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1. Methanol poisoning: Emergency treatment for methanol poisoning involves thorough gastric lavage using a 1–2% sodium bicarbonate solution. Then, the patient is transferred to a dark room to suppress carbon dioxide binding capacity. Methanol, also known as wood alcohol, is a colorless, transparent liquid with a slight ethanol-like odor; it is one of the main components of industrial alcohol. Ingesting 5–10 milliliters of methanol can cause poisoning, while 30 milliliters can be fatal. The toxic effects of methanol on the human body are caused by methanol itself as well as its metabolites, formaldehyde and formic acid. The main symptoms include damage to the central nervous system, eye damage, and metabolic acidosis. Symptoms usually appear 8–36 hours after ingestion, manifesting as headache, dizziness, fatigue, unsteady gait, and drowsiness. In severe cases, there may be confusion, delirium, epileptic seizures, coma, and death. The cause of poisoning is usually the consumption of industrial alcohol containing methanol, or \"bulk liquor\" made by mixing it with such alcohol. http://www.nhwsjd.gov.cn/wszs.jsp Digestive system and other symptoms: Patients experience nausea, vomiting, upper abdominal pain, etc., and liver damage may occur as a complication. Oral poisoning can be accompanied by acute pancreatitis. In a few cases, there were complications such as tachycardia, myocarditis, changes in the S-T segment and T waves, and acute renal failure. Severe acute methanol poisoning causes severe headaches, nausea, vomiting, a rapid decline in vision, and even blindness; it can also lead to confusion, delirium, seizures, and coma. Eventually, death can occur due to respiratory failure. First aid: The patient should be immediately removed from the scene and have their contaminated clothing removed. For those who took it orally, gastric lavage with 1% sodium bicarbonate was performed, along with magnesium sulfate enema. Antidote: Ethanol is an antidote for methanol poisoning; its use can prevent the oxidation of methanol and facilitate its elimination from the body. A 5% ethanol solution was prepared using 10% glucose solution, and it was administered by slow intravenous infusion. There is limited clinical experience in the domestic market. 2. Phosgene poisoning – Preventive treatment for phosgene poisoning. In their paper titled “Exposure to phosgene: Mechanisms of damage and treatment methods,” Dr. Jonathan Borak of Yale University and others described the mechanism by which phosgene causes pulmonary edema, and summarized the methods for preventive treatment after exposure to phosgene: Hormones – 250 mg of prednisolone should be administered intravenously immediately during the asymptomatic incubation period following phosgene exposure. Dexamethasone or beclomethasone can also be administered by nebulized inhalation. Ibuprofen should be administered orally at least 25–50 mg/kg immediately during the incubation period. Since ibuprofen binds tightly to proteins, its oral dose is almost the same as its injectable dose. N-acetylcysteine (NAC, Throat Lozenge) is administered via nebulization using a 20% NAC solution of 20 ml during the asymptomatic incubation period. Positive pressure ventilation: Some recommend mechanical positive pressure ventilation during the incubation period to prevent pulmonary edema caused by phosgene. This method helps reduce fluid accumulation, stabilize the surfactant membrane in the alveoli, and suppress shunting between veins and arteries, but it cannot be tolerated by some asymptomatic individuals. The above preventive drug therapy methods have been proven in animal experiments to prevent pulmonary edema caused by phosgene, but there is currently no clinical experience; the aforementioned doses were estimated by the authors based on animal experiments. http://www.impcas.ac.cn/usr/suoban/6/6.6.18.htm Phosgene is a colorless, highly toxic gas with an asphyxiating odor. When diluted in air, it has a musty smell similar to that of hay, and its toxicity is 10 times greater than that of chlorine. Inhaling a certain amount of phosgene can cause mild irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, such as tearing, discomfort in the throat, coughing, and chest tightness ； Or there are no obvious symptoms. Phosgene poisoning causes a systemic disease characterized primarily by acute damage to the respiratory system. The initial symptoms in most poisoned patients include chest tightness, coughing, and dizziness; in severe cases, it can lead to conditions such as emphysema. Phosgene; Carbonyl Chloride; Carbon oxycide; CAS: 75-44-5 Physical and chemical properties: Colorless, highly toxic gas with a suffocating odor; when diluted in air, it has a musty smell similar to that of hay. It