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1. What is special equipment? How many types of special equipment exist in our country? answer: The "Regulations on Safety Supervision of Special Equipment" stipulates that special equipment refers to eight categories of equipment and facilities that endanger life safety and are relatively dangerous, such as boilers, pressure vessels, pressure pipes, elevators, hoisting machinery, passenger ropeways, large amusement facilities, and vehicles in sites (factories). The common feature of these equipment is that it is potentially dangerous and prone to explosions, leakage of toxic media, instability, failure, collapse and other accidents, resulting in casualties and even mass casualties. As of the end of 2006, there were a total of 4.0373 million boilers, pressure vessels, elevators, hoisting machinery, passenger ropeways, amusement facilities, and motor vehicles (sets, vehicles, strips) in use in my country, as well as 130 million gas cylinders and 750,000 kilometers of pressure pipelines. 2. How are special equipment subdivided? answer: Boilers are divided into steam boilers, hot water boilers and organic heat carrier boilers ； Pressure vessels are divided into fixed pressure vessels, mobile pressure vessels, gas cylinders and oxygen chambers ； Pressure pipelines are divided into long-distance (oil and gas) pipelines, public pipelines and industrial pipelines ； Elevators are divided into passenger elevators, freight elevators, hydraulic elevators, miscellaneous elevators, escalators and moving walkways. ； Hoisting machinery is divided into light and small lifting equipment, cranes (bridge cranes, gantry cranes, tower cranes, mobile cranes, railway cranes, portal cranes, cable cranes, mast cranes, jib cranes), elevators and mechanical parking equipment ； Passenger ropeway is divided into passenger aerial ropeway, passenger cable car and passenger towing ropeway ； Large-scale amusement facilities are divided into observation cars, scooters, overhead tour cars, gyros, flying towers, carousels, automatic aircraft, racing cars, small trains, bumper cars, battery cars, sightseeing cars, water rides, and unpowered rides. ； Motor vehicles in the field (factory) are divided into wheeled self-propelled special machinery, crawler type self-propelled special machinery, battery vehicles, passenger cars, automobiles, steering wheel tractors, walk-behind tractors, hand-operated three-wheeled motor vehicles and other motor vehicles. 3. What are the dangers when using a boiler, and what accidents may occur? answer: A boiler is an energy conversion device that converts the chemical energy of fuel, the thermal energy of high-temperature flue gas, and electrical energy into heat energy carried by steam, high-temperature water, or organic heat carriers, and outputs steam, high-temperature water, or organic heat carriers. In thermal power plants, steam is used to drive turbines to generate electricity. In industrial production and daily life, steam is mainly used as the heating medium, and hot water and organic heat carriers are used for heating. The main danger of a boiler is that it is easy for the medium to lose control, which may manifest itself in the form of explosion, leakage, water shortage, full water, over-temperature, etc. In addition, boilers whose fuels are oil, natural gas and pulverized coal may also suffer from out-of-control combustion problems, manifested as explosions. The main factors causing casualties in boiler accidents include explosion, deflagration, scalding, etc. In addition, when personnel enter the inside of the boiler during maintenance, they are prone to hypoxia and suffocation. ； Mechanical injury, electric shock, etc. may occur during operation. Common boiler accidents include explosion, pipe burst, water shortage, full water, soda and water co-evaporation, furnace and tail flue explosion, leakage, deformation, etc. 4. What are the dangers in using pressure vessels? What accidents can happen? answer: A pressure vessel can provide a closed space (single chamber or multiple chambers) that can hold the medium and withstand its pressure. The main functions of fixed pressure vessels can be divided into four types. One is to complete the physical and chemical reactions of the medium. ； The second is used to complete the heat exchange of the medium ； The third one is used to complete the fluid pressure balance buffering of the medium and the purification and separation of gases. ； Fourth, it is used to store and contain gas, liquid, liquefied gas and other media. Mobile pressure vessels and gas cylinders are mainly used to contain gases, liquids, liquefied gases and other media. The oxygen chamber is a medical manned pressure vessel that provides an oxygen-rich environment for patients. Pressure vessels are widely used in chemical, petrochemical, energy, metallurgy, pharmaceutical, textile, papermaking, medical, military, building materials, machinery manufacturing, civil and other fields. The main danger of fixed pressure vessels, mobile pressure vessels and gas cylinders is that they easily lose the ability to seal the medium, which can be divided into two categories: explosion and leakage. The medium contained in the pressure vessel is relatively complex. If the flammable medium escapes, it may cause gas explosion and fire. ； If toxic media spills, it can cause poisoning and environmental pollution. Especially when the pressure vessel contains a large medium volume, the consequences of an accident will be more serious. The main danger of oxygen chambers is their susceptibility to fire. The main factors causing casualties in pressure vessel accidents include explosion, deflagration, poisoning, fire, scalding, etc. In addition, entering the inside of the pressure vessel during maintenance may easily lead to hypoxia, suffocation and poisoning. Common accidents of pressure vessels include explosion, leakage, deflagration, fire, poisoning and equipment damage. 