Colorless liquid, flammable, with an ester odor. Melting point -23.5℃, boiling point 140.5℃, density (20/20℃) 0.9753 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol, ether, chloroform, benzene, propylene glycol, glacial acetic acid, etc. Easily decomposed by water into acetic acid and acetic acid. It can form metal-organic compounds with metals and be used as additives for gasoline and lubricating oils. ； It can also form chelates with copper, aluminum and some rare earth metal ions, making it an important analytical reagent. Can be used as insecticides, fungicides, and paints. Desiccant for varnishes, etc., solvent for cellulose acetate, and also used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Can be prepared by condensation of ethyl acetate and propylene ； It can also be formed by the action of acetic anhydride and propylene in the presence of boron trifluoride. 【 * * 】Molecular formula C6H10O, molecular weight 98.14. Colorless liquid with the same odor as acetone. The vapors are toxic. Melting point -16.4℃, boiling point 155.7℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.9478 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether and other organic solvents. Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air and has various chemical properties. * * After oxidation, it can generate adipic acid, which is the raw material for preparing nylon-66. Used to make resins, and also used as solvents and diluents. Prepared by catalytic dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol or catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane. 【Phenethyl acetate】Molecular formula C8H8O Molecular weight: 120.14. Also known as acetylbenzene, commonly known as amnesia. Colorless crystals or light yellow oily liquid. It smells like hawthorn. The melting point is 20.5°C, the boiling point is 202.3°C, and the density (20/4°C) is 1.0281 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water and easily soluble in a variety of organic solvents. Can evaporate with steam and can generate benzoic acid when oxidized ； Ethylbenzene can be generated during reduction, and ethylcyclohexane can be generated during complete hydrogenation. It is used to make soaps and cigarettes, and is also used as a solvent for cellulose esters and resins and as a plasticizer in the production of plastics industry. It can be obtained by the reaction of benzene and acetic anhydride, or by the oxidation of ethylbenzene, or by the Fourier reaction of acetyl chloride and benzene in the presence of aluminum trichloride. [Same as ethylene] Molecular formula C2H2O, simplified structural formula CH2=C=O, molecular weight 42.04, colorless gas, strong irritating odor, toxic. Melting point -150℃, boiling point -56℃. Easily soluble in acetone, ethanol, slightly soluble in ether, aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons. The chemical properties are very active and can react with all compounds containing active hydrogen. For example, it reacts with alcohol to form ester, reacts with amine to form amide, reacts with water to form acetic acid, and reacts with acetic acid to form acetic anhydride. It is easy to aggregate by itself and difficult to preserve. It is mainly used as an acetylating agent to prepare acetic anhydride and ethyl acetate, and can convert higher carboxylic acids into acid anhydrides. It can be obtained by thermal cracking method with propylene, or by thermal cracking method with acetic anhydride. 【Anthraquinone】Molecular formula C14H8O2, molecular weight 208.20, light yellow crystal. The melting point is 286°C, the boiling point is 377°C, and the density (20/4°C) is 1.438 g/cm3. Can be sublimated. Easily soluble in hot benzene and hot toluene, insoluble in cold benzene, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, ether and chloroform. Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid. Not easily oxidized and can undergo nitrification. Sulfonation and bromination reactions. Mainly used in dye production, it is the main raw material for mordant dyes, acid dyes and vat dyes. Also used as oxygen conductor for cotton fabric printing. Can be synthesized from phthalic anhydride and benzene ； Or it can be obtained by oxidation of anthracene with potassium dichromate and dilute sulfuric acid. [Benzoquinone] Molecular formula C6H4O2, molecular weight 108.09, also known as p-benzoquinone, referred to as quinone. It is the most important kind of quinones. Yellow crystals with a special pungent odor. The melting point is 115.7℃, and the density (20/4℃) is 1.318 g/cm3. Can be sublimated. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether, and can evaporate with water vapor. It can react with bromine to form dibromide or tetrabromide. Addition reactions can also occur with conjugated dienes. Hydroquinone can be generated during reduction. Used to prepare hydroquinone, dyes, tanning leather, photographic chemicals, etc. Prepared by oxidation of aniline. [Formic acid] Molecular formula CH2O2, molecular weight 46.03, commonly known as formic acid. It is the simplest carboxylic acid of quinone. Colorless liquid with pungent odor. The melting point is 8.4°C, the boiling point is 100.5°C, and the density (20/4°C) is 1.220 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol, ether, etc. It is highly acidic, corrosive and can irritate the skin. It is reducing and can be easily oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Used to prepare formates and formate esters, and also used as disinfectants and preservatives. It can be produced by oxidation of methane, or by reacting carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide under high temperature and pressure to form formate, which can then be decomposed with sulfuric acid. 【Acetic acid】Molecular formula C2H4O2 Molecular weight: 60.05. Commonly known as acetic acid. Colorless liquid with pungent odor. The melting point is 16.7°C, the boiling point is 118°C, and the density (20/4°C) is 1.049 g/cm3. Miscible with water, ethanol, ether, glycerol, carbon tetrachloride, etc. Insoluble in carbon disulfide. Anhydrous acetic acid can solidify into ice-like crystals at low temperatures, so it is commonly known as glacial acetic acid. Ordinary acetic acid contains 36% pure acetic acid, which is corrosive to the skin and highly irritating to the eyes. It is used to produce various acetates, acetic anhydride, plastics, plasticizers and drugs, etc. It is also used to make cellulose acetate and is used as a solvent for rubber, plastics and dyes. It can be produced by the oxidation of ethanol or acetaldehyde, or by the reaction of methanol and carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst. 【Propionic acid】Molecular formula C3H6O2, molecular weight 74.08. Colorless liquid with pungent odor. Melting point -21.5℃. Boiling point 141.1℃, density (20/4℃) 0.992 g/cm3. It is miscible with water and forms a constant boiling point (99.98°C, containing 17.7% propionic acid) solution with water. It can also form a constant boiling point solution with toluene. Soluble in ethanol, ether and chloroform. It can be used to prepare propionate flavorings and is used as a solvent and plasticizer for nitrocellulose. It can be produced by the oxidation of propionaldehyde or propanol, or by the reaction of ethanol and carbon monoxide using boron trifluoride as a catalyst. ； Or it is made by reacting ethylene, carbon monoxide and water vapor at high temperature, certain pressure and phosphoric acid as catalyst. 【Butyric acid】Molecular formula C4H8O2, molecular weight 88.10. Commonly known as butyric acid. It is a fermentation product of cheese and exists in the form of glycerides in milk. Colorless oily liquid with odor. Melting point -7.9°C, boiling point 163.5°C, density (20/4°C) 0.9587 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol, ether, etc. Used in pharmaceuticals and fruit flavors. Fruit flavors are spice ingredients for liqueurs, sodas, candies, etc. ； Also used in the tanning of leather. It can be prepared by suitable fermentation of sugar or by oxidation of butanol or butyraldehyde. ； It can also be produced by catalyzing n-propanol and carbon monoxide under a certain pressure with nickel tetracarbonyl and nickel iodide. 【Nor-valeric acid】Molecular formula C5H10O2, molecular weight 102.13. Colorless liquid with pungent odor. Melting point -34.5℃, boiling point 186~187℃, density (20/4℃) 0.9394g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, etc. It is used to synthesize spices, prepare drugs, and is used as a plasticizer for plastics. It can be obtained by oxidizing n-amyl alcohol. 【Nor-decanoic acid】Molecular formula C10H20O2, molecular weight 172.26. White crystals with an unpleasant odor. The melting point is 31.4℃, the boiling point is 270℃, and the density (20/4℃) is 0.8858 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform and other organic solvents, and also soluble in dilute nitric acid. Mainly used to prepare spices, fruit essences, plastic plasticizers and synthetic resins. The fatty acids that can be obtained from coconut oil can be fractionated to obtain n-decanoic acid with a purity of 90%. [Palmitic acid] Molecular formula C16H32O2 Molecular weight: 256.42. Commonly known as palmitic acid, scientific name is hexadecanoic acid, white with pearlescent scales, present in the form of glycerides in many oils and fats. The melting point is 63~64℃, the boiling point is 271.5℃ (13.3 kPa - 1000mmHg), and the density (62/4℃) is 0.853 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, soluble in hot ethanol, ether and chloroform, etc. Used to make candles, soaps, lubricants, synthetic detergents, softeners, etc. It can be obtained by hydrolysis of palm oil. [Stearic acid] Molecular formula C18H36O2, molecular weight 284.47. The scientific name is octadecanoic acid. The pure product is soft white flakes with luster. Found in beef tallow, mutton fat or other animal fats in the form of glycerides. The melting point is 70~71℃ and the boiling point is 383℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.9408 g/cm3. Industrial products can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary grades. They are mixed acids with stearic acid as the main component and palmitic acid, etc. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, propylene and benzene, easily soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulfide, etc. It can be used to make cosmetics, surfactants, rubber compounding agents, softeners, waterproofing agents, etc. It can be obtained by distillation after hydrolysis of hardened oil, tallow or mutton fat. [Oleic acid] Molecular formula C18H34O2 Molecular weight: 282.45. The scientific name is cis-9-octadecenoic acid, which is an unsaturated fatty acid containing a carbon-carbon double bond in the molecule. The carbon chains at both ends of the double bond have a cis structure. It is a colorless liquid at room temperature. Long-term exposure to air will turn yellow to brown and smell. The melting point is 13.2°C and the boiling point is 286°C (13.3 kPa - 100mmHg). Density (20/4℃) 0.8905 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, benzene, etc. When treated with nitrogen oxides, mercury nitrate, sulfurous acid, etc., it can be converted into trans-oleic acid, and catalytic hydrogenation can produce stearic acid. ； Oxidation of oleic acid can produce azelaic acid and azelaic acid. Oleic acid is a good solvent for other oils, fatty acids, etc. It can be used to prepare soap, lubricants, flotation agents, ointments and oleates, etc. It can be obtained by hydrolyzing oil and then separating it. 【Linoleic acid】Molecular formula C18H32O2, molecular weight 280.44. The scientific name is cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid. An unsaturated fatty acid containing two carbon-carbon double bonds in the molecule. It exists in many vegetable oils in the form of glycerides, such as cottonseed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil and linseed oil. Colorless oily liquid. Melting point -5.27~-5℃, boiling point 228℃ (1866.2 Pa - 14mmHg) density (20/4℃) 0.9025g/cm3. Insoluble in water, soluble in many organic solvents. When treated with selenium at 200°C or with nitrogen oxides, cis-linoleic acid changes to trans-linoleic acid. During catalytic hydrogenation, it first changes into oleic acid and 12-octadecenoic acid, and then further changes into stearic acid. It is used industrially to make soaps, paints, varnishes, emulsifiers, etc., and medicinally to treat arteriosclerosis and hyperlipidemia. It is obtained by hydrolysis and fractionation of linseed oil. 