Request: Design and construction codes for breakwaters

I hadn’t really paid attention to the term ‘breakwater’ before; I checked Baidu. Please take a look at the explanation before answering: Breakwater – A structure built underwater to prevent the force of waves from causing damage, to enclose harbors, to maintain a stable water level and thus protect ports from adverse weather conditions, enabling ships to dock and operate safely. Breakwaters can also prevent siltation in the harbor basin and wave erosion of the shoreline. It is an important part of artificially fortified coastal ports. 　　Type: The planar layout of the breakwater; some are ring-shaped, with their bases connected to the shoreline and their tops forming an opening ； Some are roughly parallel to the shoreline, with their inlets located at both ends of the dike. 　　Based on their structural form (or cross-sectional shape) and the effect they have on waves, breakwaters can be classified into slope-type breakwaters, vertical breakwaters, hybrid breakwaters, open-type breakwaters, and floating breakwaters. There are also various types such as jet dissipators and other wave-dissipating devices. The choice of structural form depends on natural conditions such as water depth, tidal range, waves, and geology, as well as factors like material availability, usage requirements, and construction conditions. ①Ramp-type breakwater: Generally constructed by dumping stones or concrete blocks in various forms ； Some also use core stones, with a surface layer protected by heavier concrete blocks. Ramp-type breakwaters are generally suitable for areas with shallow water depths, poor foundations, and abundant stone supplies. If concrete blocks are used for the facing, it is also suitable for areas with greater water depths and stronger waves. ②Vertical breakwater: constructed using bottom-enclosed reinforced concrete caissons or concrete blocks. It is generally suitable for areas with good foundations and large water depths, where even extremely large waves do not cause breaking waves. ③Mixed breakwater: It has a rubble mound structure at the lower part and a straight wall structure at the upper part, representing a combination of the slope type and the vertical type. Mixed breakwaters are further divided into two types. One option is for the bottom surface of the vertical wall at the upper part to be above or near the low water level ； Another approach is to have the base of the vertical wall at the upper section located at a sufficient depth below the low water level, in order to reduce the damage caused by waves to the lower stone foundation.

The poster can refer to JTJ 298-1998|Code for Design and Construction of Breakwaters (with Explanations to the Provisions).

The standard you mentioned is the \"Code for Design and Construction of Breakwaters (JTJ 298-98)\). I’ve found it and uploaded it to the forum at http://bbs.hcbbs.com/thread-420191-1-1.html; you can download it there!