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Discussion on the Development Trends of Technical Standards in China’s Pressure Vessel Industry by Shou Binan, National Committee for Standardization of Boilers and Pressure Vessels. Abstract: Based on an analysis of the current state of development of technical standards in the pressure vessel industry both domestically and internationally, this paper systematically examines several factors that influence the development of this industry. It summarizes the technological advancements that have taken place in the field of pressure vessel manufacturing over recent years, and highlights the opportunities as well as challenges posed by the increasing size of modern process installations to the manufacturing sector. In line with the trends of economic globalization and standard internationalization, the directions for technological development and standardization in China’s pressure vessel industry have been proposed. Abstract: Based on research and surveys regarding the development status of pressure vessel technical standards around the world, this paper systematically analyzes the various factors that influence the development of the pressure vessel industry. The author draws conclusions regarding the technical approaches used in pressure vessel construction in recent years, pointing out that larger-scale modern processing units present both opportunities and challenges for this industry. In light of global economic trends and trends in standardization, the author offers his views on the direction of technological and standardization development for China’s pressure vessel industry. I. Introduction Pressure vessel products are universal items utilized in various industrial sectors. Since pressure vessels operate under pressure, and the media they handle are often high-temperature or flammable and explosive, an accident could cause immeasurable damage to people’s lives and property. Therefore, countries around the world regulate pressure vessels as special equipment through mandatory measures. Pressure vessels come in a wide variety of types, and their functions vary depending on the application. Their entire manufacturing process involves specialized technical fields such as metallurgy, structural design, machining, welding, heat treatment, and non-destructive testing. Therefore, the international standing of the pressure vessel industry reflects to a certain extent the **comprehensive strength. In the early stages of pressure vessel manufacturing, the purpose of producing such vessels was to meet the needs of the local industry, and the production technologies used were based on the country’s basic manufacturing capabilities. The summarization of production technologies and the establishment of unified safety and quality requirements have enabled **the development of appropriate safety regulations and technical standard systems suited to the national conditions, based on one’s own production technologies and management requirements. The advancement of safety regulations and technical standards is reflected in their ability to effectively ensure the safety and economic viability of pressure vessel products, in the use of technology that is representative of the times, and in their capacity to drive technological progress within the industry. With the gradual advancement of global economic integration, the trend toward internationalization of regulations and standards for pressure equipment has become increasingly evident. In May 1997, the European Parliament officially approved the Unified Pressure Equipment Directive; this directive was introduced into the laws of EU member states in November 1999 and came into force throughout the EU in May 2002. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) is currently taking active steps to elevate existing European standards to international standards. Some countries such as the United States and Japan are also taking proactive measures to accelerate the development of international standards in order to compete in the international market. ISO/TC11, the secretariat for this standard based in the United States, has held several meetings and has already drafted the international standard ISO 15386 for boilers and pressure vessels. Its purpose is to establish general rules for pressure equipment in order to ensure their safe use, eliminate potential technical barriers in national standards, and achieve global free trade in pressure equipment products on the basis of mutual standard recognition. China has joined the WTO, and our country’s pressure vessel industry is inevitably facing fierce competition in the international market. Under the new circumstances, pressure vessel manufacturers should fully recognize their strengths and weaknesses, change their mindset, adopt the standard practices in international pressure vessel production, so as to enable their products to reach foreign markets sooner. II. Several factors affecting the development of China’s pressure vessel industry: 1. The industry’s overall strength ； China is a major producer of pressure vessels, with production primarily aimed at meeting domestic demand. The number of manufacturers (3,200) and their corresponding manufacturing capacity are both among the best in the world. China possesses strong production capabilities for a wide range of containers, from heavy-duty vessels such as hydrogen reactors to special types of containers used for transporting high-pressure gases; moreover, its products offer competitive prices and quality. Years of construction experience and **strengthened management have enabled China’s pressure vessel industry to develop a production framework characterized by complete equipment, qualified personnel, and strict management, laying the foundation for Chinese pressure vessel products to enter the international market. 2. **’s safety management model ； **The safety management models and the level of requirements are a comprehensive reflection of the current situation in the industry; **management, to some extent, influences the development of the industry and its international competitiveness. It can be said that the safety management and technical regulations for special equipment in China are among the strictest in the world. Most of these regulations are in line with international practices, but some specific requirements, such as those regarding welding test plates, non-destructive testing, as well as the equipment and personnel standards for manufacturing plants, are far stricter than international norms. This increases the cost of pressure vessel products in China, making it difficult for such products to enter international markets. In industrially developed countries with a mature market economy, the safety management of special equipment should be governed by a sound legal framework, incorporating effective administrative oversight, as well as supervision by insurance companies and judicial intervention. 