【Acrylic acid】Molecular formula C3H4O2, molecular weight 72.06. Colorless liquid with pungent odor, corrosiveness and strong acidity. Soluble in water, ethanol and ether, and also soluble in benzene, propylene glycol, chloroform, etc. The melting point is 13.5°C, the boiling point is 140.9°C, and the density (20/4°C) is 1.0611 g/cm3. Chemically active. It is easy to polymerize in the air and can be reduced to propionic acid by hydrogenation. Addition with hydrogen chloride generates 2-chloropropionic acid. Used in the preparation of acrylic resins and other organic synthesis. It is produced by the oxidation of acrolein or the hydrolysis of acrylonitrile. It can also be produced from carbon monoxide, acetylene and water under the action of nickel catalyst. 【Oxalic acid】Molecular formula C2H2O4, molecular weight 90.04. Commonly known as oxalic acid. It is the simplest dicarboxylic acid. Found in plants such as wood sorrel, sorrel and rhubarb. Usually exists in the form of dihydrate. poisonous. The melting point of its dihydrate is 101~102℃, and the density (19/4℃) is 1.653 g/cm3. The anhydrous melting point is 189.5°C, the density (17/4°C) is 1.90 g/cm3, and it sublimates at about 157°C. Acidic, K1=5.36×10-2, K2=5.3×10-5. Soluble in water, ethanol and ether, it can be used as an analytical reagent, and can be used for printing and dyeing cotton, bleaching straw and leather, refining rare metals, and removing rust and ink stains from clothes. It can be made by melting sawdust as raw material and sodium hydroxide to form sodium oxalate ； Or it can be obtained by controlled oxidation of ethylene glycol ； Carbon monoxide can also be produced by heating a concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide solution or mixing sodium formate with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate. 【Monic acid】Molecular formula C3H4O4, molecular weight 104.06 white crystal. The melting point is 136.5°C and the density is 1.63 g/cm3. Easily soluble in water, ethanol, ether, etc. Can sublimate in vacuum. Decomposes at boiling point. Used in the preparation of barbiturates and other drugs. It can be produced by hydrolysis of cyanoacetic acid. 【Succinic acid】Molecular formula C4H6O4. Molecular weight 118.09 is commonly known as succinic acid. Colorless crystals with sour smell. Melting point 185~187℃, boiling point 235℃ (decomposition) density (25/4℃) 1.572 g/cm3. Soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, and insoluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, petroleum ether, etc. It is mainly used to prepare pentaheterocyclic compounds such as succinic anhydride and is used medicinally as an antispasmodic agent, expectorant, diuretic and barbituric acid detoxifier. ； Can be used to prepare alkyd resins, spray paints, dyes, etc. ； It is also an important organic reagent. It can be obtained by hydrogenation of maleic acid or fumaric acid or oxidation of tartaric acid. [Adipic acid] Molecular formula C6H10O4, molecular weight 146.14. Commonly known as fat acid. White crystalline powder. The melting point is 152℃ and the boiling point is 337.5℃. Density (20/4℃) 1.366 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in hot water, easily soluble in methanol, ethanol and ether. Can be sublimated. It can be condensed with diamine to form polyamide, which is an important raw material for manufacturing nylon-66. ； It can also be used as plasticizer and lubricant. It can be obtained by hydrogenating phenol to cyclohexanol and then oxidizing it with nitric acid. ； It can also be obtained by hydrolysis of hexamethylenediamine ； Or oxidize with potassium dichromate or potassium permanganate (acidic solution) * * preparation. [Maleic acid] Molecular formula C4H4O2, molecular weight 116.07. The scientific name is cis-butenedioic acid, also known as dehydrated malic acid. White powder. The melting point of crystals obtained from aqueous solution is 138-139°C, and the melting point of crystals obtained from ethanol and benzene is 130-131°C. When heated above the melting point, it is converted from cis to fumaric acid. Density (20/20°C) 1.590 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol, glacial acetic acid and propylene glycol, slightly soluble in ether, insoluble in benzene. for synthetic resin ； In the printing and dyeing industry, it is used for dyeing and refining cotton fabrics, wool fabrics and silk fabrics. ； It can also be used to prepare maleate. In the presence of vanadium pentoxide, benzene can be oxidized to produce butenedicanhydride, which can then be reacted with water to obtain maleic acid. 【Fumaric acid】Molecular formula C4H4O4, molecular weight 116.07. The scientific name is fumaric acid, also known as fumaric acid. It was originally obtained from Corydalis Corydalis, so it is commonly known as fumaric acid. White needle-like crystals. The melting point is 287°C and the density is 1.625 g/cm3. Sublimates when heated to 200°C under normal pressure. At a higher temperature or by co-heating phosphorus pentoxide and fumaric acid, it can decompose into butenedic anhydride and water. Insoluble in cold water, more soluble in hot water, soluble in ethanol, slightly soluble in ether, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, etc. Can be used as antioxidant and mordant for the preparation of resins. Industrially it can be produced by fermentation of glucose. [Glycolic acid] Molecular formula C2H4O3, molecular weight 76.05. Also known as hydroxyacetic acid. The simplest alkyd. Colorless and easily deliquescent crystals. Found in beet juice, sugar cane juice and immature grape juice. The melting point is 79~80℃ and the boiling point is 100℃. Density (25/4℃) 1.49 g/cm3. Soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, ether, propylene and ethyl acetate, etc. The molecule contains carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, has the properties of carboxylic acid and alcohol, and can be made into salts, esters, amides, ethers and acetals. Used as a dyeing auxiliary for wool and textiles, used in leather and metal processing and in the manufacture of adhesives, etc. Can be produced by hydrolysis of monochloroacetic acid or oxidation of ethylene glycol ； It can also be produced by heating a mixture of carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, water and acetic acid to 160-170°C under a certain pressure with sulfuric acid catalysis. 【Lactic acid】Molecular formula C3H6O3, molecular weight 90.08. Also known as 2-hydroxypropionic acid. There is an asymmetric carbon atom in the molecule, so it is optically active. The simplified structural formula [L-lactic acid] [L (-)] is soluble in water, ethanol, ether, propylene glycol, glycerin, etc. It can be separated from racemic lactic acid or produced by fermentation of glucose. [Dextral lactic acid] [D(+)] exists in small amounts in the blood and muscle fluids of humans and animals and is an important intermediate in glucose metabolism in the human body. Can be isolated from racemic lactic acid. 【Racemic lactic acid】[DL] white crystal. The melting point is 16.8°C and the boiling point in vivo is 122°C (1998 Pa - 15mmHg). Soluble in water, ethanol, slightly soluble in ether, insoluble in chloroform. Benzene and petroleum ether, etc. It exists in yogurt, so it is called lactic acid. Used in food, leather, pharmaceutical and other industries ； Used as mordant for wool dyeing, plasticizer for plastics, etc. It can be produced by fermentation of starch, milk, glucose, etc. [Citric acid] Molecular formula C6H8O7, molecular weight 192.12. The scientific name is 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid. Also known as citric acid. It is widely distributed in plants, such as lemon, gooseberry, raspberry, and grape juice. There are two forms: One is a monohydrate. Colorless translucent crystal, melts at about 100°C, density (18/4°C) 1.542 g/cm3, can lose water in dry air, and is a strong organic acid. The other is anhydrous. Colorless translucent crystal, melting point 153°C, density 1.665 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol and ether. It is widely used in the food industry, such as soft drinks, candy, etc., and is also used as a metal cleaner. Mordant, etc. ； Also used to prepare medicines. It can be extracted from plant raw materials or prepared from aqueous sugar solution through fermentation. [Salicylic acid] Molecular formula C7H6O3, molecular weight 138.12. Also known as o-hydroxybenzoic acid. White needle-like crystals or monoclinic crystals. The melting point is 159°C, the boiling point is 221°C (2666 Pa - 20mmHg), and the density (20/4°C) is 1.443 g/cm3. Sublimates when heated to 76°C. Slightly soluble in cold water, easily soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform and hot water. It has antipyretic and analgesic effects, but is highly toxic. Can be used as a food preservative. Dye intermediates. Disinfectants, formulating salicylic acid ointments and manufacturing aspirin. It can be obtained by reacting sodium phenolate with carbon dioxide under pressure and then acidifying it. [[Benzoic acid] Molecular formula C7H6O2, molecular weight 122.12. It was originally made from benzoin gum, so it is called benzoic acid. The melting point is 122.4℃, the boiling point is 249.2℃, and the density (15/4℃) is 1.2659 g/cm3. White crystal. Sublimates at 100°C. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, benzene, carbon disulfide and turpentine. It decomposes into benzene and carbon dioxide when heated to 370°C. Mainly used to prepare sodium benzoate preservative, and used to synthesize drugs and dyes ； It is also used to make plasticizers, mordants, fungicides and spices. Produced by direct oxidation of toluene in the presence of manganese dioxide ； Or it can be prepared by decarboxylating phthalic anhydride with water vapor. 【Phenylacetic acid】Molecular formula C8H8O2, molecular weight 136.14. Also known as phenylacetic acid. White powder. The melting point is 76.5℃ and the boiling point is 265.5℃. Density (20/4℃) 1.228 g/cm3, slightly soluble in cold water, easily soluble in hot water, soluble in ethanol, ether, and also soluble in sodium carbonate and ammonia solutions. It can be oxidized to benzoic acid, and can also be oxidized to benzaldehyde, formic acid and carbon dioxide by manganese dioxide and dilute sulfuric acid. Substitution reactions such as nitration and halogenation can occur. It can be used to prepare spices. Adding phenylacetic acid to the fermentation broth of penicillin can increase the yield of penicillin G. It can be obtained by reacting benzyl chloride and potassium cyanide to obtain phenylacetonitrile, and then hydrolyzing it with sodium hydroxide solution. [Cinnamic acid] Molecular formula C9H8O2, molecular weight 148.15. Also known as β-phenyl acrylic acid. There are two isomers, cis and trans. Usually trans. Colorless needle-shaped crystals. The melting point is 133°C, the boiling point is 300°C, and the density is 1.245 g/cm3. Insoluble in cold water, soluble in hot water, ethanol, ether, propylene glycol and glacial acetic acid. It decarboxylates to styrene when heated and benzoic acid when oxidized. Cinnamic acid is found in tolu balsam and styrax balsam. Cinnamic acid is mainly used in the preparation of esters ； Preparation of lilac flavor ； Used medicinally as an anthelmintic. It can be obtained by reacting benzaldehyde and sodium acetate in the presence of dehydrating agent acetic anhydride. 【Phthalic acid】Molecular formula C8H6O4, molecular weight 166.13. Colorless crystals. The melting point is 206°C (decomposition) and the density (20/4°C) is 1.593 g/cm3. When rapidly heated to 230°C, it melts and decomposes into water and phthalic anhydride. Slightly soluble in water and ether, soluble in methanol and ethanol, insoluble in chloroform and benzene. Used to prepare dyes, polyester resin, polyester, drugs and plasticizers, etc. It can be obtained by hydrolysis of phthalic anhydride, or by oxidation of o-xylene or o-toluic acid. 【Terephthalic acid】Molecular formula C8H6O4 Molecular weight 166.13. White crystal. Sublimates at approximately 300°C. Slightly soluble in water, slightly soluble in hot ethanol, insoluble in ether. Glacial acetic acid and chloroform. Used in the manufacture of synthetic resins. Synthetic fibers and plasticizers, etc. Can be produced from paraxylene by oxidation ； Or produced by hydrolysis of terephthalonitrile. [Para-aminobenzoic acid] Molecular formula C7H7NO2 Molecular weight 137.13. Colorless needle-shaped crystals. The melting point is 187~188℃. Turns yellow under the influence of light and air. Slightly soluble in cold water, easily soluble in hot water, ethanol, ether, ethyl acetate, etc., but insoluble in petroleum ether. Can be used to make * * agents, azo dyes and drugs, etc. can be determined by * * * Produced by reduction of formic acid. 