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Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation The storage and transportation of oil and natural gas is referred to as oil and gas storage and transportation. It mainly refers to the process of transporting qualified crude oil, natural gas, and other products from storage facilities, transfer terminals, or initial export stations in oil and gas fields, via long-distance oil and gas pipelines, tank cars, or oil tankers, to users such as refineries and petrochemical plants. Characteristics of pipeline oil transportation The characteristics of pipeline oil transportation are: large transport capacity ； Low energy consumption and low shipping costs ； Easy to manage, capable of full automation, and offers high labor productivity ； Most of the pipeline is buried underground, suffering little constraint from terrain and obstacles, which allows for shorter transportation distances ； It is securely sealed and essentially unaffected by harsh weather conditions, enabling long-term stable and safe operation ； However, its mode of transportation is inflexible, it consumes a large amount of steel, and it requires many auxiliary devices; it is suitable for one-way transportation to a fixed location in large quantities. Several stages of pipeline construction in China Pipeline construction in China can be roughly divided into three stages: (1) The period from 1958 to 1969 was the initial stage of pipeline construction in China. During this time, due to low oil production levels, as well as a lack of technical capabilities and experience in building long-distance, large-diameter pipelines, China was still at a backward level both in terms of the number of pipelines constructed and in terms of oil transportation technology. (2) The period from 1970 to 1980 was the peak phase for pipeline construction in China, as well as a time when advanced domestic equipment was widely adopted. Along with the rapid development of pipeline construction, the quality of steel used for pipelines, oil transportation processes, oil transportation equipment, and communication methods related to oil transportation also saw rapid progress. (3) After 1981, it was a period in which China made extensive use of advanced foreign technologies for pipeline construction in order to improve efficiency. During this period, advanced foreign equipment and technologies were widely introduced for pipeline construction, with an emphasis on improving the economic efficiency of pipeline transportation. Extensive research and field experiments were carried out, yielding numerous scientific achievements that led to a significant increase in the efficiency of oil transportation via pipelines. Heat treatment of crude oil Heat treatment of crude oil involves heating the crude oil to a certain temperature and then cooling it to a specific temperature in a particular manner and at a certain rate. Through heat treatment, the form in which paraffin, asphaltene, and resin exist in crude oil can be altered, thereby changing the freezing point and viscosity of the crude oil. The low-temperature flow properties of crude oil can be improved under optimal heat treatment conditions. In 1995, the annual crude oil production was 7.9 million tons. Forced current protection: A method in which the metal to be protected is connected to the negative pole of an external power source, and a protective current is supplied by this external source in order to reduce the corrosion rate. This is known as forced current protection.