3. Standard system ； Through the decades of relentless efforts by standardization experts in pressure vessels, China has issued and implemented a series of product standards, basic standards, and component standards for pressure vessels, with GB150 \"Steel Pressure Vessels\" as the core, thereby establishing the basic framework of the pressure vessel standard system. China’s pressure vessel standards take into account the corresponding requirements of advanced foreign standards in terms of technical content, while also considering the current situation in various production stages of the domestic pressure vessel industry. They are generally sufficient to meet the needs of the entire industry, and they make a significant contribution to improving the technical and managerial capabilities of enterprises involved in pressure vessel production. **The pressure vessel safety supervision agencies, in accordance with the technical regulations for pressure vessel safety issued by the administrative departments responsible for such supervision, as well as the relevant technical requirements set out in the pressure vessel standards, supervise and control all aspects of pressure vessel production, including design, manufacturing, and inspection, in order to ensure the quality of these products as well as the safety of their production and use. Therefore, the pressure vessel standards and the safety supervision regulations issued by the administrative authorities in charge of pressure vessel safety supervision should be implemented simultaneously; they complement each other and together form China’s comprehensive set of quality standards for pressure vessel products as well as a regulatory framework for pressure vessel safety supervision. The technical content of pressure vessel standards comprehensively reflects the overall technical and management capabilities of the pressure vessel industry; it not only affects product quality and safety but also has a significant impact on the economic viability and market competitiveness of these products. Unreasonable technical and regulatory requirements in standards and regulations can hinder the improvement of relevant technical levels and the development of related industries, affecting the quality of pressure vessel products as well as their market competitiveness. Therefore, both standards and regulations should be revised in a timely manner in line with the technological development and quality management conditions of the industry, so as to adapt to the continuously improving production technology levels and product quality standards. China has joined the WTO, and international standards are having an increasingly greater impact on China’s standards as well as on the production of pressure vessels. The problems we face and need to solve are becoming more and more numerous, as well as more urgent. 4. Quality certification system ； Safety technical regulations, coordinated standard systems, and quality certification systems are three interdependent elements essential for ensuring product safety and quality. Analyzed in essence, China’s quality certification system for pressure vessels is an administrative approval system, with the procedures and enforcement agencies all under **implementation control. 5. Market environment: China has seen rapid development in various industrial sectors, and particularly through the implementation of policies aimed at expanding domestic demand, China’s pressure vessel industry has had the opportunity to grow swiftly. However, our market environment still needs further improvement: l No strong, internationalized engineering companies have been established yet; based on the experiences of major pressure vessel exporting countries around the world, internationalized engineering companies can drive the development of the local pressure vessel industry; l A clear division of labor and specialized production structure among manufacturers has not yet been established, with competition remaining at a low-price level ； l Lack of international recognition for standards: Due to historical reasons, China’s pressure vessel industry has focused on meeting domestic demand, and there is no awareness of aligning with international standards; as a result, Chinese standards are not recognized by other countries in the world, making it difficult to enter international markets ； Strict implementation of quality systems: Due to the influence of long-term planned economy concepts, quality awareness remains a weak point among pressure vessel manufacturing enterprises in our country, and the practice of using **standards as the highest level of quality control for these enterprises continues. III. Technological progress in the industry: Pressure vessels are complex products that involve multiple industries and disciplines; their manufacturing techniques encompass areas such as metallurgy, mechanical processing, corrosion and anti-corrosion protection, non-destructive testing, and safety measures. With the continuous advancement of technologies such as metallurgy, machining, welding, and non-destructive testing, and particularly the rapid development of information technology represented by computer technology, related industries have seen growth. Building on the substantial investment of human and financial resources in in-depth research around the world, progress has also been made in the field of pressure vessel technology. In order to produce and use safer and more cost-effective pressure vessel products, traditional design, manufacturing, welding, and inspection methods have been and are being replaced to varying degrees by new technologies and products. Technological advancements in industries related to pressure vessels, such as metallurgy, machining, welding, and non-destructive testing, are prerequisites for improving the overall technical level of the pressure vessel industry. 