5. What are the dangers in using pressure pipelines? What accidents can happen? answer: The main function of pressure pipelines is to transport media. The industrial pipelines mainly input the medium into boilers, pressure vessels and other equipment, or output the medium from the equipment to the use and storage locations. ； Gas pipelines mainly transport gas from storage locations to gas users ； Thermal pipelines mainly transport steam or high-temperature water to the heat exchange station ； Long-distance (oil and gas) pipelines mainly transport oil and natural gas from production areas to refineries and various users, as well as transport oil, refined oil, natural gas, etc. to terminals and stations. The main danger of pressure pipelines is that they easily lose the ability to seal the medium. The manifestations are divided into two categories: leakage and explosion, of which leakage accounts for the vast majority. If the medium contained in the pressure pipeline is flammable, overflow may cause gas explosions and fires. ； If it is a toxic medium, its spillage may cause poisoning and environmental pollution. Especially in long-distance (oil and gas) pipelines and gas pipelines, accidents often cause serious consequences. Similar to pressure vessels, the main factors causing casualties in pressure pipeline accidents include explosion, deflagration, poisoning, fire, scalding, etc. Common accidents in pressure pipelines include leakage, explosion, deflagration, fire, poisoning and equipment damage. 6. What are the dangers in using the elevator? What accidents can happen? answer: An elevator is a type of transportation equipment whose main purpose is to transport people and objects vertically, tilted or horizontally. Elevators using vertical conveying methods are mainly used in high-rise buildings ； Escalators and moving walkways are mainly used in shopping malls, subways, airports and other places. The main danger of elevators using vertical conveying methods is loss of control of the equipment. First, it can cause people to fall from a high place or people and goods to fall from a high place along with the car. ； Second, when people enter and exit the car, the car suddenly starts, causing people to be cut at the threshold between the car door and the landing door. ； Third, when the car hits the top or bottom, the maintenance personnel located on the top or bottom of the car are squeezed. In addition, elevators can also cause accidents such as electric shocks and mechanical injuries. The main hazards with escalator and moving walkway equipment are mechanical injury and tripping (falling) of passengers if they lose control. Elevator accidents can be divided into three categories: personal injury accidents, equipment damage accidents and compound accidents. Elevator personal injury accidents are divided into accident types such as falling, shearing, squeezing, impact, entanglement and entanglement, slipping, tripping (falling), electric shock, and passengers trapped in the elevator. 7. What are the dangers in using lifting machinery? What accidents can happen? answer: Hoisting machinery is a kind of transportation equipment. Its main function is to lift heavy objects. After moving in space, it places the heavy objects at a designated location, that is, the displacement of the heavy objects is completed by moving in space. Hoisting machinery is mainly used in industrial enterprises, ports and terminals, railway stations, warehouses, power stations, housing construction, engineering construction, equipment manufacturing and installation, maintenance and other places. The main danger of lifting machinery is that it is easy to lose control of the equipment and the lifting object. Loss of control of the equipment can cause the crane to overturn, break the arm, over-winch, collision, etc. ； Loss of control of the hoisted object may cause the hoisted object to fall or collide. When the hoisted object is a container containing a liquid medium such as a molten steel ladle, loss of control of the hoisted object may cause splashing or overflowing of the molten steel. In addition, lifting machinery can also cause electric shock, mechanical injuries, etc. The injuries caused by lifting machinery to people include extrusion, falling (spreaders, lifting weights), object strikes and electric shocks that occur during various lifting operations (including crane installation, maintenance, and testing). Common types of accidents involving hoisting machinery include falling objects, crushing and collisions, electric shocks, overturning of the machine body, and equipment damage. 8. What are the dangers in using the passenger ropeway? What accidents can happen? answer: Passenger ropeway is a means of transportation that is widely used in transportation, tourism, skiing and other industries. Compared with passenger cable cars and passenger towing ropeways, passenger aerial ropeways are more dangerous. The main danger is that when operating at high altitudes, the equipment may lose control and cause passengers or the gondola (chair) to fall from high altitudes, or the passengers may be trapped in high altitudes. In addition, maintenance personnel are also prone to falling from heights when performing maintenance. The main injuries caused by passenger aerial ropeways are injuries caused by falling from heights, being trapped, and mechanical injuries. Common types of passenger aerial ropeway accidents include falling of persons, falling of gondolas, abnormal equipment outage, death of trapped passengers