【Benzenesulfonic acid】Molecular formula C6H6O3S Molecular weight 158.17. Colorless needle or flake crystals. Benzenesulfonic acid containing 1.5 molecules of crystal water is easy to deliquesce, and its melting point is 43~44°C. The melting point of anhydrous material is 50~51℃. It is a strong acid, almost as acidic as sulfuric acid, and often turns into sodium salt during separation and storage. It will decompose when heated. It is easily soluble in water and ethanol, slightly soluble in benzene, and insoluble in ether and carbon disulfide. Mixed with sodium hydroxide, heated and melted to produce phenol, also used to produce resorcinol ； Used as a catalyst in esterification reactions and dehydration reactions. It can be prepared by the sulfonation reaction of benzene and fuming sulfuric acid. [Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid] Molecular formula C10H16N2O8 Molecular weight: 292.24. Commonly known as ethodic acid, abbreviated as EDTA, white crystal. Decomposes at 240°C. Slightly soluble in water, insoluble in general organic solvents. Neutralizes with alkali metal bases to form salts. It is an important complexing agent, used to complex metal ions and separate metals, and is also used as an analytical reagent for certain metal ions. In addition, it is also used as detergent, shampoo, agricultural spray, etc. ； Its sodium and calcium salts are also used as detoxifiers. It is produced by the condensation of ethylenediamine and monochloroacetic acid in an alkaline solution, or by the action of ethylenediamine, sodium cyanide and formaldehyde. [Trichloroacetic acid] Molecular formula C2HCl3O2 Molecular weight 163.38. White crystal, easily deliquescent and corrosive. The melting point is 57~58℃, the boiling point is 196~197℃, and the density (61/4℃) is 1.629 g/cm3. It is easily soluble in water, ethanol and ether, and decomposes into chloroform and carbonate when reacted with strong alkali. Its aqueous solution is strongly acidic and is mainly used in organic synthesis (such as drugs). It can be used as a calcium remover and fixative when using microscopes. It is obtained by chlorination of acetic acid in the presence of sunlight or a catalyst, or by oxidation of hydrated trichloroacetaldehyde. Bisphenol A] molecular formula C15H16O2 molecular weight 228.28. Scientific name: 2.2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)propane. Flake crystal. The melting point is 150~155℃, and the boiling point is 220℃-533.2 Pa (4mmHg). Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, propylene glycol, and soluble in alkaline solution. It is an important chemical reagent and is used on a large scale in industry to synthesize engineering plastics such as epoxy resin, polycarbonate and polysulfone. 【Chloroethanol】Molecular formula C2HE5ClO, molecular weight 80.52. Colorless liquid, toxic. HO—CH2—CH2—Cl. Freezing point -67℃, boiling point 128~130℃, density (20/4℃) 1.197g/cm3, miscible with water, ethanol, etc., slightly soluble in hydrocarbons. It can be used as a solvent to produce pesticides, ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide and acrylonitrile. It can be made by the interaction of ethylene and hypochlorous acid. [Dichloromethane] Molecular formula CH2Cl2 Molecular weight 84.94. Also known as armor * Dichlorine. Colorless volatile liquid with pungent aromatic odor. Freezing point -97℃, boiling point 39.75℃, density (20/4℃) 1.3255g/cm3. Insoluble in water, miscible with ethanol, ether, etc., reacts with caustic soda to form formaldehyde, and continues chlorination to form chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Not easy to burn. Mainly used as extraction agent for fats and oils, solvent for acetate fiber, topical * * agents, refrigerants and fire extinguishing agents, etc. It can be prepared by chlorination of methane. [Chloroform] Molecular formula CHCl3 molecular weight 119.39, also known as chloroform. Colorless, transparent and volatile liquid with a slightly sweet taste. Melting point -63.5℃, boiling point 61.2℃, density (18/4℃) 1.4916g/cm3. Not easy to burn. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, petroleum ether, etc. It is photosensitive and can be oxidized by air to generate highly toxic phosgene under light irradiation. Usually 1 to 2% ethanol is added to make phosgene and ethanol react to generate ethyl carbonate, which can eliminate the toxicity. Used as fat. Solvent for resin and rubber, used in medicine * * agent. Can be prepared by controlled chlorination of methane. It can also be made by the action of ethanol, acetaldehyde or acetal and bleaching powder in sulfuric acid. 【Iodoform】Molecular formula CHI3 Molecular weight: 393.72. The scientific name is triiodomethane. Yellow crystal or powder with special smell. The melting point is 120°C. It decomposes and releases iodine at high temperatures. Can evaporate with water vapor. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether, easily soluble in chloroform, propylene glycol and benzene. Used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. It is made by the action of ethanol or propylene and an alkali solution of iodine. It can also be prepared by electrolysis of iodide and dilute ethanol. [Carbon tetrachloride] Molecular formula CCl4 Molecular weight 153.84. Also known as tetrachloromethane. Colorless liquid with special odor. Melting point -22.8℃, boiling point 768℃. Density (20/4℃) 1.595 g/cm3. poisonous. Insoluble in water, miscible with ethanol and ether in any proportion. Does not burn. It is still stable at 500°C, but contact with water vapor at this temperature will produce phosgene. It can be used as fire extinguishing agent, spice leaching agent, fiber degreasing agent and analytical reagent. It is also used as a cleaning agent for clothes and a solvent for grease, paint, rubber, and resin. [Ethyl chloride] Molecular formula C2H5Cl, molecular weight 64.52. Also known as ethyl chloride. Colorless gas, easy to liquefy. Melting point -138.7℃. Boiling point 12.3℃. Density (15/4℃) 0.9028 g/cm3. It forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 3.6 to 14.8% (volume). Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether. Can be used as a surgical site * * Agent, used to make tetraethyl lead, ethyl fiber, etc., used as solvent for grease, resin, and wax, ethylating agent in organic synthesis, and pesticide in agriculture. It is produced by the substitution reaction of ethane and chlorine or the addition of ethylene and hydrogen chloride. [1,2-Dichloroethane] Molecular formula C2H4Cl2 Molecular weight 98.95. Also known as ethylene dichloride. Colorless or light yellow transparent liquid. Easily volatile and smells like chloroform. Highly toxic. Melting point -35.3℃, boiling point 83.5℃, density (20/4℃) 1.257g/cm3. Insoluble in water, soluble in many organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 5.8 to 15.9% (volume). It is widely used in the manufacture of vinyl chloride, as solvents for fats, waxes, rubber, etc., and as pesticides for crops and fruit trees. It can be produced by the addition of ethylene and chlorine. [1,1-Difluoroethylene] Molecular formula C2H2F2 Molecular weight 66.05. Also known as vinylidene fluoride. Colorless gas. Boiling point -84℃. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether. It is easy to polymerize and can be copolymerized with chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, etc. to form fluorine rubber. It can be obtained by thermal cracking of difluoroethane and chlorine to remove hydrogen chloride. [1,1-Dichloroethylene] Molecular formula C4H2Cl2 Molecular weight 96.94. Also known as vinylidene chloride. Colorless and volatile liquid. Melting point -122.1°C, boiling point 32°C, density (20/4°C) 1.2129 g/cm3, and its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air. It is easy to polymerize under the influence of light or catalyst. Can be copolymerized with vinyl chloride or acrylonitrile. Used to make synthetic fibers, etc. It can be produced by reacting ethylene and chlorine in the presence of carbon tetrachloride and ferric chloride. [1,2-Dibromoethane] Molecular formula C2H4Br2 Molecular weight 187.85. Also known as ethylene bromide CH2Br—CH2Br. Colorless liquid, volatile and toxic. Freezing point 9.10℃, boiling point 131℃, density (20/4℃) 2.17~2.18g/cm3, slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, acrylic and other organic solvents. It is stable in nature and is often added to gasoline at the same time as tetraethyl lead, which can turn the lead oxide produced after combustion into volatile lead bromide and be discharged from the internal combustion engine. Used as a solvent for fats, oils, resins, etc., a fungicide for grains and fruits, and a pesticide for wood. It can be obtained by the addition of ethylene and bromine. [1-Chlorobutane] has the molecular formula C4H8Cl and the simplified structural formula CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl. Molecular weight 92.56, also known as (n-butyl chloride). Colorless flammable liquid. Freezing point -123°C, boiling point 78.6°C, density (20/20°C) 0.8865 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. It is a butylation reagent when preparing butyl fiber. Can be used in other organic synthesis. It is prepared by co-heating n-butanol and liquid hydrochloric acid in the presence of anhydrous zinc chloride. 【Vinyl chloride】Molecular formula C2H3Cl. The simplified structural formula CH2=CHCl has a molecular weight of 62.49. Colorless gas, easily liquefied. Melting point -160℃, boiling point -13.9℃, density (20/4℃) 0.9121g/cm3. It forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 3.6 to 6.4% (volume). Slightly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, propylene glycol and dichloroethane. Easy to polymerize and can also be combined with butadiene, ethylene and propylene. Copolymerization of acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, acrylate, etc. Used to prepare polyvinyl chloride, used as refrigerant, etc., and also used in organic synthesis. It can be obtained by the addition of acetylene and hydrogen chloride, or by thermal cracking of dichloroethane or by the action of potassium alkoxide solution. 【Chlorobenzene】Molecular formula C6H5Cl, molecular weight 112.55. The simplified structure density (20/4℃) is 1.1064 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform and benzene. Easy to burn. Chemical properties are relatively stable. Under certain conditions, chlorine can be replaced. For example, when hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide aqueous solution under high temperature and high pressure, phenol is generated. Used to prepare phenol, aniline, DDT, picric acid, paint, etc. It can be produced by the substitution reaction of benzene and chlorine under the action of a catalyst. [Benzyl chloride] Molecular formula C7H7Cl, molecular weight 126.58 simplified structural formula. Colorless liquid with pungent odor and refractive properties. Melting point -43°C, boiling point 179.4°C, density (25/4°C) 1.100 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform and other organic solvents. Its vapor has a tear-inducing effect, can irritate the skin and respiratory tract, and evaporates together with water vapor. It easily decomposes when heated in the presence of iron. It is a raw material for manufacturing dyes, spices, drugs, and synthetic resins. Under light irradiation, chlorine gas is passed into boiling toluene, and then fractionated under reduced pressure to obtain it. [Freon] also known as chlorofluorane. It is a mixture of fluorine and chlorine derivatives of methane and ethane. It is chemically inactive, does not react with metal acids and oxidants at room temperature, and reacts slowly with alkali in the presence of water. It can be made by reacting hydrogen fluoride with carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, hexachloroethane, etc. Mainly used as refrigerant. The more commonly used ones are Freon-11, Freon-12, Freon-13, etc. 【Freon-11】Molecular formula CCl3F, molecular weight 137.38, scientific name monofluorotrichloromethane. Melting point -111℃, boiling point 23.7℃, density (20/4℃) 1.487 g/cm3. It smells of ether and does not burn. 