Chlorine gas poisoning

Chlorine mainly invades the human body through the respiratory tract and damages the upper respiratory tract.； When the concentration of chlorine in the air is high, it can also invade the deep respiratory tract. Chlorine gas poisoning usually causes cough, sputum, shortness of breath, chest tightness or chest pain, mild cyanosis, and dry or moist rales in both lungs. ； Prevention and treatment measures for chlorine poisoning Those who inhale the gas should leave the scene immediately to a place with fresh air, keep quiet and keep warm. If your eyes or skin come into contact with liquid chlorine, rinse thoroughly with water immediately. Those who have symptoms after inhalation should be observed for at least 12 hours and treated symptomatically. Those who have inhaled a large amount should rest in bed, take oxygen, and be given aerosol inhalation such as Salbutamol aerosol, Ventolin or 5% sodium bicarbonate plus dexamethasone. Acute poisoning requires reasonable oxygen therapy; early, appropriate, and short-term application of adrenal glucocorticoids; maintaining a smooth respiratory tract; preventing and treating pulmonary edema and secondary infections; and other symptomatic treatments. Eye and skin burns are treated as acid burns, see and. This post was last edited by johncom on 2009-4-12 14:22 ]

The effects of chlorine on the human body include acute poisoning and chronic damage. Acute poisoning can be clinically divided into irritant reaction, mild, moderate and severe poisoning. Its performance is: (1) Chlorine gas irritation reaction: Transient eye and upper respiratory tract irritation symptoms ； (2) Mild poisoning: The main symptoms are bronchitis and peribronchitis, cough, a small amount of sputum, chest tightness, etc., dry rales or wheezing in both lungs, and a small amount of wet rales. ； (3) Moderate poisoning: The main manifestations are bronchopneumonia, interstitial pulmonary edema or localized alveolar pulmonary edema. Cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, chest tightness or pain, possibly mild cyanosis, and dry or moist rales in both lungs ； (4) Severe poisoning: Clinical manifestations include: ① Coughing, coughing up a large amount of white or pink foamy sputum, difficulty breathing, tightness in the chest, obvious cyanosis, and diffuse rales in both lungs ； ②severe suffocation ； ③Moderate or severe coma ； ④death ； ⑤Severe complications occur, such as pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, etc. If one of these complications occurs, it is severe chlorine poisoning. The chronic effects of chlorine on the human body mainly include irritation symptoms in the upper respiratory tract, eye conjunctiva, and skin, as well as neurasthenia syndrome, chloracne, and tooth erosion. 　　Patients with obvious chronic respiratory diseases and obvious cardiovascular system diseases should not engage in chlorine gas work. 　　Key points for preventing and treating chlorine poisoning are:: 　① Strictly abide by safe operating procedures, prevent running, popping, dripping and leaking, and maintain negative pressure in pipelines ； 　　② Chlorine-containing waste gas needs to be purified by lime before being discharged. Ammonia storage tanks and sprayers can also be installed to neutralize the chlorine during chlorine removal. ； 　　③ Gas masks must be worn during maintenance or on-site rescue ； 　　④ Perform preventive physical exams. This post was last edited by johncom on 2009-4-12 14:22 ]

Content comes from: http://baike.baidu.com/view/272151.htm http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/9263106.html The effects of chlorine on the human body include acute poisoning and chronic damage. Clinically, acute poisoning can be divided into irritant reactions, mild, moderate and severe poisoning. 　　Acute chlorine poisoning is clinically divided into irritant reaction, mild, moderate and severe poisoning based on the severity of respiratory system damage. 　　1. Chlorine gas irritation reaction: Transient eye and upper respiratory tract irritation symptoms occur. There are no positive signs in the lungs or occasionally a small amount of dry rales, which usually subside within 24 hours. 　　2. Mild poisoning: The main symptoms are bronchitis or peribronchitis, including cough, a small amount of phlegm, and chest tightness. There are scattered dry rales or wheezes in both lungs, and there may be a small amount of wet rales. Lung X-ray shows increased and thickened lung markings and unclear edges, generally more obvious in the lower lung fields. After rest and treatment, symptoms can disappear within 1 to 2 days. 　　3. Moderate poisoning: The main manifestations are bronchopneumonia, interstitial pulmonary edema or localized alveolar pulmonary edema. Symptoms of eye and upper respiratory tract irritation worsened, including chest tightness, dyspnea, paroxysmal coughing, sputum, and sometimes pink foamy sputum or blood in the sputum, accompanied by gastrointestinal reactions such as headache, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and bloating. Mild cyanosis, dry or moist rales in both lungs, or diffuse wheezing in both lungs. The above symptoms gradually reduced and disappeared after rest and treatment for 2 to 10 days. 　　4. Severe poisoning: In clinical manifestations or chest X-ray findings, those who have one of the following conditions are considered to be severely poisoned. 　　