1. Technical advancements in materials for pressure vessels: In recent years, there has been a growing trend toward larger sizes and higher performance parameters for pressure vessel products. Hydrogenation reactors with a capacity of thousands of tons, coal liquefaction reactors with a capacity of two thousand tons, and natural gas storage tanks with a volume of 10,000 cubic meters (the largest natural gas storage tanks in Japan have a volume of 30,000 cubic meters) are now widely used in China. The requirements placed on pressure vessels in fields such as petrochemicals, the nuclear industry, and coal chemistry are also becoming increasingly stringent. Therefore, the research and development of materials for pressure vessels that can withstand high temperatures, high pressures, and corrosion have always been a major challenge for the pressure vessel industry. In response to this, various countries have invested substantial human and material resources in related research efforts. At present, the main research achievements and technological advancements in materials for pressure vessels are reflected in the following aspects: high purity of materials – The overall improvement in the technical level and equipment used in the metallurgical industry has greatly enhanced the purity of materials, improved their mechanical properties, and thus increased the overall safety of pressure vessels ； l Media suitability of materials: For various corrosive media and operating conditions, metal materials such as super stainless steels, duplex steels, and special alloys have been developed to suit different application scenarios, providing designers with more options and ensuring safe operation over extended periods of time ； l Limits of material application: Studies on high-temperature creep, temper embrittlement, and low-temperature brittle fracture accurately determine the range of applications for the material. l Use of higher-strength materials: With the demand for larger-scale equipment, traditional materials can no longer meet the material selection requirements for items such as 30,000 cubic meter natural gas spheres, large spheres used in steel mills, 200,000 cubic meter crude oil storage tanks, and ultra-high pressure vessels. Currently, the application of high-strength materials with σb ≥ 800 MPa is attracting extensive attention from researchers in China. 2. Widespread application of computer technology: In today’s information age, computer technology has been applied in every aspect of the pressure vessel industry. Every advancement in computer hardware and software has a significant impact on the technological progress of the pressure vessel industry, as evidenced by the following: In terms of design, traditional computer-aided design (CAD) has gradually evolved toward computer-aided engineering (CAE). With the continuous improvement in computer capabilities and the growing diversity of analysis methods, designers can anticipate issues such as residual stresses generated during welding, as well as potential collisions that may occur during equipment assembly and transportation, at the structural design stage. By addressing these problems during the design phase, analysis-based design and structural optimization have gradually become tools that designers are adept at using ； l Manufacturing — Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) technology is gradually replacing the traditional process cards used in pressure vessel manufacturing plants, leading to profound changes in quality management practices and production methods. Computer-based management of the entire process in pressure vessels enables effective control of all control points, greatly reducing human errors and ensuring the stability of product quality, as well as helping to reduce production cycles and costs ； Welding – The use of computer-controlled contour welders, laser welders, and all-position automatic welders has greatly improved production efficiency and product quality ； Non-destructive testing – the use of technologies such as computerized radiographic real-time imaging, ultrasonic scanning simulation imaging, and multi-channel acoustic emission, combined with specially developed expert systems, enables more accurate and objective test results. In particular, the time-of-flight diffraction imaging technique for detecting defects in ultrasonic scanning (TOFD) has been successfully applied to heavy vessels such as nuclear equipment and hydrogenation reactors with a thickness of over 100 mm. This method has been officially included in ASME CODECASE 2235 and European standards, which has played a positive role in improving the production efficiency of heavy-duty containers and reducing radiation contamination. Our country has begun to apply this technology in the construction of coal liquefaction plant reactors to address the issue of non-destructive testing on-site. 3. Structural Design: Modern structural design of pressure vessels is gradually breaking free from the constraints of traditional concepts, adopting a design philosophy that truly meets process requirements, and striving for a harmonious balance among effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Rational design of the L-shaped structure: The standards do not impose any restrictions on the specific structural forms of pressure vessels; as a result, there are few constraints on the structure of such vessels, which gives designers ample room for creativity and facilitates the development of more rational structures. Furthermore, the application of analytical design methods and the conduct of verification tests provide necessary assurance for the rational design of the structure. Economic design of L structures: The harmonious integration of safety and economy in pressure vessels has always been a goal for designers, and stress analysis standards were developed to meet this requirement. The use of welded steel pipes and the application of special structures are largely driven by considerations of the economic efficiency of pressure vessel design. 