【Freon-12】Molecular formula CC12F2, molecular weight 120.92, scientific name difluorodichloromethane. Melting point -158℃, boiling point -29.8℃. Density (20/4℃) 1.328 g/cm3. Colorless and odorless gas, non-irritating and non-corrosive. 【Freon-13】Molecular formula CClF3, molecular weight 104.46. The scientific name is trifluorochloromethane. Melting point -182℃, boiling point -82℃, density (-130℃) 1.703g/cm3. Colorless gas. 【Freon-14】Molecular formula CF4, molecular weight 88.01. The scientific name is tetrafluoromethane or carbon tetrafluoride. Melting point -191℃, boiling point -128℃, density (-130℃) 1.62g/cm3, colorless and odorless gas. Stable to heat and chemical properties. 【Freon-114】Molecular formula C2Cl2F4, molecular weight 170.93. The scientific name is 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-1,2-dichloroethane. The simplified structural formula is CClF2—CClF2. Melting point -94°C, boiling point 3.55°C, density (20/4°C) 1.470 g/cm3. Colorless and odorless gas. Non-irritating, non-corrosive and non-flammable. 【Methyl ether】Molecular formula C2H6O, molecular weight 46.07. Also known as dimethyl ether. The simple structural formula is CH3—O—CH3, colorless flammable gas or compressed liquid. It has the smell of ether, melting point -138.5℃, boiling point -24.5℃. Soluble in water and ethanol. Used as solvent, refrigerant, etc. It can be obtained by dehydration of methanol. 【Ether】Molecular formula C4H10O, molecular weight 74.12. Also known as diethyl ether, the structural formula is C2H5—O—C2H5. Colorless transparent liquid with special smell. Extremely volatile and flammable. Melting point -116.2℃, boiling point 34.5℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.7135 g/cm3. Hardly soluble in water, easily soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and chloroform. Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 1.85 to 36.5%. It easily absorbs oxygen to generate peroxide, which is a highly explosive polymer. In order to prevent or reduce the generation of peroxide, a small amount of antioxidant is often added to ether. Dissolves fats, fatty acids and most resins and is used as a solvent and surgical agent * * agent. Industrially, it is produced by dehydrating ethanol using alumina as a catalyst at 300°C. [Vinyl methyl ether] Molecular formula C3H6O, molecular weight 58.07, also known as vinyl methyl ether CH2=CH—O—CH3. Colorless liquid, easy to liquefy. Melting point -121.6℃, boiling point 6.0℃. Density (20/20℃) 0.75 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether. It is easy to polymerize, so polymerization inhibitors are often added to the finished product. Vinyl methyl ether and other monomers are copolymerized to synthesize coatings, plasticizers, and improvers for polystyrene resins. It can be produced by the vinylation reaction of acetylene and methanol under the action of potassium hydroxide. [Vinyl ether] Molecular formula C4H8O, molecular weight 72.10, colorless liquid, flammable, simple structural formula CH2=CH—O—CH2—CH3. Melting point -115℃, boiling point 35.5℃, density (20/4℃) 0.7589 g/cm3. Chemically active. Very easy to aggregate. It can be used as comonomer and raw material for organic synthesis. It can be produced by the reaction of acetylene and ethanol under the action of potassium hydroxide and pressure. [Vinyl ether] Molecular formula C4H6O, simplified structural formula CH2=CH—O—CH=CH2, molecular weight 70.09, colorless liquid, easily volatile and flammable. Boiling point 28.4℃, density (20/4℃) 0.773 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, miscible with organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, propylene glycol, and chloroform. It is unstable and should be kept away from sunlight. Mainly used for * * agent. It can be obtained by reacting dichloroethyl ether with caustic soda. [Ethylene glycol-diethyl ether] Molecular formula C4H10O2 Molecular weight 90.12. Commonly known as fibrinolytic agent. The simplified structural formula is CH3—CH2—O—CH2—CH2—OH. Also known as β-hydroxyethyl ether. Colorless liquid. Virtually odorless. Melting point -70℃, boiling point 135.1℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.9297 g/cm3. It has the dual properties of alcohol and ether. Can dissolve a variety of oils, resins, etc. It is widely used as a good solvent for nitrocellulose and resin, as a raw material and diluent for spray paint, and as a paint remover and material cleaning agent. Produced by the reaction of ethylene oxide and ethanol. [Ethylene glycol-methyl ether] molecular formula C3H8O2, simplified structural formula: CH3—O—CH2—CH2—OH, molecular weight 76.09, commonly known as methyl cellosolve colorless liquid. Has a pleasant smell. Boiling point 124.6℃, density (20/4℃) 0.9647 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, etc. Chemical properties are relatively stable. It is used as a solvent for nitrocellulose and resin, as well as a plasticizer and a dispersant for pesticides. Produced by the reaction of ethylene oxide and methanol. [Ethylene glycol-phenyl ether] C8H10O2, molecular weight 138.16, simplified structure and aromatic smell. Boiling point 240~248℃, density (20/20℃) 1.1094g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water. Chemical properties are relatively stable. Used as a solvent for cellulose acetate, resins, dyes and inks. It is also used in the synthesis of plasticizers, fungicides, spices and drugs. It is formed by the condensation of ethylene oxide and phenol. [Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether] Molecular formula C4H10O2, simple structural formula CH3—O—CH2—CH2—O—CH3, molecular weight 90.12, commonly known as dimethyl cellosolve. Colorless liquid. Slight ether smell. Melting point -69°C, boiling point 85.2°C, density (20/4°C) 0.8664 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol, ether and chloroform. Chemically stable, it can be used as a solvent for nitrocellulose and resin. It is prepared by the reaction of ethylene glycol-methyl ether and dimethyl sulfate. Molecular weight 170.20. Also known as diphenyl ether or phenyl ether. Colorless crystals with the smell of crabapple. The melting point is 28°C, the boiling point is 259°C, and the density (20°C) is 1.075 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene and glacial acetic acid. Chemically stable. Insoluble in inorganic acid solution and alkali solution. Can be used as a heat transfer medium and used in the synthesis of spices. Soap making and other organic synthesis. It is produced by heating sodium phenolate with chlorobenzene or bromobenzene under the action of catalyst copper powder. Subweight 108.13, commonly known as anisole. Colorless liquid with aromatic odor. Melting point -37.4℃, boiling point 155℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.9954 g/cm3. Refractive index (20℃) 1.5179. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether. Used for the preparation of flavors and organic synthesis. It can be obtained by reacting sodium phenolate with methyl chloride. [Ethylene oxide] Molecular formula C2H4O, molecular weight 44.05, also known as ethylene oxide or oxane. It is the simplest cyclic ether. It is a colorless gas under normal temperature and pressure and is easy to burn. It is liquid below 12℃. Melting point -111°C, boiling point 13.5°C, density (20/4°C) 0.8694 g/cm3, forming an explosive mixture with air, explosion limit 3.6~78% (volume). Soluble in water, ethanol and ether. It has very active chemical properties and can undergo addition reactions with many compounds, especially ring-opening reactions with nucleophiles. Mainly used to prepare ethylene glycol, antifreeze, synthetic detergents, emulsifiers, plastics, etc. It can also be used as a fumigant in warehouses, food and textiles. Industrially, it is produced by catalytic oxidation of ethylene or the reaction of chloroethanol and calcium hydroxide. 【1,2-Epoxypropane】Molecular formula C3H6O, molecular weight 58.08. Also known as propylene oxide or methyl ethylene oxide. Colorless liquid with ether smell. Very flammable. The melting point is -112.13℃ and the boiling point is 34.23℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.859 g/cm3. Miscible with ethanol and ether. It can react with water to open the ring to generate 1.2-propanediol. Under the action of lithium phosphate catalyst, it can be isomerized into propylene alcohol. It is mainly used to prepare propylene glycol and foam plastics, and is also used as a solvent for cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate and various resins. It can be prepared by the interaction between 1-chloropropanol or 2-chloropropanol and calcium hydroxide. [Formaldehyde] Molecular formula CHO, molecular weight 30.03. Colorless gas with a strong pungent odor. Can burn. Melting point -92℃. Boiling point -19.5℃, density (-20℃) 0.815g/cm3. Easily soluble in water, the concentration of its aqueous solution can reach up to 55%. A 35-40% formaldehyde aqueous solution is called formalin, which is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor. It forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 7 to 73% (volume). Chemical properties are very active. Can react with many substances. It easily polymerizes itself and can form trimerformaldehyde and paraformaldehyde. It has strong reducing properties and can react with weak oxidants such as silver ammonia solution and newly prepared copper hydroxide to produce silver mirror and brick-red cuprous oxide. Used as pesticides and disinfectants, and also used to make phenolic resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, vinylon, dyes, drugs, reagents, etc. Its 37% aqueous solution is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. Industrially, it can be produced from methanol through catalytic dehydrogenation or methanol oxidation, or from the catalytic oxidation of the corresponding alkanes. [Acetaldehyde] Molecular formula C2H4O, molecular weight 44.05, is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor, volatile and flammable. Melting point -123.5℃, boiling point 20.2℃, density (18/4℃) 0.783 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol, ether, chloroform, etc. Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 4.0 to 57.0% (volume). Under the action of a catalyst, it is easily oxidized to generate acetic acid. In the presence of a small amount of acid, acetaldehyde is easily polymerized into paraldehyde, and paraacetaldehyde is generated at low temperatures. It can be used to prepare acetic acid, acetic anhydride, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, isooctyl alcohol, pentaerythritol, various drugs and synthetic resins. It can be produced by the oxidation of ethanol, the hydration of acetylene in the presence of a catalyst, or the oxidation of ethylene. 【Propanaldehyde】Molecular formula C3H6O, colorless liquid, flammable and has a pungent odor. Melting point -81℃, boiling point 47~49℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.807 g/cm3. Soluble in water, miscible with ethanol and ether. Under ultraviolet irradiation and heating, it decomposes into carbon dioxide and ethane. Aggregation can occur. It can be oxidized to propionic acid and can be reduced to n-propanol when reduced with hydrogen. Reacts with excess formaldehyde to produce methacrolein. It is used to prepare synthetic resins, rubber accelerators and antioxidants, etc. It can also be used as antifreeze, lubricants, dehydrating agents, etc. It can be produced from ethylene through oxo synthesis, or it can be produced by oxidizing n-propanol with dichromate, or by oxidizing n-propanol vapor through a copper catalyst at high temperature to produce propionaldehyde. 【N-Heptanal】Molecular formula C7H14O, molecular weight 114.18, simple structural formula CH3-CHO, colorless oily liquid with fruity smell. Boiling point 155℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.8495 g/cm3. Refractive index (20℃) 1.4257. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether. Used to prepare orange flavor, rose flavor, etc. It is also used to prepare a variety of medicines. Made from castor oil. 