1) Clinical appearance: ①Pulmonary edema occurs after inhaling high concentrations of chlorine for several minutes to several hours. A large amount of white or pink foamy sputum may be coughed up. Dyspnea, chest tightness, obvious cyanosis, and diffuse moist rales in both lungs ； ②Severe suffocation caused by spasm or edema of the larynx or bronchus ； ③Shock and moderate or deep coma ； 4 Sudden death caused by reflex respiratory center depression or cardiac arrest ； ⑤Serious complications such as pneumothorax and mediastinal emphysema may occur. 　　2) Chest X-ray performance: Mainly presents as extensive, diffuse pneumonia or alveolar pulmonary edema. There are large, uniformly dense shadows, or patchy shadows of different sizes and densities with blurred edges, widely distributed in both lung fields, with a small amount of them in the shape of butterfly wings. Bronchial asthma or wheezing bronchitis may occur after severe chlorine poisoning. The latter is caused by organized scars formed by hydrochloric acid corrosion, which is difficult to recover and can develop into emphysema. 　　Acute chlorine poisoning can be diagnosed based on the rapid onset of illness after inhaling a large amount of chlorine in a short period of time, combined with a comprehensive analysis of symptoms, signs, and chest X-ray findings, and excluding respiratory diseases caused by other causes. 　　1. Basic treatment ⑴ General treatment: Immediately evacuate the patient from the scene to fresh air. If the eyes or skin are contaminated, rinse thoroughly with water or saline immediately and give 0.5% cortisone eye drops and antibiotic eye drops. ； Use 2% to 3% sodium bicarbonate solution for wet compresses on skin acid burns. Patients who are exposed to a certain amount of chlorine should stay in the hospital for observation. Monitoring includes changes in respiration, pulse, and blood pressure. Early blood gas analysis and dynamic chest X-ray imaging should be performed for observation. 　　⑵correct hypoxia: Give oxygen and keep airway open. 　　⑶Prevent and treat pulmonary edema: ①Nebulized inhalation neutralizer, such as topical inhalation of 5% sodium bicarbonate. ②Rational use of glucocorticoids. During outpatient preventive treatment, intramuscular injection of dexamethasone or oral prednisone can be given for 1 to 2 days. Inpatients can be given 20 to 60 mg of dexamethasone by intravenous injection or drip according to their condition. 　　2. Treatment of pulmonary edema (1) Oxygen inhalation: Oxygen inhalation is one of the important measures to treat pulmonary edema and improve hypoxia. When inhaling oxygen, attention should be paid to maintaining the blood oxygen partial pressure at around 80 mgHg, and to avoid the toxicity of high-concentration oxygen. 　　⑵aerosol inhalation: You can use gentamicin 8 to 160,000 units, dexamethasone 5 mg, aminophylline 0.25 g, 5% sodium bicarbonate 20 ml, add 0.9% normal saline to 50 ml, and inhale by atomization every 4 hours, 10 to 15 ml each time. 　　⑶Reduce pulmonary capillary permeability: Early, sufficient, and short-term application of adrenal glucocorticoids is the key to treating pulmonary edema. On the first day of mild pulmonary edema, dexamethasone 10 to 20 mg or hydrocortisone 200 to 400 mg can be injected intravenously or intravenously. For moderate pulmonary edema, dexamethasone 20 to 30 mg or hydrocortisone 400 to 600 mg can be used. For severe pulmonary edema, dexamethasone 30 to 50 mg or hydrocortisone 600 to 1000 mg can be used. The dose can be reduced accordingly according to the condition. Glucocorticoids are usually used for 2 to 5 days, but severe chlorine poisoning can be used for a period of time under close observation, depending on the condition. 　　⑷Antispasmodic and defoaming, keeping respiratory tract clear: Aminophylline 0.25g can be added to 20ml of 10% glucose solution for intravenous injection ； When there is pulmonary edema and a large amount of foam blocks the airway, defoaming agent (dimethyl silicone oil) can be inhaled by atomization. 　　⑸vasodilators: It has been reported that the use of vasodilators to rescue toxic pulmonary edema has achieved good results. Sodium nitroprusside, fentanyl, phentolamine, anisodamine, etc. can be tried. 　　⑹Treatment of complications: Toxic pulmonary edema is easily complicated by pulmonary infection, and must be treated early, in sufficient quantity, and in combination with antibiotics ； Acidosis often occurs in pulmonary edema. Respiratory alkalosis may occur when using artificial respirators or hyperventilation. Acid-base balance disorders should be prevented and treated promptly. This post was last edited by johncom on 2009-4-12 14:23 ]