4. Reduction of safety factors: To enhance the competitiveness of domestic products, reducing safety factors is a common trend in pressure vessel standards around the world. Both the American standard (ASME) and the unified European pressure vessel standard (currently under development) have lowered the corresponding safety factors; the US has reduced nb from 4.0 to 3.5, while the minimum value for nb under the unified European pressure vessel standard is 1.875. Our country has also proposed to reduce the safety factor nb for specific materials, as determined by analytical design methods, to 2.4. A reduction in the safety factor affects the foundation of pressure vessel standards, and has a significant impact on the economics and safety of the pressure vessel industry; therefore, extreme caution must be exercised. The prerequisite for reducing the safety factor is: an improvement in the level of structural analysis and design ； l Accumulation of manufacturing experience and improvement in manufacturing technology levels ； l Stricter material and technical requirements ； A more scientific quality assurance system. IV. Trend toward Standard Internationalization The world has entered an era of economic globalization, and an inevitable trend of economic globalization is the internationalization of standards. As international capital enters China to build large-scale engineering facilities and domestic enterprises expand the capacity of their production plants, international engineering projects have brought the most advanced technologies and management practices to China’s pressure vessel industry. This has inevitably presented opportunities as well as challenges for this industry to compete internationally in the construction of large pressure vessels. In fact, the need to build such devices is the driving force behind the development of the pressure vessel industry; it represents an excellent opportunity to advance this industry in our country, as well as a great chance to integrate with world-class technologies and management practices. The practices of foreign investors show that the introduction of international capital is also aimed at developing their own related industries; therefore, the struggle for control over engineering standards has become one of the main issues in China’s international cooperation projects. By choosing the standards to be used in project construction, manufacturers from the countries that establish those standards gain an advantage. 1. The struggle for dominance over international standards is currently primarily between the United States and Europe. Both of these economic powers regard gaining control over standards as a key goal in their bid to capture markets, investing substantial resources in developing new elements in standard technologies ； 2. Development trends of international standard technologies: Convergence: The rapid advancement of information technology has led to the swift spread of advanced technologies worldwide. Technical standards developed in conjunction with such technological progress are inevitably accepted by those who use these technologies; as a result, the technical requirements for pressure vessels around the world are moving toward standardization. l Regionality: Due to historical and regional factors, a pattern has emerged with the ASME systems in North America and Japan, as well as the PED and its harmonized standard systems in Europe. l Compatibility: Although the technical details of technical standards vary from country to country around the world, all countries aim to make their standards compatible with those of other countries in order to achieve mutual recognition of these standards. In 1999, ASME carried out a research project to conduct a thorough analysis of the PED, and systematically compared the ESR of the PED with the requirements outlined in VIII-1 for design, construction, and administrative matters, demonstrating that the ASME standards could meet the requirements of the PED by incorporating additional elements. Tradeability: Standards are an integral part of international trade rules and an important basis for arbitrating trade disputes. Dominating international standards helps to gain a large market share and economic benefits; the essence of implementing an international standardization strategy is to strive for control over international markets. 3. The impact of joining the WTO on China’s standardization work ； Entering the 21st century, and especially after joining the World Trade Organization (WTO), the pace of globalization of the world economy and structural adjustments in industries has accelerated further, presenting new opportunities and challenges for China’s economic development. China’s standardization work, along with the relevant laws and regulations, management systems, and operational mechanisms, needs to be continuously reformed and improved in order to meet the requirements of WTO rules and a market economy system. In accordance with China’s commitments upon joining the WTO, the overall level of import tariffs will decrease year by year, and non-tariff barriers such as import quotas and licensing systems will be gradually eliminated. Relevant industries and products will face competition from abroad, while technical trade barriers established through standards and technical regulations will become the main means of trade protection. Standardization efforts have thus been given the important task of protecting domestic industries. Moreover, transforming **functions, improving the socialist legal system, rectifying the order of the market economy, accelerating structural adjustment and optimization, promoting scientific and technological progress and innovation, as well as enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises, all also require technical support from standardization efforts. Technical standards have become an important tool in international economic competition. It is necessary to improve the technical standard system as soon as possible, address the lagging nature of China’s technical standards, and use high-tech standards to drive economic restructuring, industrial upgrading, and the development of foreign economic trade. Therefore, how to address the problems existing in standardization work, narrow the gap between it and that in foreign countries, and fully leverage the important role of standardization work are urgent issues that need to be resolved by **, enterprises, and standardization professionals. 4. The impact of foreign engineering companies establishing procurement departments: Well-known foreign engineering companies have set up procurement departments in China, and over 110 manufacturers in our country have obtained ASME manufacturing licenses. Foreign engineering companies are making every effort to exploit China’s resources, especially its human resources, in order to gain a foothold in the Chinese market. V. Development directions for standardization technologies in the pressure vessel industry. In an era where the pressure vessel industry faces both opportunities and challenges, it is essential that we fully understand the current situation of this industry in our country. We must conduct a systematic analysis and objective assessment of the industry’s competitiveness from aspects such as management, technical capabilities and equipment levels, as well as various environmental factors, in order to achieve international alignment with the technical standards for pressure vessel products. 