【n-octanal】molecular formula C8H16O, molecular weight 128.21, simple structural formula CH3-CHO, colorless or light yellow liquid. Found in lemongrass oil, lemon oil, orange oil and many other natural essential oils. Boiling point: 167~170°C. Density (20/4°C): 0.8211 g/cm3. Soluble in ethanol. Easily oxidized to caprylic acid. When the concentration is very dilute, it has the scent of rose and sweet orange. It is used in the food industry to produce sweet orange aroma and is also used to prepare rose flavor. It can be prepared by catalytic dehydrogenation of n-octanol or n-octanoic acid through a nickel catalyst. [glyoxal] molecular formula C2H2O2 molecular weight: 58.04. Yellow crystals or light yellow liquid. The melting point is 15°C, the boiling point is 50.4°C, and the density (20/4°C) is 1.14 g/cm3. It is a chemically extremely reactive compound that can generate formic acid when oxidized. ； Under alkaline conditions, the intramolecular Canizzaro reaction can occur. An aldehyde group is oxidized to a carboxyl group, and an aldehyde group is reduced to a hydroxyl group to generate glycolic acid. ； Glyoxylic acid can be produced during controlled oxidation. Its vapor is prone to explosion when mixed with air. Soluble in water, ethanol and ether. It is easy to polymerize into a resinous solid and can be decomposed into monomers when heated. It can also form acetals with compounds containing hydroxyl groups. It can be used as a shrink-retardant for rayon, and also as an insolubilizing agent for gelatin, animal glue, polyvinyl alcohol and starch. It can be prepared by gas phase oxidation of ethylene glycol. [Acrolein] Molecular formula C3H4O, CH2=CHCHO, molecular weight 56.06, colorless liquid, easily volatile, with a strong irritating odor, especially irritating to the eyes. Easy to burn. Melting point -87.7℃, boiling point 52.5℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.84 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol and ether. Chemical properties are more active. It polymerizes easily in the presence of light, acid or alkali. It can be oxidized to produce acrylic acid. The molecule contains a conjugated system formed by carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-oxygen double bonds, and conjugate addition reactions can occur. It is used as a raw material for synthetic resins, synthetic drugs, and can also be used in other organic synthesis. Produced by catalytic oxidation of propylene. It can be made by condensing formaldehyde and acetaldehyde into hydrated acrolein and then hydrolyzing it. It can also be made by dehydrating glycerin vapor on magnesium sulfate at 330 to 340°C. [Crotonaldehyde] Molecular formula C4H6O, molecular weight 70.09, scientific name β-methacrolein, has two isomers, cis and trans. It is an unsaturated aldehyde. It is a colorless flammable liquid, easily volatile, irritating and tear-inducing. It gradually turns light yellow when left in the air or sunlight. Melting point -76.5℃, boiling point 104.1℃. Density (16/4℃) 0.858 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, toluene and gasoline. Chemical Properties Activities. It can be oxidized to crotonic acid in the air and can be reduced to crotyl alcohol when reduced with aluminum isopropoxide. It is mainly used to produce n-butanol and n-butyraldehyde, and is used as rubber vulcanization accelerator, alcohol denaturant, fur tanning agent and flue gas warning agent. It can be produced by the condensation of two molecules of acetaldehyde in the presence of dilute acid. 【Benzaldehyde】Molecular formula C7H6O Molecular weight: 106.12. A colorless liquid with a slight bitter almond smell. Freezing point -56.5℃, boiling point 179℃, density (20/4℃) 1.046g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, miscible with ethanol, ether, chloroform and benzene, chemically unstable, gradually oxidized to benzoic acid when exposed to air, and can be reduced to benzyl alcohol. It can reduce silver ammonia solution, but does not interact with Fehling's reagent. Keep sealed and protected from light. In nature, benzaldehyde exists in bitter almonds in the form of amygdalin and can be distilled with water. It is an important chemical raw material. It is used to make cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, phenylacetaldehyde, etc., and is also a raw material for the production of spices. Industrially, it is produced by oxidation of toluene or hydrolysis of benzene dichloromethane. [Cinnamaldehyde] Molecular formula C9H8O molecular weight 132.15, also known as β-phenylacrolein. Light yellow oily liquid with fragrance. It is the main component of cinnamon oil and cinnamon oil. Melting point -7.5℃, boiling point 246℃, density (20/4℃) 1.0497 g/cm3, refractive index l.618~1.623. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform and oil. Can evaporate with water vapor. It is easily oxidized into cinnamic acid in the air. It is used to prepare soap flavors and is also used as a food flavoring agent. It can be separated from cinnamon oil, or produced by the oxidation of cinnamyl alcohol or the condensation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde. [Salicylaldehyde] Molecular formula C7H6O2, molecular weight 112.12, also known as o-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Colorless or dark red oily liquid. Has a bitter almond smell. Melting point -7℃, boiling point 196.5℃, density (20/4℃) 1.167g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether and benzene. Can evaporate with steam. It turns orange when reacting with sulfuric acid, and can form colored chelates with metal ions. It appears purple when exposed to ferric chloride solution. Can be reduced to salicyl alcohol. It is mainly used to produce coumarin, prepare violet spices, and can also be used as a fungicide. It can be prepared from phenol and chloroform in sodium hydroxide solution through the Lemmer-Tieman reaction. Introduction to the properties of organic compounds [Aniline] Molecular formula C6H7N, molecular weight 93.12. Commonly known as anillin oil. Colorless oily liquid with special smell, toxic and flammable. The color gradually becomes darker in the air or under light, and eventually turns to brown-black. Melting point -6.2℃, boiling point 184.4℃, density (20/4℃) 1.0216g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, miscible with organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, chloroform and benzene. It is alkaline and can react with acids to form salts, such as aniline hydrochloride. Amino groups can undergo acylation, halogenation, alkylation and diazotization reactions. Mainly used to prepare dyes, drugs and as rubber vulcanization accelerator. * * * It can be obtained by reduction. 【Urea】Molecular formula CH4N2O, molecular weight 60.04. Also known as urea or carbon amide. Colorless crystals. It exists in large amounts in the urine of humans and mammals and is a metabolic product of protein. The melting point is 132.7℃. It will decompose when it exceeds the melting point. Density (20/4℃) 1.335 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol and benzene, almost insoluble in ether and chloroform. Aqueous solution is neutral. Used as fertilizer in agriculture, reacting with aldehydes to produce urea-formaldehyde resin or plastics ； Used extensively in the paper industry to soften fibers ； Also used as animal feed and preparation * * . It can be made by the action of ammonia and carbon dioxide under high temperature and pressure. [ε-caprolactam] molecular formula C6H11NO, molecular weight: 113.15. Referred to as caprolactam. White crystal or crystalline powder. The melting point is 68-70°C, the boiling point is 139°C (1732.9 Pa - 13mmHg), and it feels lubricated to the touch. The industrial product has a faint tertiary amine smell, and is easily soluble in water, ethanol, ether, chloroform and benzene. Polymerization reaction easily occurs when heated. It is a raw material for preparing polycaprolactam resin, polycaprolactam fiber (nylon-6) and artificial leather. Can be synthesized using furfural or acetylene as raw materials ； It can also be * * It is prepared by Beckmann rearrangement of oxime and sulfuric acid, or by photonitrosation using cyclohexane as raw material. 【Saccharin】Molecular formula C7H5NO3S, molecular weight 183.18. Also known as o-sulfonyl benzene imide. White crystalline powder. Melting point 228.8~229.7℃, density 0.828g/cm3, slightly soluble in water, ether and chloroform, soluble in ethanol, ethyl acetate, benzene and propylene glycol. Its sodium salt is called saccharin sodium or soluble saccharin, which is easily soluble in water. The sweetness of the dilute aqueous solution is about 300 to 500 times that of sucrose. Non-toxic in small amounts, but has no nutritional value. It is used as a sweetener for making syrups, beverages, food and alcohol, and can also be used as a substitute for sugar for diabetic patients. It can be produced by the reaction of o-toluenesulfonyl chloride and ammonia to o-toluenesulfonamide, which is then oxidized. [Hydrazine] Molecular formula N2H4, simplified structural formula H2N-NH2, molecular weight 32.05, also known as hydrazine. Colorless oily liquid with a pungent odor similar to ammonia and highly toxic! Strongly corrosive to skin and mucous membranes. The melting point is 2°C, the boiling point is 113.5°C, and the density (15/4°C) is 1.011 g/cm3. It can absorb water and carbon dioxide in the air and emit smoke. Miscible with water, methanol, ethanol, etc. It forms a constant-boiling mixture with water, with a boiling point of 120.3°C. At this time, it contains 68.5% (weight) of hydrazine. Insoluble in ether, chloroform and benzene. If it contains trace amounts of air or metal ions during distillation or is irradiated with ultraviolet rays, it can cause an explosion. It burns with a purple flame. It has strong reducibility. Can corrode glass, rubber, leather, cork, etc. It is alkaline and can react with inorganic acids to form salts. Used in pharmaceuticals, such as the synthesis of semicarbazide, isoniazid, nitrofurazone, etc. Used as developer, antioxidant, reducing agent, etc., and also used in making foaming agent N ； It can also be used as jet engine fuel and rocket fuel. It can be produced by the action of sodium hydroxide, chlorine and ammonia (or urea) in an aqueous solution. It can also be produced by distillation of dehydrating agents such as hydrazine hydrate and sodium hydroxide, or by ammonolysis of hydrazine salts. 【Phenylhydrazine】Molecular formula C6H8N2, molecular weight 108.14. Light yellow crystals or oily liquid (solidifies into crystals when cooled). Turns yellow or reddish brown in the air. poisonous. The melting point is 19.5℃, the boiling point is 243.5℃ (decomposition), the density (20/4℃) is 1.0978 g/cm3, it is slightly soluble in water and alkali solution, and soluble in dilute acid. Miscible with ethanol, ether, chloroform and benzene. Can evaporate with steam. Used to prepare dyes, drugs, imaging agents, etc. ； It is an important carbonyl reagent, commonly used to identify aldehydes, homologues, sugars, etc. Can be produced by reduction of diazobenzene chloride ； Or it can be obtained by diazotizing aniline and then treating it with sodium sulfite and sodium hydroxide. 【Acetonitrile】Molecular formula CH3CN, molecular weight 41.05. Also known as methyl cyanide. Colorless liquid with aromatic odor. poisonous! Melting point -45°C, boiling point 81.6°C, density (20/4°C) 0.7828 g/cm3, miscible with water, methanol, ether, propylene glycol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, etc. It forms a mixture with water with a constant boiling point of 76°C, containing 16% water. Acetic acid is produced during hydrolysis and ethylamine is produced during reduction. Can polymerize into dimers and trimers. It is used to prepare vitamin B1 and spices, etc., as an extraction agent for fatty acids and a denaturant for alcohol, and for the synthesis of phenethyl acetate and a-naphthyl acetic acid. It can be prepared by the action of dimethyl sulfate and sodium cyanide or by acetylene and ammonia under the action of a catalyst. It is industrially prepared by dehydration of acetamide. 【Adiponitrile】Molecular formula C6H8N2, molecular weight 108.12. Colorless oily liquid with slightly sweet smell. The melting point is 1℃ and the boiling point is 295℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.962 g/cm3. Soluble in methanol, ethanol, chloroform and ether. Adipic acid is produced during hydrolysis and hexamethylenediamine is produced during reduction. It is mainly used as the intermediates adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine in making nylon, and is also used as accelerator and anti-rust agent in making rubber. It is produced by the reaction of 1,4-dichlorobutane and sodium cyanide or by the catalytic reaction of adipic acid and excess ammonia. It can also be produced by the reaction of butadiene and hydrocyanic acid. 