condenses into a transparent, colorless, fuming liquid at 0°C. Molecular formula: COCl2. Molecular weight 98.92. Relative density 1.381 (20/4°C). Melting point -118°C. Boiling point: 8.2 °C. Vapor pressure 161.96 kPa (20°C). Vapor density is 3.4. Slightly soluble in water; readily soluble in benzene, toluene, glacial acetic acid, and many liquid hydrocarbons. It decomposes slowly in water, producing carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride. Heating leads to decomposition, producing toxic and corrosive gases. In the event of a leak of phosgene, small amounts can be dispersed using water vapor; for larger quantities, liquid ammonia spray can be used for detoxification, or it can also be absorbed by sodium hydroxide solution. COCl2 + 4NH3 → CO(NH2)2 + 2NH4Cl. Routes of exposure: Can be inhaled through the respiratory tract. Brief toxicological information: The LCLo for humans is 50 ppm/5 M ； Male LCLo: 360mg/m3/30M. Humans inhale 5ppm/30M. It belongs to the highly toxic category. It is a asphyxiating gas. Its toxicity is 10 times greater than that of chlorine. The LC50 for 20 minutes of inhalation in rats is 100 mg/m^3. At lower concentrations, there is no significant local irritation; after some time, damage to the alveolo-capillary membrane occurs, leading to pulmonary edema. At higher concentrations, it can cause bronchospasm due to its irritant effect, leading to asphyxiation. The human olfactory threshold is 0.4–4 mg/m^3. 8 mg/m^3 has a mild irritating effect on the eyes and nose. Clinical manifestations: Acute poisoning: Inhaling a certain amount of phosgene can cause mild irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract at the time of exposure, such as tearing, discomfort in the throat, coughing, and chest tightness; or there may be no obvious symptoms. After a symptom remission period of 1–24 hours or longer, pulmonary edema and adult respiratory distress syndrome develop rapidly. It can be accompanied by mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, etc. Blood gas analysis showed a decreased arterial oxygen partial pressure. The chest X-ray shows signs of bronchitis or pulmonary edema. Some patients may develop delayed obstructive bronchiolitis about 2 weeks after the resolution of pulmonary edema. The chest X-ray showed miliary shadows throughout both lungs. Act quickly to move away from the scene to an area with fresh air. Absolute bed rest. Even if close contacts are asymptomatic, they should be observed for 24–48 hours, with attention paid to respiratory rate and lung auscultation. Monitor changes in blood gas analysis and chest X-rays promptly. Symptomatic treatment is provided. To prevent and treat pulmonary edema, appropriate oxygen therapy should be provided; the airways need to be kept unobstructed, and bronchodilators should be used. When pulmonary edema occurs, defoamers such as defoamex are administered, and tracheotomy or mechanical ventilation may be necessary in severe cases. Glucocorticoids should be used early, in appropriate doses, and for a short period of time – the dose can range from 10 to 60 mg per day of dexamethasone, administered in divided doses, with the dosage reduced once the condition improves. High-dose use is generally limited to 3–5 days. In severe cases, the duration of low-dose treatment may be extended to prevent obstructive bronchiolitis ； Limit fluid intake in the short term. Use antibiotics rationally. Dehydrants and *** should be used with caution. The dose of the cardiac stimulant should be reduced. Standards Air quality standards in workshops: China’s MAC is 0.5 mg/m^3; the U.S. ACGIH TLV-WA is 0.40 mg/m^3. Chinese standards for the diagnosis of occupational diseases: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of occupational phosgene exposure, GB8787-88. Hazardous materials regulations: Category GB2.3, code 23038. UN NO.1076. IMDG CODE, Page 2070, Class 2. Sub-hazards Classes 6.1 and 8. 3. Lead poisoning: Lead is a common industrial toxin. Industries and occupations that are exposed to lead include printing, battery manufacturing, glass production, ceramics, plastics, painting, the chemical industry, shipbuilding, and welding. The mining and smelting of lead ore also involve significant exposure to lead. Lead and its compounds enter the body primarily through the respiratory tract in the form of dust, fumes, or vapors, followed by the digestive tract. If large amounts of lead vapor or fine dust are inhaled over a long period during production, the lead level in the blood will exceed normal levels, leading to lead poisoning. Lead poisoning can be acute or chronic. Acute poisoning is mainly caused by the ingestion of large amounts of lead compounds; acute lead poisoning is less common in industrial settings. Occupational lead poisoning is mainly chronic poisoning. In