Can anyone send me information on the basics of the petroleum refining process?

http://www.progchem.ac.cn/qikan/manage/wenzhang/070445.pdf Entering the 21st century, the deepening of heavy and inferior quality of petroleum resources around the world, and the increasing demand for clean and ultra-clean vehicle fuels and chemical raw materials, are causing the world's oil refining technology to undergo major adjustments and changes. This work is based on the analysis of the current status of the world's oil refining industry and technology development. , pointed out that the future development of world refining technology will focus on the processing of heavy/low-quality crude oil, the production of clean fuels and the integration of refining and chemical industry. In terms of the processing of heavy/low-quality crude oil, hydrocracking and hydrotreating processes will be the main development direction of refining technology in the 21st century. New catalysts The chemical cracking (FCC) process and coking process will also be further developed; the development direction of clean fuel production technology is mainly focused on the desulfurization of gasoline and diesel, and various desulfurization technologies, mainly hydrodesulfurization, will be greatly developed; in terms of integrated development of refining and chemical industry, based on the traditional FCC process The technology of process improvement to maximize the production of low-carbon olefins will receive widespread attention. Due to its high flexibility, hydrocracking can not only produce high-quality middle distillates (jet fuel and diesel), but also provide high-quality raw materials for ethylene plants and aromatics plants. It is the core technology for the integrated development of refining and chemicals in the 21st century. The most basic petroleum refining process refers to the process of using distillation to separate crude oil into oil products with different boiling point ranges (called fractions). Usually includes three processes: ①Crude oil pretreatment: That is to remove water and salt from crude oil. ②Normal pressure distillation: The straight-run fractions of gasoline, kerosene (or jet fuel), diesel, etc. are distilled under near-normal pressure, and the residue at the bottom of the tower is normal-pressure residual oil (i.e., heavy oil). ③Distillation under reduced pressure: The atmospheric residual oil is distilled under an absolute pressure of about 8kPa to distill heavy distillate oil as lubricating oil, cracking raw material or cracking raw material, and the residue at the bottom of the tower is vacuum residual oil. If the crude oil contains a large amount of light oil or there is a large market demand for fuel oil, crude oil distillation can also only include two processes: crude oil pretreatment and atmospheric distillation, commonly known as crude oil pulling. Some of the various fractions obtained from crude oil distillation are raw materials for some petroleum products. ； Some are raw materials for secondary processing (see petroleum refining process). History In the 1820s, the main petroleum product was kerosene for lamps. The amount of crude oil processed was small, and crude oil distillation was carried out by the kettle distillation method (crude oil was intermittently fed into the still and heated under the kettle). In the 1880s, with the gradual increase in crude oil processing volume, 4 to 10 distillation kettles were connected in series and crude oil was continuously fed, which was called continuous kettle distillation. In 1912, the American MT Trumbull used tubular heating furnaces and distillation towers to process crude oil, forming the prototype of a modern crude oil continuous distillation device, and the crude oil processing capacity was increasing. In the past 30 years, crude oil distillation has continued to develop in the direction of expanding processing capacity and improving equipment efficiency, gradually forming modern large-scale equipment. China currently has more than 40 sets of crude oil distillation units, with a total annual processing capacity of more than 100Mt. The characteristics are the same as general distillation. Crude oil distillation also uses the difference in relative volatility of each component in crude oil to achieve the separation of each fraction (see distillation). However, crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. The boiling points of various hydrocarbons (and azeotropes formed by hydrocarbons and hydrocarbons) are almost continuously distributed from low to high. It is extremely difficult to separate pure compounds using simple distillation methods. Generally, they are divided into fractions of different weights according to the boiling point range according to product requirements. Therefore, the crude oil distillation tower is different from the rectification tower that separates pure compounds. Its characteristics are:: ① There are multiple side outlets. The separation accuracy of each fraction in crude oil distillation does not need to be as high as in pure compound distillation. Multiple side outlets (generally 3 to 4) can draw out fractions of different weights at the same time. ②The enrichment section is very short. The material at the bottom of the crude oil distillation tower is very heavy and it is not suitable to provide heat at the bottom of the tower. However, superheated steam is usually introduced at the bottom of the tower to evaporate the lighter fractions. Generally, there are only 3 to 4 trays in the concentration section. ③Mid-section reflux. The average boiling points of various crude oil fractions vary greatly, causing the vapor load and liquid load in the crude oil distillation tower to increase from bottom to top. In order to make the load uniform and recover the heat at high temperature, mid-section