【Acrylonitrile】Molecular formula C3H3N, molecular weight 53.05, simplified structural formula CH2=CH-CN. Colorless and easy-flowing liquid, the vapor is toxic! Melting point -83～-84℃, boiling point 77.3～77.4℃. Density (20/4℃) 0.8060 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in water, easily soluble in general organic solvents. Its vapor forms an explosive mixture with air, with an explosion limit of 3.05 to 17.0% (volume). Hydrolysis produces acrylic acid, and hydrogenation reduces it to produce propionitrile. It is easy to polymerize and can also be copolymerized with vinyl chloride and other monomers. Mainly used to prepare polyacrylonitrile, nitrile rubber and other synthetic resins. It is obtained by ammoniation and oxidation of propylene, or by the direct combination of acetylene and hydrocyanic acid. [Diazoserine] Molecular formula C5H7N3O4, molecular weight 173.11, an antibiotic. Light yellow or green crystals. Melting point: 146~162°C (decomposition), easily soluble in water, slightly soluble in methanol, ethanol, and ethanol. It has an inhibitory effect on bacteria, mold and transplanted tumors in animals and plants. It is mainly used to treat acute leukemia and certain tumors and can be taken orally. It can be extracted from the fermentation broth of actinomycetes that produce diazoserine, or it can also be synthesized by chemical methods. [Diazoaminobenzene] Molecular formula C12H11N3, molecular weight 197.21. Golden yellow shiny scaly crystals. Melting point 98~100℃. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether and benzene, etc. Explodes at 150℃. It is used as a foaming agent in the rubber and plastics industry, and can also be used as a vulcanizing agent and initiator. It can also be used in organic synthesis and dye industry. It can be prepared by the action of nitrous acid and aniline ethanol solution. 【P-aminobenzenesulfonic acid】Molecular formula C6H7O3NS, molecular weight 173.84. Also known as sulfamate. White or off-white crystals. What crystallizes out of the aqueous solution is monohydrate, which loses water when heated to 100°C. Anhydrous melts at 288°C. Slightly soluble in water, almost insoluble in ethanol, ether and benzene, easily soluble in boiling water. It has significant acidity and can be dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution or sodium carbonate solution. It is used in the production of azo dyes and organic reagents, and can also be used as a pesticide to prevent and control wheat rust. It is prepared by co-heating aniline and concentrated sulfuric acid at 180~190℃. 【Thiocarbamide】Molecular formula CH4N2S, molecular weight 76.12. White crystals with a bitter taste. Melting point 176~178℃. Density (20/4℃) 1.405 g/cm3. It is soluble in water, soluble in ethanol when heated, and slightly soluble in ether. When melted, part of it isomerizes to form ammonium thiocyanide. It can be used as a photographic fixative and to remove spots on the film. It is a raw material for manufacturing drugs, dyes, resins, compression molding powders, etc. It is also used as a vulcanization accelerator for rubber and a flotation agent for metal minerals. Calcium hydrosulfide is first produced by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and lime slurry, and then reacted with calcium cyanamide, or it is prepared by the reaction of cyanamide and hydrogen sulfide. [Glycine] Molecular formula C2H5NO2, molecular weight 75.07, scientific name is aminoacetic acid or aminoacetic acid. The simplified structural formula is H2N—CH2—COOH, white crystal or crystalline powder. There is a sweet taste. Melting point 232~236℃ (decomposition). Soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol and ether. It is the simplest amino acid that has no optical activity among the amino acids that make up proteins. The molecule contains carboxyl and amino groups and is amphoteric, capable of reacting with both bases and acids. Found in the muscles of lower animals. Nutritionally speaking, it is a non-essential amino acid for the human body. Used in the synthesis of drugs, it can be directly used to treat various muscle paralysis and anti-gastric acid agents, etc. It is also used as a buffering agent for chlortetracycline. It can be prepared by ammonolysis of monochloroacetic acid in the presence of ammonium carbonate, or it can be refined by hydrolysis of gelatin. [Alanine] Molecular formula C3H7NO2. There are two isomers, a-alanine and beta-alanine. [a-Alanine] is also known as 2-aminopropionic acid. It sublimates above 200°C and decomposes between 264 and 296°C depending on the heating speed. It is a component of protein. In nutrition, it is a non-essential amino acid for the human body. At present, it is mostly extracted from fermentation methods and natural products. 【β-Alanine】also known as 3-aminopropionic acid, colorless crystal. Melting point: 198°C (decomposition), soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether. It is used for the synthesis of pantothenic acid and electroplating, and is also used in the research of microbiology and biochemistry. It can be hydrolyzed and refined from proteins such as sericin, gelatin, and zein, and can also be synthesized by chemical methods. 【Arginine】Molecular formula C6H14N4O2, molecular weight 174.20. The scientific name is 2-amino-5-argininoic acid. Natural arginine is in the L-form. The product crystallized from water contains two molecules of crystal water and loses crystal water at 105°C. What crystallizes in ethanol is anhydrous. Decomposes at 238℃. Soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether. It is an important component of sperm protein. Due to the presence of the guanidine group, arginine is alkaline and easily reacts with acid to form a salt, making it a basic amino acid. In nutrition, it is an essential amino acid. Gelatin and protamine are found in high amounts. Can be used as a food additive and to prepare medicines ； Arginine injection can be used as a first-aid medicine for hepatic coma. It can be hydrolyzed and refined from gelatin. 【Cysteine】Molecular formula C3H7NO2S, molecular weight 121.16. The scientific name is mercaptoalanine. Colorless crystals. Soluble in water, ethanol, acetic acid and ammonia, insoluble in ether, propylene glycol, ethyl acetate, benzene, carbon disulfide and carbon tetrachloride. It can be oxidized to cystine by air in neutral and weakly alkaline solutions. Used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals ； It can be directly used for hair growth, and can also be used to treat hepatitis, hepatic poisoning, antimony poisoning, radioactive drug poisoning and allergic diseases, etc. ； Also used in biochemical and nutritional research. First, cystine is separated by hydrolysis of α-keratin, and then cysteine ​​is obtained by reduction. 【Cystine】Molecular formula C6H12N2O4S2, molecular weight 240.30, scientific name bismercaptoalanine. White crystal or crystalline powder. It is an amino acid that mainly contains disulfide bonds in proteins. Soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol. There are three isomers, melting points: The left-handed form is 258 to 261°C (decomposes), the right-handed form is 247 to 249°C (decomposes), and the racemic form is 260°C (decomposes). In proteins, cysteine ​​residues are often distributed in peptide bonds, and then the peptide bonds are cross-linked in the form of cystine residues constituting -S—S-bridge bonds. Therefore, it is very important to maintain the spatial configuration and biological functions of certain proteins, and is widely used to treat various alopecia, dysentery, typhoid, influenza and other acute infectious diseases and other diseases. It can be refined by hydrolyzing a-keratin, or by oxidizing cysteine ​​in an alkaline solution to obtain [glutamic acid], with a molecular formula of C5H9NO4, a molecular weight of 147.13, and a scientific name of a-aminoglutaric acid. Because there are asymmetric carbon atoms in the molecule, there are several stereoisomers. 【L-glutamic acid】also known as L-glutamic acid. White or colorless scaly crystals, slightly acidic. It sublimates at 200℃ and decomposes at 247~249℃. Density (20/4℃) 1.538 g/cm3. Slightly soluble in cold water, easily soluble in hot water, insoluble in ethanol, ether and propylene glycol. Can treat hepatic coma. Since glutamic acid has an umami taste, its monosodium salt is industrially produced in large quantities and used as flavoring agents. The products include monosodium glutamate and monosodium glutamate. It can be produced from plant protein or animal protein after hydrolysis, decolorization, concentration and crystallization. ； It can also be produced from sugar or starch by fermentation. 【Leucine】Molecular formula C6H13NO2, molecular weight 113.17. The scientific name is 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid. It is a component of protein. It is an L-type and is an essential amino acid for nutrition. Sublimation at 145~148℃. It, together with isoleucine and valine, has large aliphatic hydrocarbon side chains. In protein structures, these residues are often spatially aggregated to form a special hydrophobic region, and become a necessary component for certain proteins to perform their functions. Mainly used as nutritional supplement. It can be separated from protein hydrolyzate or synthesized. 【Lysine】Molecular formula C6H14N2O2, molecular weight 146.19. Also known as lysine. The molecule contains two amino groups and one carboxyl group, which is alkaline and is a basic amino acid. Found in proteins is L-lysine. It is necessary for human nutrition. It is more abundant in animal protein. Plant proteins are generally less abundant and difficult to meet the needs of human growth and development. Due to the lack of lysine, the utilization rate of other amino acids in food is often reduced. Therefore, L-lysine has become the most important additive in current food (feed), and the L-lysine content in cereals has become an important criterion for evaluating the effects of cereals. L-lysine, colorless crystal, melting point 224.5°C (decomposition). Easily soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether. At present, fermentation method is used to prepare lysine on a large scale. 【Methionine】Molecular formula C5H11NO2S, molecular weight 149.21. The scientific name is methylthiobutyric acid. It is naturally L-form and is a component of proteins. White flaky crystals or crystalline powder. The melting point of the levorotatory body is 280~281℃ (decomposition). It is soluble in water and insoluble in absolute ethanol, ether, benzene, petroleum ether and propylene glycol. The melting point of the racemate is 281°C (decomposition), soluble in dilute solutions of water, acid and alkali, easily soluble in 95% ethanol, and insoluble in ether. Both L-form and D-form methionine have the same biological activity. In protein synthesis, methionine is the first step in the "translation" of information ribonucleic acid into protein. Without the presence of methionine, biological synthesis of proteins cannot begin. It is suitable for the prevention and treatment of liver disease and arsenic poisoning, and is also used as a food additive. Casein can be hydrolyzed and refined. ； It can also be added by methylmercaptan and acrolein and then reacted with sodium cyanide and ammonium chloride to generate a-aminonitrile, which can then be hydrolyzed to obtain a-amino acid. 【Phenylalanine】Molecular formula C9H11NO2, molecular weight: 165.19. Exists in proteins, L-form. It is an essential amino acid for nutrition. L-phenylalanine, flake crystal, decomposes at 283°C. Mainly used as nutritional additives. Can be produced from L-tyrosine ； It can also be produced by fermentation or chemical synthesis. 【Valine】Molecular formula C5H11NO2, molecular weight 117.15. The scientific name is a-aminoisovaleric acid. White crystal or crystalline powder. It is a component of protein, and the natural product is L-type. It is an essential amino acid for nutrition. The density of the left-handed body is 1.230 g/cm3. melting point: The racemic form is 298°C (decomposes), the left-handed form is 293°C (decomposes), and the right-handed form is 315°C (decomposes). Soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether. It is mainly used as nutritional supplements and pharmaceutical preparations, and is also used in biochemical research. It can be hydrolyzed and refined from fish protein, or the racemate can be prepared by synthesis and then analyzed. [Tryptophan] Molecular formula C11H12N2O2, molecular weight 204.22. The scientific name is β-indolyl alanine. It is a component of protein. There are three isomers. The racemate is a white crystal, slightly soluble in water, stable in alkaline solutions, and can be decomposed by strong acids. The levorotatory body is a flaky crystal, which decomposes when rapidly heated to 289°C, is soluble in water and hot ethanol, and is stable in alkaline solutions. The dextrorotary body is a white crystal with a melting point of 281-282°C (decomposition) and is soluble in water and hot ethanol. Is an important nutrient. It is used medicinally as a preventive and therapeutic agent for skin diseases. It can be made from casein through alkaline hydrolysis and refining, or it can be synthesized from β-indole aldehyde and hippuric acid. 