the early stages, symptoms such as fatigue, a metallic taste in the mouth, and muscle and joint pain are common; subsequently, nervous exhaustion syndrome, loss of appetite, mild abdominal pain, and constipation may occur. When the condition worsens, symptoms of neuritis such as numbness in the distal extremities, reduced touch and pain sensitivity, as well as decreased grip strength, occur. A few patients have blue “lead lines” at the gum margin. In severe cases, muscle movement disorders may occur. Abdominal colic is a typical symptom of lead poisoning; it usually occurs around the navel, but can also appear in the upper or lower abdomen. During an attack, physical examination reveals a soft abdomen with no tender points; the pain is relieved when the abdomen is compressed. The patient’s complexion is pale and they sweat profusely all over the body. Each episode can last from a few minutes to several dozen minutes. Moderate anemia may also occur, sometimes accompanied by hypertension. The key to preventing lead poisoning is to keep the concentration of lead in workshop air within the limits set by health standards. The following measures should be taken: replace lead with non-toxic or low-toxic substances, such as using zinc instead of lead in printing plates, and using titanium white instead of lead white in paints ； Reform the manufacturing processes to make them more mechanized, automated, and enclosed, reducing manual operations; for example, use mechanical casting in place of manual methods, employ induction heating furnaces in lead melting processes to control temperature, install dust collection and exhaust systems, and recycle and purify lead dust. 4. Methane poisoning Methane (CH4), also known as \"biogas,\" is a colorless and odorless gas. It is a major component of natural gas and city gas, and it is one of the harmful gases commonly found in natural gas, city gas, biogas, marshy areas, as well as in enclosed shafts, ponds, coal mines, and coal storage areas. If the methane concentration in the aforementioned ambient air is high, causing the oxygen level to drop, it can lead to suffocation, and in severe cases, death. When the methane content in the air reaches 25–30%, it can cause symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, difficulty concentrating, uncoordinated movements, fatigue, and weakness in the limbs. If the methane content in the air exceeds 45–50%, severe oxygen deficiency can lead to difficulty breathing, tachycardia, coma, and ultimately death from asphyxiation. First aid measures: 1. Quickly remove the poisoned person from the scene (rescuers must wear oxygen-proof masks) and call emergency services at “120” ； 2. Oxygen therapy; if possible, transfer to a hyperbaric oxygen chamber ； 3. Artificial respiration. Tracheal intubation may be performed if necessary, along with the administration of the stimulant lobeline ； 4. To prevent and treat cerebral edema: 250 ml of 20% mannitol is administered intravenously, along with 20 mg of furosemide given intravenously ； 5. 20–40 mg of dexamethasone is added to 500 ml of 10% glucose injection for intravenous infusion, along with ATP, coenzyme A, cytochrome C, etc. Workers involved in lead-related tasks should wear work uniforms and filtering masks to protect against dust and smoke. Eating is strictly prohibited in the workshop; hands must be washed before meals, and showers should be taken after work. Wet cleaning methods must be used. Regularly monitor the lead concentration in the workshop air and maintain the equipment. Have regular health check-ups. 5. Mercury poisoning: What should you do if you accidentally bite a thermometer while using it to take your temperature and swallow mercury? A. Try to stimulate the throat with the index finger to induce vomiting. B. Call a taxi immediately to go to the hospital. C. After rinsing your mouth with water, drink some egg white or milk. Go to the hospital again. Mercury, the main component of the mercury in thermometers, can bind to enzymes and proteins containing thiol groups in the body once swallowed accidentally, thereby disrupting their activity and interfering with normal cellular metabolism, leading to heavy metal poisoning. Although the amount of mercury in thermometers is small, taking them can still cause stomatitis and acute gastroenteritis, manifesting as oral erosions and ulcers, as well as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. If swallowed accidentally, trying to stimulate the throat with the index finger to induce vomiting may not be effective. Calling a taxi to go to the hospital without taking any action may prolong the time it takes for mercury to be absorbed, thereby increasing the extent of the damage. Only by rinsing the mouth with water and then drinking some egg white or milk can the residual