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Pipelines that are subject to large temperature differences and high expansibility should be equipped with expansion joints to prevent damage caused by stress concentration in the pipelines

I. Concept of expansion joints: Pipes experience thermal expansion and contraction due to temperature changes; they expand when heated and may crack when contracted. To prevent such phenomena, compensators are generally installed in the pipe sections. Fittings that allow pipelines to stretch or contract due to temperature changes; the main types used in thermal pipelines are wave compensators and bellows, which are also known as expansion joints or wave compensators. II. Requirements for the installation and use of compensators 1. Before installing a compensator, its model, specifications, and piping configuration should be checked to ensure that they meet the design requirements. 　　2. For compensators with an inner sleeve, care should be taken to ensure that the direction of the inner sleeve is consistent with the flow direction of the medium; for hinge-type compensators, the plane of rotation of the hinge should be aligned with the plane of displacement rotation. 　　3. For compensators that require \"cold tightening,\" the auxiliary components used for pre-deformation should be removed only after the piping installation is completed. 　　4. It is strictly prohibited to use the deformation of wave compensators to adjust the installation tolerances of pipelines, as this may affect the normal functioning of the compensators, reduce their service life, and increase the load on the piping system, equipment, and supporting components. 　　5. During installation, it is not allowed for welding slag to splash onto the surface of the wave shell, nor is it permitted for the wave shell to suffer any other mechanical damage. 　　6. After the piping system is installed, the yellow auxiliary positioning elements and fasteners used for installation and transportation on the wave compensators should be removed as soon as possible. The limiting devices should then be adjusted to the specified positions in accordance with the design requirements, so that the piping system has sufficient compensation capacity under various environmental conditions. 　　7. All movable components of the compensator must not be jammed by external elements or have their range of motion restricted; normal operation of all moving parts must be ensured. 　　8. During the hydrostatic test, the secondary support brackets at the ends of the pipelines equipped with compensators should be reinforced to prevent the pipelines from moving or rotating. For compensators used in gas media and their connecting pipelines, attention should be paid to whether temporary supports are needed when filling them with water. The chloride ion content in the cleaning solution used for hydrostatic testing shall not exceed 25PPM. 　　9. After the hydrostatic test is completed, the water accumulated in the wave tank should be drained as soon as possible, and the inner surface of the wave tank should be dried promptly. 　　10. The insulation material in contact with the compensator bellows shall be free of chloride ions. III. Others: A thorough discussion has been provided in that link; please refer to it. Appendix: http://bbs.hcbbs.com/thread-125129-1-1.html Use of expansion joints in thermal pipelines

When there is significant thermal stress in the pipeline and no other measures are available to relieve this stress, expansion joints can be installed to eliminate the stress resulting from thermal expansion and contraction. If the pipeline is very long, the degree of thermal expansion and contraction will be significant, and installing expansion joints alone is not sufficient to counteract this effect; in such cases, other methods must be considered to relieve stress, such as specially designed Z-shaped 90-degree bends or U-shaped bends.

Used for pipelines with large temperature differences and high expansibility, to prevent deformation of the pipelines due to stress concentration, which could lead to irreparable safety accidents :)