【Tyrosine】Molecular formula C9H11NO3, molecular weight 181.19. It is one of the components of protein, and the natural product is L-type. It is a non-essential amino acid. Can be dissolved in water. Decomposes at 342~344℃. The ortho position of the phenolic hydroxyl group in the molecule is prone to chemical reactions. It is coupled with diazobenzene sulfonic acid to obtain an orange-red substance. It undergoes nitration reaction with nitric acid to produce a yellow color. ； Now available for qualitative color reaction of tyrosine or peptides and proteins containing tyrosine residues ； Also readily iodinated and used as a precursor in the synthesis of thyroxine. If substituted with radioactive iodine 131, iodine 125, etc., it can be a simple means to label peptides and proteins with radioactive isotopes. It can be isolated and extracted from cheese hydrolyzate. 【Mannose】Molecular formula C6H12O6, molecular weight 180.16. It is one of the aldohexoses among monosaccharides, and it is a monosaccharide that mainly exists in nature in the form of mannan. White crystal or crystalline powder, sour and slightly bitter. Melting point 132℃ (decomposition). Density (20/4℃) 1.539 g/cm3. Soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, almost insoluble in ether. It has reducing properties, can reduce Peilin's reagent, and has variable optical activity. For biochemical research. It can be obtained by hydrolysis of ivory coconut with sulfuric acid. [Sorbose] Molecular formula C6H12O6, molecular weight 180.16. It is one of the same sugars among monosaccharides. White crystalline powder. Has the same sweetness as sucrose. Found in the fruit. Melting point 165℃, density (20℃) 1.65g/cm3. Easily soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether, propylene glycol, chloroform and benzene. Usually exists in pyran-type cyclic form. It has the same general properties as sugar, has reducing properties, and can reduce Fehling's solution. Used to prepare vitamin C. Also used in metabolic studies of animals and microorganisms. It can be obtained from sorbitol through bacterial oxidation. 【Ribose】Molecular formula C5H10O5, molecular weight 150.13. It is one of the most important aldehyde pentose sugars among monosaccharides. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and exists in cells. Melting point 87℃. It is soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, hygroscopic, and forms flake crystals when crystallized in absolute ethanol. It is the raw material for synthesizing vitamin B2. It can be synthesized from glucose through arabinose, arabinonic acid and ribonolactone. 【Arabinose】Molecular formula C5H10O5, molecular weight 150.13. It is one of the aldehyde pentoses among monosaccharides. There are three optical isomers: D-type, L-type and DL-type. It is usually used in combination as a component of plant gums, hemicelluloses, pectin glycosides, etc., and is widely present in plants. It is usually more stable when it exists in the pyran ring form, and free arabinose exists in the β-form. Melting point 160℃. Soluble in water and glycerin, insoluble in ether. Used in medicine or as culture medium. It can be prepared from various plant gums or from the interaction of calcium dextrose and hydrogen peroxide. 【Xylose】Molecular formula C5H10O5, molecular weight 150.13. It is one of the aldehyde pentose sugars. Free xylose does not exist in nature and is widely found in plants in the form of xylan. White crystalline powder. Melting point 144℃, density (20/4℃) 1.525g/cm3. Soluble in water, hot ethanol, and pyridine. There is a sweet taste. It has reducing properties and can reduce Pelling's reagent. There is variable optical rotation. It is a sweetener for diabetics and is also used in dyeing and tanning. It can be obtained by hydrolysis of xylan-containing substances, such as sawdust, straw, corn cobs, etc. 【Glucose】Molecular formula C6H12O6, molecular weight 180.07. Also known as dextrose. The most common aldohexose. Widely distributed in plants and animals. Honey, grapes, sweet fruits, seeds, roots, leaves, flowers, as well as animal blood and lymph fluid all contain glucose, which is an important nutrient indispensable for human metabolism. Colorless or white crystalline powder. The sweetness is about 70% of sucrose. Melting point 146℃ (decomposition). Density (25℃) 1.544 g/cm3. Soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether. It has reducing properties and can reduce Fehling's solution. It has right optical rotation. It is used as a nutritional supplement in medicine, and is also used to prepare vitamin C, calcium gluconate, etc. It can also be used to make syrup, candy, etc., and is used as a reducing agent in industries such as printing and dyeing, tanning, mirror making, and thermos bottles. It can be obtained by hydrolysis of starch with dilute sulfuric acid. [Fructose] Molecular formula C6H12O6, molecular weight 180.07. Also known as levulose. Found in fruits and honey. White crystals or crystalline powder, it is the sweetest of the common sugars. Melting point: 103~105℃ (decomposition). Density (20/4℃) is 1.60 g/cm3. Soluble in water, ethanol and ether. It has left-handed optical rotation. It is used as a food nutrient, in candy making, and as a preservative. It can be obtained by hydrolysis of inulin. 【Sucrose】Molecular formula C12H22O11, molecular weight 342.30. That is, regular table sugar. It is a non-reducing disaccharide. White crystal. It has a sweet taste, easily soluble in water, soluble in glycerin, and difficult to dissolve in ethanol. Melting point 160~186℃, density (25/4℃) 1.587g/cm3, no variable optical rotation, no hydrazone and hydrazone formed ； When hydrolyzed with dilute acid or enzyme, a mixture of half and half D-glucose and D-fructose is produced, which is called invert sugar. Sucrose is an important food and condiment. It is widely distributed in plants and is particularly abundant in sugar cane and sugar beet. Squeeze the juice from sugar cane and beets, and add lime milk to remove impurities such as protein, colloid, and organic acids. After filtration, vacuum concentration and crystallization are performed, and the raw sugar (brown sugar) is obtained by separation on a separator. The raw sugar is then dissolved in water, deodorized by steam distillation and activated carbon, and then concentrated and crystallized to obtain pure white sugar. In addition to being eaten, it can be used to make citric acid, caramel, invert sugar, transparent soap, etc. ； Also used as pharmaceutical preservatives and tablet excipients. 【Maltose】Molecular formula C12H22O11, molecular weight 342.31. A sugar composed of two molecules of pyranose-type D-glucose combined at positions 1 and 4 is a reducing sugar and the basic unit of starch. It contains a molecule of crystal water when crystallizing from an aqueous solution. White crystal or crystalline powder, sweetness is 40% of sucrose, melting point is 102~103℃. Density (17℃) 1.540 g/cm3. Soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether. It has right optical rotation. It can be hydrolyzed into glucose, which is the main component of maltose and is used as a nutritional supplement. It can be made from starch and malt (containing amylase). [Lactose] Molecular formula C12H22O11, molecular weight 342.3. It is β-glucoside formed by combining the 4-position of D-glucose with galactose. It is a unique component in breast milk. Cow milk contains 4 to 5%, and human milk contains 5 to 8%. It contains a molecule of crystal water when crystallizing from an aqueous solution. White crystal or crystalline powder, sweetness is 70% of sucrose. Density (20℃) 1.525 g/cm3. Melting point 203℃ (decomposition). When heated to 120~130℃, it loses water and becomes anhydrous. The anhydrous melting point is 201~202℃. Meltable in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether. It has reducing properties and can restore Peilin solution. It has right optical rotation. Under the action of dilute acid, it is hydrolyzed into one molecule of D-glucose and one molecule of D-lactomonose. Used for making baby food, candy, margarine, etc. Can be extracted from whey. 【Starch】(C6H10O5)n. Belongs to polysaccharides. It is a polymer of dextrose and is a product of photosynthesis of green plants. White powder, odorless and tasteless, insoluble in common solvents. The granules, shape and size of starch vary depending on the source. Density 1.499~1.513 g/cm3. It is hygroscopic, and the product contains 12 to 18% moisture. When starch is mixed with water and heated to 55-60°C, it expands and turns into a viscous translucent gel or colloidal solution. This process is called gelatinization. Starch is not a simple molecule, it is composed of two different types of molecules: One is soluble amylose ； One is the insoluble one called amylopectin. In general potato starch, amylose contains about 20 to 30%, and amylopectin contains about 70 to 80%. Amylose is a linear molecule composed of a-1,4 bonds of d-glucose, which turns blue when exposed to iodine. Amylopectin is a branched giant molecule generated from dextral glucose (a-1,4 bonds and a small part of a-1,6 bonds), which turns purple to reddish purple when exposed to iodine. Under the action of acid or enzyme, starch gradually changes into soluble starch, generating dextrin with a smaller molecular weight, which is first hydrolyzed into maltose and isomaltose, and finally hydrolyzed into D-(+)-glucose. Industrially used to produce maltose, glucose and alcohol. It is also used in the preparation of printing paste, sizing of textiles, and the pressing of pharmaceutical tablets. It can be extracted from corn, sweet potato, potato, acorn, kudzu and other starch-containing substances. 【Cellulose】(C6H10O5)n. A natural organic polymer compound. Polysaccharides composed of many D-(+) glucoses bonded through β-1,4 glycosidic bonds are the main components of plant cell walls. Cellulose, like starch, has no reducing properties and is insoluble in water and general organic solvents, but soluble in ammonia solution of copper hydroxide, concentrated zinc chloride solution, calcium thiocyanate and saturated solutions of certain salts. Cotton is the purest natural cellulose, containing approximately 90%. Flax contains about 80% and wood contains about 50%. Cellulose can be dehydrated and gradually coked when heated to above 150°C. Its hydrolysis is more difficult than that of starch, and is generally carried out in concentrated acid or under pressure with dilute acid. Cellotetraose, cellotriose, and cellobiose can be obtained during the hydrolysis process, and the final product is D-(+)-glucose. It reacts with a concentrated caustic alkali solution to produce cellulose alkali, reacts with a strong oxidant to produce oxidized cellulose, and the mixed acid reaction of cellulose with concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid can produce nitrocellulose. Depending on the degree of esterification, guncotton with a nitrogen content of about 13% is called guncotton, which is used to make smokeless products. * * raw materials ； Collodion with a nitrogen content of about 11% is called collodion and is a raw material for manufacturing spray paint, film, and celluloid. In the presence of sulfuric acid, cellulose reacts with acetic anhydride to obtain triacetate fiber. Triacetate fiber can be decomposed into diacetate fiber by adding water, which can be used to make rayon, film and plastics, etc. It can also be used to make ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc. It can be extracted from wood, bamboo, wheat straw, straw, cotton and other materials containing cellulose. Material. According to different polymerization methods, it is divided into three types of polyethylene: high pressure, medium pressure and