mercury in the mouth be removed; moreover, the proteins in the egg white or milk bind to the ingested mercury, thereby protecting the stomach lining and reducing the binding of mercury to proteins in the body. http://www.sxycjy.gov.cn/html/main/aqcsView/200610245158.html 6. Carbon monoxide poisoning ① Immediately open doors and windows to allow air circulation, and leave the area where poisoning has occurred as soon as possible. ②Spontaneous breathing is present; adequate oxygen inhalation is provided. ③With respiratory and cardiac arrest, perform artificial respiration and chest compressions immediately. ④Call the 120 emergency service. ⑤Strive to undergo hyperbaric oxygen therapy as soon as possible to reduce sequelae. 7. Ammonia poisoning. Name of ammonia: Ammonia; Liquid ammonia; Ammonia; CAS: 7664-41-7. Physical and chemical properties: Colorless gas with a pungent, unpleasant odor. Molecular formula NH3. Molecular weight 17.03. Relative density is 0.7714 g/l. Melting point -77.7°C. Boiling point -33.35°C. Autoignition point: 651.11°C. Steam density is 0.6. Vapor pressure 1013.08 kPa (25.7°C). The explosive limit of the vapor-air mixture is 16–25% (with a concentration at which ignition is most likely to occur at 17%). Ammonia has a solubility of 34% in water at 20 °C. At 25 °C, its solubility in anhydrous ethanol is 10%, and in methanol it is 16%. It is soluble in chloroform and ether, and it serves as a good solvent for many elements and compounds. The aqueous solution is basic, with a pH of 11.1 for a 0.1N solution. Liquid ammonia will erode certain plastic products, rubber, and coatings. It is difficult to ignite when exposed to heat or open flames, resulting in a low level of danger ； However, a mixture of ammonia and air within the aforementioned concentration range will burn and explode when exposed to an open flame; the risk is even greater in the presence of oils or other flammable substances. It releases heat when reacting with sulfuric acid or other strong inorganic acids, and the mixture can reach boiling point. It cannot coexist with the following substances: acetaldehyde, acrolein, boron, halogens, ethylene oxide, hypochlorous acid, nitric acid, mercury, silver chloride, sulfur, antimony, hydrogen peroxide, etc. Route of entry Ammonia is primarily inhaled through the respiratory tract. Introduction to Toxicology Human inhalation LCLo: 5000 ppm/5M. Rat inhalation LC50: 2000 ppm/4H. Mouse inhalation LC50: 4230 ppm/1H. It has an alkaline irritant and corrosive effect on mucous membranes and skin, and can cause dissolving necrosis of tissues. At high concentrations, it can cause reflexive respiratory arrest and cardiac arrest. Exposure to 553 mg/m^3 can cause severe irritation symptoms, with a tolerance period of 1.25 minutes; at concentrations of 3500–7000 mg/m^3, death occurs immediately. Clinical manifestations: Acute poisoning: After inhaling a large amount of ammonia gas in a short period of time, symptoms such as tearing, sore throat, hoarseness, coughing, blood-tinged sputum, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing may occur. These can be accompanied by dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, as well as cyanosis, congestion and swelling of the conjunctiva and throat, an increased respiratory rate, and rales in the lungs. In severe cases, pulmonary edema and adult respiratory distress syndrome can occur; laryngeal edema and spasms, or necrosis and detachment of the bronchial mucosa can lead to asphyxiation. Pneumothorax and mediastinal emphysema may also develop as complications. Chest X-rays show signs of bronchitis, peribronchitis, pneumonia, or pulmonary edema. Blood gas analysis showed a decreased arterial oxygen partial pressure. Ingesting ammonia can cause burns to the digestive tract, leading to pain in the mouth, chest, and abdomen, vomiting of blood, and collapse; it may also result in perforations of the esophagus and stomach. Respiratory irritation symptoms may also occur simultaneously. Inhalation of extremely high concentrations can lead to rapid death. Eye contact with liquid ammonia or high-concentration ammonia gas can cause burns, and in severe cases, corneal perforation may occur. Skin contact with liquid ammonia can cause burns. Treatment: Those who have inhaled the substance should immediately leave the area and go to a place with fresh air. Maintain respiratory function. Rest in bed. Monitor changes in blood gas analysis and chest X-rays promptly. Provide targeted and supportive treatment. To prevent and treat pulmonary edema, laryngospasm, edema, or asphyxia caused by the shedding of the bronchial mucosa, appropriate oxygen therapy should be employed; maintaining patency of the airways requires the use of bronchodilators. Glucocorticoids should be used early, in appropriate doses, for