1. Coordination between technical regulations and technical standards: **Technical regulations** are mandatory rules established to ensure the safety of pressure vessel products; all products within their scope of application must comply with their safety principles ； Technical standards should be advisory in nature, specifying the product quality technical requirements necessary to ensure the safety of pressure vessels. However, the technical requirements set out in these standards must comply with the safety principles outlined in technical regulations; they serve as a guide for the design, construction, inspection, and acceptance of pressure vessels, and function as a technical evaluation framework in the manufacturing and trading of such vessels. Therefore, technical standards and technical regulations should be generally coordinated, but they differ in function and other aspects. l Principles and engineering aspects: Technical regulations specify the most fundamental safety requirements for the products they cover (ESR–ESSENTIAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS). In addition to meeting these basic requirements, standards also define the specific methods and acceptance criteria for achieving those fundamental safety requirements from an engineering perspective. The number of technical regulations is small, but their scope of application is wide ； The corresponding coordination standards indeed involve materials, design calculation methods, and forming. A range of technical standard requirements, including welding, non-destructive testing, pressure testing, etc. l Stability and timeliness: The technical regulations are part of the administrative regulations; their relative stability contributes to the safe management of the industry ； Coordination standards are the technical rules for ensuring product safety and quality; they must keep pace with the times, reflecting the industry’s overall capabilities as well as the development of relevant technologies. Therefore, studying the coordination between technical regulations and technical standards, and clarifying their respective scope of application, should receive full attention from **the relevant authorities. 2. Standard internationalization: Address the fundamental understanding regarding the adoption of international standards: Standard internationalization means making the technical content of a standard compatible with international standards, rather than simply copying all elements of those international standards. Systematic analysis and research should be conducted on international standards; the basic requirements should comply with those standards, while in regard to specific issues, China’s unique technologies and management approaches should be emphasized ； l Achieving international recognition for China’s standards: China is now a major producer of pressure vessels. Due to the safety and quality licensing system in place for imported pressure vessels in China, foreign companies and organizations are showing interest in producing pressure vessels in accordance with China’s standards. We should take this opportunity to achieve mutual recognition of standards in phases. Our committee has submitted proposals to ASME regarding the mutual recognition of certain materials and individual standards, and has received a positive response from ASME. l Harmonization with international standard technical requirements: For certain technical aspects in China’s standards that, due to historical reasons, do not align with international standards, such as requirements regarding welding test plates and overly strict non-destructive testing requirements, these should be adjusted to meet international practices, thereby enhancing the competitive capability of domestic enterprises’ products. 3. Industrial marketization and production specialization ； Competition inevitably leads to changes in production patterns, giving rise to an industrial organization structure characterized by leading core enterprises, coordinated development of large, medium, and small enterprises, and hierarchical competition. It should be emphasized that market support and specialized production will be the main trends in the pressure vessel industry in the future, as well as the direction for its development ； Strengthening standardization efforts helps to achieve professional collaboration. An industrial organizational structure that emphasizes market coordination and specialized production must be based on a high degree of technical uniformity, and standardization is precisely the foundation for achieving such technical unity; therefore, standards serve as the bridge and link for professional collaboration. l **The management of relevant agencies should promote such positive structural adjustments in the industry, and through policies encourage market support and specialized production. 4. Strengthen basic technical research on standards. Conducting research on the basic technologies underlying standards is the fundamental solution to a range of issues such as the low standard level. In our country, research on standard-related basic technologies has not been sufficient for a long time; the whole society does not pay enough attention to it. The starting point is low and there are many gaps, making it difficult to develop standards with independent intellectual property rights. Solving this problem requires the joint efforts and support of the entire society. Research work is prioritized, with key areas and products treated as priority projects, in order to guide and encourage standard beneficiaries to participate and provide support. Research on standard basic technologies should include the following main aspects: 1. Research on the technical standard system for pressure vessels: Examining the current status and development trends of standards both domestically and internationally, so as to establish a more comprehensive and rational technical standard system based on this information. Identify the key areas of focus for the research, examining the scientific basis of the standard technical approaches, the reliability of the core data, and the Rationality of the key technical indicators. Accumulate one’s own original technical data through experimental research, integrate one’s core technologies or technologies acquired through digestion and absorption into standards, and determine technical specifications through experimental verification and industrial evaluation studies. l Combine technology development and technological innovation with fundamental standard research to create pathways for integrating patented technologies and intellectual property into standards. l Study the utilization of the provisions on safety, health, and environmental protection in the WTO/TBT agreement; examine how differences arising from ethnic traditions, geographical location, climate variations, and resource characteristics can be taken advantage of; and explore how comparative advantages such as high labor intensity in technology, broad market prospects, and diverse demand levels can be harnessed. 