while escaping, mechanical injuries, equipment damage, etc. 9. What are the dangers in using large amusement facilities? What accidents can happen? answer: Large-scale amusement facilities are mechanical products that comprehensively use sound, light, electricity, and computer technology. They have the characteristics of pursuing thrills and excitement. They are used for manned amusement rides. Passengers do not need training or special preparation to ride or control the entertainment on their own. Large-scale amusement facilities are mainly set up in amusement parks. The main dangers of large-scale amusement facilities are due to their high-speed operation, high-altitude operation, water operation, or high-speed operation at high altitude or water. If out of control, the amusement facilities may easily collapse or overturn as a whole (partially), people may fall, collide, and fire. The harm factors caused by large amusement facilities to people can be divided according to their operating characteristics. For large amusement facilities operating at high altitudes and at high speeds, the main problems are falling from heights, collisions, squeezing and object strikes. ； For large-scale amusement facilities operating on the ground, the main problems are human bodies falling and objects collapsing, flying, squeezing, etc. ； For large amusement rides operating on the water, the main problem is drowning ； For large amusement rides driven by electricity, there are also electric shocks and fires. Common types of accidents involving large amusement facilities include collapse (overturning), falling, extrusion (shearing), collision, fire, electric shock, object impact, drowning, mechanical injury and equipment damage, etc. 10. What are the dangers of using motor vehicles in the field (factory)? What are the main accidents? answer: Motor vehicles in the field (factory) drive in construction sites, factories, mines and other operating areas, and are mainly used for transportation operations, handling operations and engineering construction operations. Motor vehicles in the field (factory) have the functions of transportation, handling and engineering construction operations, and can be equipped with various removable working devices and special attachments. They can flexibly adapt to changing material handling operations and meet the needs of various short-distance material handling operations cost-effectively. The main danger of motor vehicles in the field (factory) is that when they drive at a high speed on the ground or carry heavy objects, they may lose control and cause injury to people. The main factors causing injuries to people from motor vehicles in the field (factory) are vehicle injuries and injuries caused by carrying heavy objects. Common injury accidents of motor vehicles in the field (factory) can be divided into collision, rolling, scraping, rollover, crash, explosion, fire, derailment and transportation, falling during loading and unloading, and object impact according to the state of the vehicle accident. ； According to the road in the field (factory) area, it can be divided into intersections, curves, straight roads, ramps, railway level crossings, narrow roads, warehouses, workshops and other traffic accidents. 11. What are the main risk factors of special equipment? answer: There are many risk factors that cause special equipment accidents. In terms of physical risk factors, they mainly include equipment and facility defects, protection defects, electricity, poor operating environment, signal defects, sign defects, etc. In terms of behavioral risk factors, there are mainly operational errors, supervision errors, command errors, and unsafe behaviors of passengers. In addition, there are also common chemical risk factors, psychological and physiological risk factors and other risk factors (including external damage, natural disasters, etc.). 12. What are the countermeasures to prevent and reduce the occurrence of special equipment accidents? answer: Special equipment safety countermeasures can be divided into safety technical measures, enterprise safety management measures and * * Supervision and management measures ( * * Special equipment safety supervision implemented) and other three aspects. Comprehensive adoption of these countermeasures should meet the following basic requirements: (1) Can eliminate or reduce the dangers and hazards during the use of special equipment and during inspection and testing ； (2) Dispose of dangerous and harmful substances and reduce them to * * within specified limits ； (3) Prevent dangers and hazards caused by special equipment failure and operating errors ； (4) Can effectively prevent the occurrence of major accidents ； (5) When an accident occurs, it can provide self-rescue and mutual rescue conditions for people in distress, and can effectively implement emergency rescue. 13.What is special equipment safety supervision? What are its main functions? answer: Special equipment safety supervision is responsible for the safety of special equipment * * The sum of decision-making, organization, management, control, supervision and inspection activities carried out by administrative agencies to achieve safety purposes. it is made of * * A public safety service provided to the society, which is provided by * * An administrative measure that is enforced. Its main functions are as follows:: The first is to formulate special equipment safety rules that the whole society must universally abide by, prohibit or restrict behaviors that lead to special equipment accidents, and prevent behaviors that maximize economic benefits and sacrifice special equipment safety indicators at the expense of public interests. The second is to take measures to prevent special equipment