a short period of time – for example, dexamethasone can be administered at a dose of 10–60 mg/day, in divided doses, with the dose reduced once the condition improves. High-dose use is generally not recommended for more than 3–5 days. Be sure to perform a tracheotomy in a timely manner and limit fluid intake in the short term. Use antibiotics rationally. Dehydrants and *** should be used with caution. The dose of the cardiac stimulant should be reduced. Those who have ingested it accidentally should be given milk to drink; gastric lavage should be avoided in cases of corrosive symptoms. Provide symptomatic treatment: immediately rinse the eyes with running water or cool boiled water for at least 10 minutes after contamination. In case of skin contamination, remove the contaminated clothing immediately and rinse with running water for at least 30 minutes. 8. Gas poisoning: 1. The patient should be taken away from the environment where poisoning occurred as soon as possible, and the doors and windows should be opened immediately to allow air to circulate. 2. The patient should rest quietly and avoid activities that increase the burden on the heart and lungs as well as oxygen consumption. 3. The patient has spontaneous breathing; adequate oxygen inhalation should be provided. 4. Poisoned patients who are unconscious must be taken out of the environment where the poisoning occurred as soon as possible. Their breathing, pulse, and blood pressure should be checked within the shortest possible time, and emergency measures should be taken based on these findings. 5. If breathing and heartbeat stop, perform artificial respiration and chest compressions immediately. 6. Call the 120 emergency service; emergency doctors will arrive at the scene to treat the patient. 7. Once the patient’s condition is stable, transport them to the hospital for further examination and treatment. 8. Seek hyperbaric oxygen therapy as soon as possible to reduce sequelae. Even in mild or moderate cases, hyperbaric oxygen therapy should be administered. 9. Benzene poisoning. Benzene; CAS: 71-43-2. Physical and chemical properties: Colorless and transparent, flammable liquid. Molecular formula C6-H6. Molecular weight 78.11. Relative density 0.8794 (20°C). Melting point 5.51°C. Boiling point: 80.1°C. Flash point -10.11°C (closed cup). Autoignition temperature: 562.22°C. Vapor density is 2.77. Vapor pressure 13.33 kPa (26.1 ℃). The explosive limit of the vapor-air mixture is 1.4–8.0%. Insoluble in water; soluble in ethanol, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, glacial acetic acid, propylene, and oils. It is prone to burning and exploding when exposed to heat or open flames. It reacts violently with oxidizing agents such as bromine pentafluoride, chlorine, chromium trioxide, perchloric acid, nitryl groups, oxygen, ozone, perchlorates, (aluminum trichloride + fluoroperchloric acid), (sulfuric acid + permanganate), potassium peroxide, (aluminum perchlorate + acetic acid), and sodium peroxide. It cannot coexist with diborane. Route of entry: Vapor can be absorbed through the respiratory tract, while liquids are completely absorbed through the digestive tract. The skin can absorb a small amount. Clinical manifestations: Acute poisoning: After inhaling a large amount of benzene vapor in a short period of time or ingesting a large quantity of liquid benzene, symptoms of excitement or intoxication occur, along with mucosal irritation symptoms; dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and unsteady gait may also be present. Severe cases may present with coma, seizures, and respiratory and circulatory failure. Urine phenol and blood benzene levels may increase. Subacute poisoning: After inhaling high concentrations over a short period, symptoms such as dizziness, headache, fatigue, and insomnia may occur. Aplastic anemia can occur approximately 1 to 2 months later. If detected early, and after avoiding exposure and receiving appropriate treatment, the prognosis is generally better than that of primary aplastic anemia. Treatment for acute poisoning: Immediately move the affected person to a place with fresh air, remove contaminated clothing, and wash the affected skin with soapy water or clean water. Those who took it orally were given gastric lavage. The poisoned person should stay in bed and rest. Symptomatic and supportive treatment. Glucuronic acid can be administered. Be careful to prevent and treat cerebral edema. Adrenaline should not be used in those with a persistent heartbeat. Subacute poisoning: Remove the victim from the source of exposure and provide symptomatic treatment. For those with aplastic anemia, small-volume transfusions administered multiple times along with glucocorticoid therapy can be used; other treatments are the same as those in internal medicine. 10. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning: Where is hydrogen sulfide found? Hydrogen sulfide is a gas produced by the decomposition of sulfur-containing organic substances or through the reaction of metal sulfides with acids. It is colorless, has an odor similar to that of rotten eggs, is highly volatile, and produces a blue flame when burned. It often occurs when cleaning pickling tanks, manure ponds, soy sauce fermentation tanks, biogas digesters, cellars, or when clearing sewers, ditches, tunnels, mines, as well as during certain chemical manufacturing processes. In the air of production environments, the maximum allowable concentration of hydrogen sulfide is 10 mg/m3; however, people sometimes accidentally inhale too much hydrogen sulfide and suffer from poisoning. Why can hydrogen sulfide be deadly? Hydrogen sulfide is a powerful neurotoxin; although it has a foul smell, it can easily cause olfactory poisoning without anyone noticing it. This is because hydrogen sulfide acts on the disulfide bonds in cytochrome oxidase, affecting cellular oxidation processes and leading to tissue hypoxia. In addition to causing severe irritation to the eyes, nose, and bronchi, it also leads to asphyxiation of tissue cells in the body due to lack of oxygen, resulting in widespread damage to organs. If exposed to a hydrogen sulfide concentration of over 1000 mg/m3, inhaling an extremely large amount of hydrogen sulfide can cause a \"shock-like\" poisoning, leading to sudden collapse within seconds, respiratory arrest, and death before any rescue can be carried out. Symptoms of hydrogen sulfide poisoning: Inhaling hydrogen sulfide can cause acute poisoning and chronic damage in the human body. Acute poisoning can be divided into mild poisoning, which is characterized by symptoms such as photophobia, tearing, eye irritation, a feeling of foreign bodies in the eyes, runny nose, and a burning sensation in the nose and throat. There may also be dizziness, headache, and fatigue; examination may reveal congestion of the conjunctiva ； Moderate poisoning is characterized by immediate symptoms such as dizziness, headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, unsteady walking, and possible brief loss of consciousness ； Severe poisoning is characterized by dizziness, palpitations, difficulty breathing, slowness of movement, followed by irritability, confusion, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and convulsions. The patient rapidly falls into a coma, and death may ultimately occur due to respiratory paralysis. Rescuers should protect themselves from poisoning by quickly moving the patient away from the site of exposure to poison, to a place with fresh and well-ventilated air; they should loosen the patient’s clothes, belts, etc., and administer oxygen. Those involved in on-site rescue should wear isolation gowns and gas masks to prevent self-poisoning. Immediately after the patient is removed from the toxic environment, 2 ml of a 10% solution of 4-aminomethylphenol (4-DMAP) is injected intramuscularly. 4-DMAP is a methemoglobin-forming agent that acts rapidly and has no effect on lowering blood pressure. A 3% sodium nitrite solution is administered by intravenous injection at a rate of 2 to 3 ml per minute; if the systolic blood pressure drops below 80 mmHg, the injection is stopped. Once sodium nitrite enters the body, its trivalent iron binds with hydrogen sulfide and the sulfur ions bound to cytochrome oxidase, thereby restoring the activity of cytochrome oxidase and achieving a detoxifying effect. For those with stopped breathing, artificial respiration should be performed promptly; where possible, tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation should be carried out as soon as possible. 11. Ingesting detergent: Nowadays, there are an increasing number of various household chemicals that have made their way into people’s homes. Various detergents are widely used by people for their convenience, practicality, and affordable prices. However, for various reasons, it may be consumed if not stored properly and mixed with food, out of curiosity, or intentionally. What should be done in case someone accidentally swallows detergent? Due to the different detergents consumed, the first-aid methods also vary. Detergent is the most widely used, and it is also very easy to be ingested accidentally, especially by children out of curiosity. The main components of detergent are lauryl sulfate, sodium polyphosphate, and fluorescent agents; ingestion can cause chest pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, vomiting of blood, and bleeding from the rectum, as well as pain in the mouth and throat. If laundry detergent is accidentally swallowed, induce vomiting as soon as possible; after vomiting, consume milk, egg white, soy milk, or