5. Reflect the application of advanced technologies in the standards in a timely manner. It represents standard industrial technology; therefore, whether standards can promptly reflect the direction of technological development and serve production is an important indicator to measure the advancement of such standards. For standards to reflect the technological advancements in an industry at all times, it is necessary to reform the existing standard system and incorporate advanced methods from foreign standard-setting processes. The management system for standard development and revision should meet the requirements of rapid technological advancement: during the development and revision of standards, their main technical aspects should remain relatively stable, there should be fixed and uniform procedures for standard creation and a corresponding management system, and it should be possible to respond swiftly to new technologies and processes in the pressure vessel industry and related fields. Taking ASME as an example, the standards are revised every three years, with two supplements issued each year. The working group approach for reviewing ASME standard proposals has been formalized, and the standards are well-developed in terms of consistency and coherence. ASME standards are divided into the following four levels: —Codes: Specify the basic requirements to be followed for the design, manufacture, inspection, and acceptance of pressure vessels ； —Standard cases (CODECASE): Present application examples that go beyond the standard scope, such as the specific use of new materials, new structures, and new non-destructive testing techniques in pressure vessels, providing a reference for the continued use of such new technologies ； —Standard Interpretation: Provides explanations for specific application inquiries, detailing the meaning of standard clauses and the scope of application of technical specifications ； —BULLETIN: Expands on standard technical content in the form of a research report. China’s pressure vessel standards are revised every five years, using a method in which the draft is prepared by a single person. Each revision brings about significant changes, especially in the basic definitions, which hinders the continuity and consistency of the standards as well as prevents the incorporation of new technologies and achievements into them. In 1999, the National Standardization Technical Committee for Pressure Vessels began piloting a proposal review system during standard revisions; to date, 150 proposals have been received, laying the foundation for a systematic approach to standard revisions. We must continue to uphold and improve the standard proposal review system that is already in place, introduce a system for publishing standard cases related to new technologies and products, and adopt a practice of regularly issuing standard interpretations, all in order to serve the pressure vessel industry. Recommendation 1: Establish **research projects at various levels to focus on studying the industry’s competitiveness:** Relevant departments should promptly undertake studies on industry competitiveness, focusing on the industry’s capabilities, market conditions, product cost structures, and the obstacles to integration with international standards. On this basis, policies for China’s pressure vessel industry should be formulated in order to develop domestic industry. 2. Establish international engineering companies to drive and promote the development of the industry: Help our engineering companies acquire core technologies, develop engineering standards based on our country’s norms, and thus foster the prosperous growth of the pressure vessel industry ； 3. Strengthen basic technology research for standards, and **the entire industry should invest human and material resources in such basic technology research as: l various technical performance indicators of materials used for pressure vessels ； Research on the calculation methods for l-structure design ； l Research on non-destructive testing methods and technical requirements ； l Principles for establishing external pressure curves for various materials; l Effects of different specimen sizes and measurement methods in impact tests; l Methods for structural stress analysis and design, etc. 4. Improve and reform the standard system to achieve mutual recognition of standards. At present, China’s standards for pressure vessels still rely largely on advanced foreign standard technologies; due to insufficient funding for basic research, the fundamental data related to domestic materials is not yet complete. In particular, data such as the external pressure curves of materials, their high-temperature performance, and fatigue resistance need to be improved and expanded. At present, China’s technical standards still follow a framework-based model for production standards; systematic research is needed to modify this framework model so that it can meet the requirements of trade standards. While actively participating in ISO/TC11 international standard activities, it is necessary to carefully examine the differences between the technical content of China’s standards and that of foreign standards, and to make use of internationally recognized standards wherever possible. We should make concerted efforts to promote and apply China’s pressure vessel standards in international projects, and intensify work on the foreign-language versions of these standards. Building on the existing English versions of GB150, GB12337, and the “Regulations on Pressure Vessels,” we should accelerate the translation of GB151, JB4708–JB/T4709, and JB4730, in order to meet the requirements of international standard registration and the internationalization of pressure vessel production.