Logo Chinese name: Chlorine, the English name of chlorine gas: chlorine molecular formula: Cl2 molecular weight: 70.91 UN number: 1017 Dangerous goods number: 23002 RTECS No.: FO2100000 CAS number: 7782-50-5 Physical and chemical properties: A yellow-green gas with a pungent odor that turns into a yellow-green transparent liquid after liquefaction. Melting point (℃): -101 Solubility: Easily soluble in water and alkali. Boiling point (℃): -34.5 Heat of combustion (kJ/mol): Saturated vapor pressure (kPa) 506.62/10.3℃ Critical temperature (℃): 144 Relative density (water=1): 1.47 Critical pressure (MPa): 7.71 Relative density (air=1): 2.48 Combustion and explosion hazards Flammability: Combustion-supporting combustion (decomposition) products: HCl flash point (℃): meaningless aggregation hazards: Explosion limit cannot occur (V%): meaningless stability: Stable auto-ignition temperature (℃): meaningless taboo: Flammable or combustible substances, alcohols, ether, hydrogen. Hazardous properties: It won't burn, but it will support combustion. Combustion and explosion may occur when mixed with flammable gases in sunlight. If exposed to high heat, the internal pressure of the container will increase and there is a risk of cracking and explosion. Fire extinguishing methods: Does not burn. Cut off the air supply. * * Cool the container and, if possible, move it from the fire to an open area. Toxicity and Health Hazard Exposure Limits: ChinaMAC: 1mg/m3 Former Soviet Union MAC: 1mg/m3 American TWA: OSHA 1ppm, 3mg/m3ACGIH: 0.5ppm, 1.5mg/m3 American STEL: ACGIH: 1ppm, 3mg/m3 Invasion route: Inhalation toxicity: Highly toxic category (Level II, highly hazardous) LC50: 879mg/m3 1 hour (rat inhalation) Health hazards: Irritating to eyes and respiratory system mucous membranes. Can cause vagus nerve excitement and reflex cardiac arrest. acute poisoning: Mild symptoms of mucosal irritation: Red eyes, tearing, coughing, etc. ； Symptoms of moderate bronchitis and bronchopneumonia include chest pain, headache, nausea, severe dry cough, rapid breathing and pulse, and possible mild cyanosis, etc. ； In severe cases, pulmonary edema may occur, and coma and shock may occur. Sometimes laryngeal spasm and edema occur, causing suffocation. It can also cause reflex respiratory depression and respiratory arrest and death. chronic poisoning: Long-term exposure to low concentrations can cause chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma and pulmonary edema. ； Can cause occupational acne and tooth erosion. First aid inhalation: Leave the scene quickly and get to fresh air. Keep your airway open. Give oxygen if breathing is difficult. Give 2~4% sodium bicarbonate solution for aerosol inhalation. Seek medical attention. skin contact: Take off contaminated clothing and immediately rinse with water for at least 15 minutes. If burns occur, treat them as acid burns. eye contact: Flush with running water or saline for at least 15 minutes. Protective Engineering Control: Tightly enclosed, providing adequate local exhaust and general ventilation. personal protection: Wear chemical safety glasses, corresponding protective clothing, and chemical-resistant gloves. Wear a gas mask when the concentration in the air exceeds the standard, and wear a positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus in an emergency or when escaping. In case of leakage, personnel in the leakage contaminated area should be quickly evacuated to a windward location and isolated until the gas dissipates. Wear complete isolation chemical protective clothing. Avoid contact with acetylene, turpentine, ether, ammonia and other substances. Cut off the air source, exhaust (indoors) or forcefully ventilate (outdoors). If possible, pipe the leak to a reducing agent (sodium acid sulfate or sodium acid carbonate) solution. Leaking cylinders can also be placed in lime emulsion. Leaking containers cannot be reused and must undergo technical treatment to remove any remaining gas. Storage and transportation of non-combustible toxic compressed gases. Store in a cool, ventilated warehouse. The warehouse temperature should not exceed 30℃. Keep away from fire and heat sources. Protect from direct sunlight. It should be stored separately from flammable, combustible materials, metal powders, etc. Mixed storage and transportation are not allowed. The liquid chlorine storage area should be built with a dike lower than the natural ground. When accepting, pay attention to the product name and the bottle inspection date. Those who go to the warehouse first will be used. When transporting, load and unload with care to prevent damage to the cylinder and accessories. Transport according to prescribed routes and do not stop in residential areas or densely populated areas. This post was last edited by johncom on 2009-4-12 14:25 ]