accidents caused by insufficient education and training, defects in design, manufacturing, installation, modification, etc., and defects in safety requirements of equipment and facilities. The third is to urge the user units to work hard to eliminate management defects and identify, control and eliminate unsafe behaviors of people and unsafe conditions of equipment. When special equipment is found to be in an unsafe condition, restrict its use to prevent accidents. The fourth is to implement a mandatory periodic inspection system to promptly discover the unsafe condition of special equipment. The fifth is to use the lessons learned from the accident to take effective measures to reduce the accident to an acceptable level. safety inspection * * The safety level of special equipment plays an important role. Practice has proven that it is an effective method to prevent special equipment accidents. 14. What stages of development have my country’s seed-holding equipment safety supervision work gone through? answer: Foreign special equipment safety supervision work has a history of more than 100 years. In the 1930s and 1940s, Shanghai in old China already had a Boiler Inspectors Association organized by freelancers to carry out regular inspections of boilers, pressure vessels, elevators, etc. Since the founding of New China, special equipment safety supervision work can be divided into three stages of development. The first is the period from 1955 to 1982, which was the initial and exploratory stage of my country’s safety supervision work. At this stage, my country's special equipment safety supervision administrative departments have been set up three times and two times down, especially in 2010. * * During this period, safety supervision work was severely impacted. Supervision agencies at all levels were abolished, professional cadres were decentralized or transferred, and safety supervision work was completely destroyed. In 1979, the accident rate of boilers and pressure vessels in my country reached a historical high (7.9 incidents/10,000 units). It was also in 1979 that the former Ministry of Labor began to formulate safety regulations for boilers and pressure vessels in accordance with the spirit of the State Council's instructions. Labor departments at all levels established and improved safety supervision agencies, trained a large number of supervisory cadres, and established inspection agencies specializing in technical inspections, which brought new progress in supervision and inspection work. The second is the period from 1982 to 2003, when my country’s basic safety supervision system was established and gradually improved. In February 1982, the State Council promulgated the "Interim Regulations on Safety Supervision of Boilers and Pressure Vessels", which for the first time proposed the basic system for the whole-process safety supervision of boilers and pressure vessels in my country, and provided legal support for the establishment of a "dual-track system" for safety supervision and inspection. In the following 21 years, the supervision system and supervision system of boilers and pressure vessels have been continuously enriched and improved in practice, and have played an important role in the safety work of boilers and pressure vessels in my country. Third, on March 11, 2003, the State Council promulgated the "Special Equipment Safety Supervision Regulations" in Order No. 373. Since then, my country's special equipment safety supervision work has entered a stage of innovative development and will remain in this stage for some time to come. 15. What kind of administrative system does my country implement for safety supervision of seed-holding equipment? answer: my country's special equipment safety supervision work implements an administrative system of hierarchical supervision and management. * * The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine is responsible for the safety supervision of special equipment nationwide, and local quality and technical supervision bureaus at or above the county level are responsible for the safety supervision of special equipment in their own administrative regions. * * The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine is an agency directly under the State Council, and local quality and technical supervision departments implement vertical management at the provincial level. * * The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and local quality and technical supervision departments are the administrative law enforcement entities for special equipment safety supervision, and their internal special equipment safety supervision agencies are responsible for the specific implementation of safety supervision work. * * The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine has a Special Equipment Safety Supervision Bureau (hereinafter referred to as the Special Equipment Bureau). All provincial, municipal and county-level quality and technical supervision bureaus in some economically developed regions across the country have set up special equipment safety supervision agencies. By the end of 2006, there were 2,894 institutions with 8,907 special equipment safety inspection staff, including 7,208 certified safety inspectors. * * The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, the quality and technical supervision bureaus of each province, autonomous region, and municipality directly under the Central Government, and the quality and technical supervision bureaus of each city (state, prefecture) have established special equipment inspection agencies. As of the end of 2006, there were 379 inspection agencies (comprehensive inspection agencies) specializing in supervisory inspection and periodic inspection of special