low pressure. High-pressure polyethylene is also called low-density polyethylene (accounting for about 70% of the total polyethylene production). Medium-pressure and low-pressure polyethylene are collectively called low-pressure polyethylene, which is high-density. Polyethylene molecules have no polar genes, low water absorption, and good stability. It is insoluble in common solvents at room temperature and is stable to alcohols, ethers, homologs, esters, weak acids and weak bases. However, it can swell in aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons, be corroded by strong oxygen-containing acids, and undergo oxidation when heated in the air or exposed to light. Low-pressure polyethylene has a high softening temperature (125-135°C), high mechanical strength, and low air permeability. It is suitable for use as packaging materials, anti-corrosion pipelines, and oil storage barrels. It can also be made into sheets, films, or spun into industrial cloth. High-pressure polyethylene has many branched molecules, a low softening point (90-100°C), poor mechanical strength, poor air permeability, moisture permeability and solvent resistance, but good softness, elongation and transparency. Mainly used to make films, hoses, fibers, and various industrial and daily products. [Polypropylene] A thermoplastic resin polymerized from propylene. Due to different polymerization catalysts and reaction conditions, the structures of the resulting polymers are also different, including atactic polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene and isotactic polypropylene. The most valuable is isotactic polypropylene. Industrially produced isotactic polypropylene is a white solid that is odorless and tasteless. The melting point is 165℃ and softens around 155℃, and the operating temperature range is -30~140℃. There is thermoplasticity. It has good toughness and chemical resistance, high heat resistance and high rigidity, and can be used as engineering plastics. Currently used extensively in the manufacture of films and plastics ； Widely used in packaging shipping materials such as electrical appliances, bags and strapping materials ； It is also used to make plastic products such as household appliances, radio and television casings, sterile medical equipment and to make polypropylene fiber. [Ergosterol] can be produced by polymerizing propylene under the action of sodium tower catalyst. Its molecular formula is C28H44O and its molecular weight is 396.63. Also known as ergosterol. Found in yeast and ergot. is the most important sterol. White flake crystals or needle crystals. Melting point 168~169℃. Density 1.04 g/cm3. Insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol and ether. It is the raw material for industrial extraction and utilization of synthetic steroid drugs. When lysergic acid is exposed to ultraviolet rays, one of its four carbon rings breaks and becomes vitamin D. Can be separated from yeast. [Adrenaline] Molecular formula C9H13O3N, molecular weight 183.2. Also called epinephrine. Main hormone of the adrenal medulla. Colorless or light brown crystalline powder. No odor and bitter taste. The color gradually becomes darker in the air. Melting point 205~212℃. Slightly soluble in water, ethanol, insoluble in ether, chloroform, fatty oil and ammonia solution. Easily soluble in inorganic acid and alkali solutions. It is unstable in neutral and alkaline aqueous solutions and decomposes into red when exposed to light. Its hydrochloride is soluble in water and is widely used. It can excite sympathetic nerves, accelerate and strengthen heart beating, vasoconstriction, increase blood pressure, and dilate pupils. It is generally used to treat bronchial asthma, anaphylactic shock and other allergic reactions. It can also be used in some first aid cases of cardiac arrest. It can be extracted from the adrenal glands of cattle, sheep and other animals, or synthesized from catechol and chloroacetyl chloride. [Norepinephrine] Molecular formula C8H11O3N, molecular weight 169.18. Fine crystals. The melting point is 216~218°C (decomposition). Its hydrochloride is crystal, with a melting point of 145.2~146.4°C. It is easily soluble in water. It is optically active, and the left-handed form is 27 times more effective than the right-handed form. Its hemostatic and vasoconstrictive effects are stronger than epinephrine. However, its effects on stimulating myocardium, inhibiting smooth muscle and promoting metabolism are weaker than those of epinephrine. Usually its tartrate form is used. It is mainly used to rescue acute hypoemia and shock caused by peripheral vasodilation. It can be made from catechol and chloroacetyl chloride to make 3,4-dihydroxy-2-chlorophenyl ethyl, and then reacted with ammonia or methenamine. 【Medipregnatide】Molecular formula C24H32O4, molecular weight 384.50, also known as dehydromeprogesterone. White crystalline powder. Odorless. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, slightly soluble in fatty oils. It is a highly effective progesterone, formulated with ethinyl estradiol in contraceptive tablet No. 2, which can be used alone to treat dysmenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding and other symptoms. It can be synthesized from the same raw materials as 16,17α-epoxy lutein. 【Thyroxine】Molecular formula C15H11O4I4N, molecular weight 776.93. It is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland of animals that regulates the metabolism of substances in the body. In its natural state, it is L-type and is one of the components of thyroglobulin. White needle-like crystals. Odorless and tasteless, it will deteriorate when exposed to light. It decomposes at 235~236℃. Excessive secretion of thyroid hormone due to thyroid tumors, etc. causes symptoms such as accelerated metabolism, overeating, weight loss, accelerated heart rate and respiratory rate, and protruding eyeballs, which is called hyperthyroidism. In some places, dietary iodine deficiency can cause insufficient secretion of thyroid hormone, resulting in stunted growth, slow movements, and thick and swollen necks, which is called endemic goiter. Medically used to treat hypothyroidism, myxedema and cretinism. It can be extracted from the thyroid glands of cattle, sheep, pigs, etc., or it can be artificially synthesized. [Yinnotong] Molecular formula C20H2602, molecular weight 298.41 white crystalline powder. Odorless and slightly bitter. Melting point 202~208℃. Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, slightly soluble in propylene glycol, soluble in chloroform, it can inhibit ovulation, so it has a contraceptive effect. It is formulated with ethinyl estradiol as contraceptive tablet No. 1 (compound ethinyl estradiol). It can be synthesized from pregnenol acetate. 【Ethinylestradiol】white crystalline powder, molecular formula C19H22O2, molecular weight 282.37. Melting point 180~186℃. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol and pyridine. It can inhibit ovulation and achieve contraceptive purposes. Formulated with Estrogen to form oral contraceptive tablet No. 1. It can be obtained by fermenting 9-hydroxymethyldiisoestradiol into estrone, and then reacting with acetylene. 【Estradiol】Molecular formula C18H24O2, molecular weight 272.37, also known as estradiol. The melting point of white or slightly yellow crystal or crystalline powder is 173°~179°C. It has right optical rotation. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol and propylene glycol, slightly soluble in benzene, ether and chloroform. Has phenolic chemical properties. Can react with sodium hydroxide solution to form salt. Can promote the growth and development of female reproductive organs. It can be extracted from pig ovaries, pregnant women's urine and placenta, or it can be obtained by reducing estrogen with lithium aluminum hydride. ； It can also be synthesized from cholesterol or yam saponin. [Estrogen] A type of steroid hormone secreted by animal ovaries. It has a similar structure to epinephrine and androgen, and has a metabolic relationship of mutual transformation. For example, estradiol secreted by follicles can stimulate the development and maturation of sexual organs, causing and maintaining secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive cycles. ； The corpus luteum secreted by the corpus luteum can also promote the development of the uterine wall to receive fertilized eggs, have the effects of preventing miscarriage, inhibiting ovulation and promoting breast development. Estrogen has been synthesized artificially. [Estradiol dipropionate] Molecular formula C24H31O4, molecular weight 384.50, also known as estradiol dipropionate, white crystal or crystalline powder. Melting point 104~105℃. Insoluble in water, soluble in propylene glycol and ethanol, slightly soluble in vegetable oil. Can promote the growth and development of female genitals. It can be synthesized from estradiol and propionyl chloride. 【Phenylacetic acid * * Su] also known as long-acting * * Element, molecular formula C27H34O3, molecular weight 406.54. Colorless or slightly yellow crystalline powder. Non-toxic. Stable in air. Melting point 126~130℃. It has right optical rotation. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, and easily soluble in vegetable oil. Purpose and * * The ingredients are the same, but the therapeutic effect is propionic acid * * Three times the amount of vegetarian food. can be * * It is made by reflux condensation of phenylacetic anhydride and phenylacetic anhydride in benzene. [Hydroxyprogesterone] is also known as long-acting progesterone. Molecular formula C26H38O4, molecular weight 414.56, colorless crystalline powder. Melting point 118~222℃. It has right optical rotation. Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol and chloroform. Mix it with estradiol valerate to make a contraceptive injection No. 1. One injection can provide contraception for one month. It is prepared by esterifying 17α-hydroxyluteosteroid with n-caproic anhydride. [Insulin] Molecular formula C90H150N22O24S1, molecular weight 1988.10. It is a protein hormone secreted by β-cells in the animal pancreas called the islet of Langerhans tissue. It is composed of 16 kinds of amino acids. White crystalline powder. Easily soluble in dilute acid solution, it can be made into sulfate at -18°C. When heated with an acidic aqueous solution, it will lose activity when coagulated. If treated with dilute alkali, the activity can be restored to 60%. Insulin plays physiological functions such as regulating glucose metabolism and utilizing fat. Insulin is closely related to diabetes. Medically suitable for the treatment of diabetes, mental illness and nervosa anorexia. It can be extracted from the pancreas of livestock. In 1965, my country completed the synthesis of the world's first crystalline bovine insulin with complete physiological activity, which was a major achievement in research efforts to explore the mysteries of life. [Interferon] is a type of macromolecular protein with a molecular weight ranging from about 13,000 to 25,000. It was discovered by Isaacs and Lindenmann in 1957 while studying the interaction between viruses and host cells. When a virus invades a host cell, the host cell produces a type of protein substance that resists the virus due to the damage. It is different from the generally produced antibody proteins: Antibody proteins are species-specific to invading viruses and are ineffective against other types of viruses. Interferon produced by host cells is not specifically against invading viruses. Once it is produced, it can interfere with and counteract the metabolism of other viruses in addition to invading viruses, and can protect host cells against infection by various other viruses. Since the production of interferon is "endogenous" to the host cells, it is non-toxic and non-antigenic to itself, providing a safety guarantee for the possibility of being used as a broad-spectrum antiviral "drug". A new way to fight viral diseases has been proposed, which has attracted widespread attention. However, interferon has host specificity, and animal interferon cannot be used in humans, which limits its application. At present, the structure of human leukocyte interferon has been clarified, and research on artificial synthesis has been carried out. At the same time, certain results have been achieved using genetic engineering to produce human leukocyte interferon by fermentation. It is expected to be used in the treatment of viral diseases and tumors in the near future.