thick rice soup, and seek medical attention immediately. Secondly, detergents used for washing dishes, as well as vegetables and fruits, are also prone to be accidentally ingested; their main components are sodium carbonate and sodium polyphosphate. Sodium silicate and some surfactants have a stronger alkalinity than laundry detergent. Due to its strong alkalinity, it causes significant damage to the esophagus and stomach, leading to more severe consequences. In the event of accidental ingestion, about 200 milliliters of milk or yogurt, fruit juice, etc., should be consumed immediately; a small amount of cooking oil can also be given to reduce irritation to the mucous membranes, and the person should be taken to the hospital for emergency treatment. Generally speaking, inducing vomiting and gastric lavage are strictly prohibited. As for toilet cleaners used for cleaning bathrooms, accidental ingestion is very rare; intentional ingestion is more common. Since these detergents are more toxic, their consequences are more severe. Among these detergents, liquids are often prepared using hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid ； The main component of the powder is sulfamic acid, which is soluble in water and also highly acidic. Ingesting these highly acidic detergents can easily cause chemical burns to the esophagus and stomach, and treatment is difficult. When symptoms and signs such as severe burning pain in the mouth, pharynx, retrosternal area, and abdomen, large amounts of brown material in the vomit along with mucosal fragments are present, one should be alert to strong-acid detergent poisoning. Immediately administer milk, soy milk, egg white, peanut oil, etc. orally, and seek emergency medical treatment as soon as possible; avoid inducing vomiting, gastric lavage, or enemas. 12. Potassium permanganate poisoning: Potassium permanganate, also known as permanganic acid, manganese dioxide, or manganous permanganate, is often used topically as a disinfectant and as an agent for gastric lavage. Potassium permanganate is a dark purple crystal that is odorless; it is commonly used in concentrations of 1:1000 to 1:4000 as an emetic, and appears pale purple or red ； If it is purple or dark purple, the concentration is usually already at 1:100 to 1:200, and it cannot be used for gastric lavage. Furthermore, permanganate solutions must never be used in cases of parathion (1605) poisoning, as the combination of the two can result in the formation of phosgene, which is even more toxic. The concentration of potassium permanganate solution used for washing skin wounds, irrigating the urethra, and ** is 1:2000 to 1:5000. Using a very high concentration of potassium permanganate for gastric lavage can cause ulceration of the gastric mucosa, and using an extremely high concentration for washing skin wounds can also lead to corrosion and ulceration of the local skin. Therefore, accidental ingestion or misuse of a high-concentration potassium permanganate solution can lead to poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning include gastrointestinal issues such as nausea and vomiting, as well as a metallic taste in the mouth. Depending on the concentration, varying degrees of corrosion may occur, and edema can develop in the mucous membranes of the lips, mouth, tongue, pharynx, and larynx. In severe cases, swelling of the vocal cords can cause airway obstruction and suffocation. Kidney damage may result in reduced urine output, anuria, and kidney failure. It can even cause bleeding in the throat and gastric perforation ； Vomitus entering the trachea can corrode the lungs and cause aspiration pneumonia, among other issues. First aid measures: 1. Immediately wash the stomach with large amounts of clean water, continuing to do so until the fluid flowing out is no longer purple and has the same color as the water used for irrigation. Since small particles can easily get trapped in the folds of the gastric mucosa and are difficult to remove, it is necessary to change the patient’s position frequently during gastric lavage in order to ensure that any remaining particles are thoroughly washed out. 2. After thorough gastric lavage, mucosal protectants such as egg white, milk, or thick rice soup should be administered. 3. Then, 15–30 grams of magnesium sulfate should be given to induce diarrhea, thereby helping to expel toxins from the intestines. 4. To prevent vomit or secretions from entering the trachea and causing aspiration pneumonia, antibiotics such as penicillin can be injected. 5. Symptomatic treatment: In cases of low blood pressure or shock, vasopressors can be used; in cases of respiratory or circulatory failure, respiratory and cardiac stimulants may be employed, and artificial respiration and chest compressions may be necessary when required.