equipment. In addition to the special equipment inspection institutions affiliated to the quality inspection department, as of the end of 2006, there were 209 comprehensive inspection institutions for special equipment in industries and enterprises, 41 type testing institutions, 194 professional non-destructive testing institutions, 1,761 gas cylinder inspection institutions, and 50,528 employees in inspection and testing institutions. There are also some special equipment administrative licensing appraisal and evaluation agencies, special equipment operator examination agencies, special equipment inspection industry associations, standardization committees, etc. in our country. They are * * Provide technical services for safety inspection work carried out. 16. What are the characteristics of my country’s legal system for safety supervision of seed holding equipment? answer: The "Special Equipment Safety Supervision Regulations" proposes a special equipment safety supervision system suitable for China's national conditions. The main features are as follows: Prevention first ； Strict management ； Unified supervision, internal and external consistency, and emphasis on efficiency ； Give play to the important role of technical institutions and science and technology in special equipment safety work ； The legal responsibilities for the safety of special equipment are clear and specific. 17. How does my country’s legal system for safety supervision of seed holding equipment reflect the “prevention first” approach? answer: Special equipment safety supervision work must implement my country’s “prevention first” approach to safety production, which is mainly reflected in five aspects. Control from the source of production - ensure the eugenics of special equipment through administrative licensing and manufacturing process supervision and inspection ； Checking from use registration - ensuring that special equipment is included in the scope of safety supervision in a timely manner and is under effective supervision ； Regular inspections to ensure special equipment remains in good operating condition ； Check the quality of personnel - enhance the adaptability of personnel related to the production, use, inspection and management of special equipment ； Check through standardized management - Promote the improvement and implementation of various special equipment safety systems. 18. How to carry out "strict management" in safety supervision of seed holding equipment in my country? answer: In order to ensure the safety of special equipment, "strict management" is reflected in three aspects. On the subject of supervision, strengthen * * The functions and responsibilities of the department as the main body of special equipment safety supervision ； In terms of supervision, we have implemented full-process safety supervision in 7 aspects of special equipment design, manufacturing, installation, modification, maintenance, use, and inspection. ； In terms of supervision methods, two basic systems of administrative licensing and supervision and inspection of special equipment have been established. The administrative licensing system includes eight types of licenses, including design license, manufacturing license, installation, modification and maintenance license, filling license, use registration, inspection and testing agency approval, inspection and testing personnel assessment, and operator assessment. ； The supervision and inspection system includes five systems: compulsory inspection system, on-site inspection system, accident investigation and handling system, safety liability accountability system, and safety status announcement system. 19. What are the main aspects of “clear and unambiguous legal responsibilities for special equipment safety”? answer: The special equipment safety supervision legal system stipulates the legal responsibilities of special equipment safety-related parties, which can be summarized as clarifying the management philosophy of "each takes his or her own responsibility," including: The production and user units bear the main responsibility for the safety and quality of special equipment. ； Inspection and testing institutions assume the technical control responsibility for the safety of special equipment ； * * The safety supervision and management department assumes the responsibility for safety supervision of special equipment ； All levels * * Implement unified leadership for the safety of special equipment and be responsible for coordinating and solving major issues in the safety of special equipment. 20. In order to do a good job in special equipment safety supervision, what special equipment safety work systems need to be established? answer: It is necessary to build five special equipment safety working systems, including regulations and standards system, dynamic supervision system, safety responsibility system, emergency rescue system and safety evaluation system. Among them, the special equipment regulations and standards system is the basis for realizing legal supervision. ； The dynamic supervision system of special equipment is the basis for effective supervision ； The special equipment safety responsibility system is an important means to promote the realization of special equipment safety goals by strengthening the management concept of responsibility. ； As a professional emergency rescue system, the special equipment accident emergency rescue system can provide local * * Direct special equipment accident emergency rescue work and provide technical support ； The special equipment safety evaluation system is the basis for realizing scientific supervision of special equipment, improving supervision efficiency and promoting * * An important basis for scientific decision-making.