reflux is used to extract heat (that is, the liquid is extracted in the middle of the tower, cooled by heat exchange, the heat is recovered, and then returned to the tower). Usually 2 to 3 intermediate reflows are used. The process includes three parts: crude oil pretreatment, atmospheric distillation and vacuum distillation. Crude oil pretreatment is a process in which water, salt and solid impurities contained in crude oil are removed using electrochemical separation or thermal sedimentation methods. The main purpose is to prevent salts (chlorides of sodium, calcium, and magnesium) from dissociating to produce hydrogen chloride, which will corrode equipment and prevent salt scale from depositing in tube furnace tubes. When using electrochemical separation, several to tens of ppm of demulsifier (ionic demulsifier or non-ionic polyether demulsifier) ​​and softened water should be added to the crude oil, and then passed through a high-voltage electric field (electric field strength 1.2~1.5kV/cm) to cause the salt-containing water droplets to gather and settle, thereby removing salt, water and other impurities in the crude oil. Electrochemical desalination is often used in series with two sets of equipment (two-stage desalination, Figure 1 Secondary electrochemical desalination process of crude oil) to improve the desalination effect. The crude oil pretreated by atmospheric distillation is heated and sent to the initial distillation tower of the atmospheric distillation unit, where most of the light gasoline is distilled out. The crude oil at the bottom of the initial distillation tower is heated to 360-370°C and enters the atmospheric distillation tower (36-48 plates). The top product of this tower is the gasoline fraction (also known as naphtha), which together with the light gasoline at the top of the initial distillation tower can be used as a catalytic reforming raw material, a petrochemical raw material, or a gasoline blending component. The material discharged from the side line of the normal pressure tower enters the stripping tower and is heated with water vapor or a reboiler to evaporate the light components to control the light component content (expressed by the product flash point). Usually, the first line on the side is jet fuel (i.e., aviation kerosene) or kerosene fraction, the second line on the side is light diesel fraction, the third line on the side is heavy diesel or transformer oil fraction (belonging to the lubricating oil fraction), and the bottom product is atmospheric residual oil (i.e., heavy oil). Reduced pressure distillation is also called vacuum distillation. The boiling point of heavy fractions in crude oil is about 370-535°C. To distill these fractions under normal pressure, it needs to be heated to above 420°C. At this temperature, the heavy fractions will crack to a certain extent. Therefore, vacuum distillation is usually performed after normal pressure distillation. Under an absolute pressure of about 2 to 8 kPa, the heavy components are distilled out at a temperature where no obvious cracking reaction occurs. The atmospheric residual oil is heated to about 380-400°C through a vacuum heating furnace and sent to the vacuum distillation tower. Vacuum distillation can be divided into two categories: lubricating oil type and fuel oil type. The former requires higher separation accuracy for each fraction, and the number of plates is 24 to 26. ； The latter is not very demanding, with 15 to 17 trays. Usually a water vapor jet pump (or a mechanical vacuum pump) is used to extract the non-condensable gas to create vacuum conditions. The dry fully packed pressure reduction tower (see packed tower) developed in recent years uses metal high-efficiency packing instead of trays, which can reduce the pressure drop across the tower to 1.3~2.0kPa, thereby increasing the evaporation rate and reducing or eliminating the amount of water vapor at the bottom of the tower. In order to maximize the vaporization rate of atmospheric residual oil at the same furnace outlet temperature, the pipeline from the furnace outlet to the tower is designed to have a large diameter in vacuum distillation (see the color picture of the atmospheric and vacuum distillation device) to reduce the pressure drop and thereby reduce the furnace outlet pressure. The distillate decompression (pressure, extraction) top oil separated from the top of the vacuum tower is generally mixed into the third atmospheric pressure line as diesel, and the first to fourth decompression lines are used as cracking raw materials or lubricating oil raw materials. The bottom of the tower is vacuum residual oil, which can be used as a raw material for the production of residual lubricating oil (see solvent deasphalting) and petroleum asphalt, or as a raw material for petroleum coking, or as fuel oil. The crude oil distillation yield mainly depends on the properties of the crude oil. The yield of gasoline fraction (before 130°C) of Daqing crude oil in China is about 4.2%, jet fuel fraction (130~240°C) is about 9.9%, light diesel fraction (240~350°C) is about 14.5%, heavy distillate (350~500°C) is about 29.7%, and the rest is vacuum residue (about 41.7%). The gasoline fraction (before 200°C) of Shengli crude oil is about 7%, the light diesel fraction (200~350°C) is about 18%, the heavy oil fraction (350~525°C) is about 30%, and the vacuum residual oil is about 45%. Trend Crude oil distillation is the most energy-consuming device in petroleum refineries. In recent years, chemical system engineering planning methods have been adopted to make heat utilization more reasonable. In addition, the use of computers to control the air consumption during combustion of the heating furnace and the recovery and utilization of flue gas waste heat can significantly reduce the energy consumption of the device.