First aid measures for asphyxiation, electric shock, and poisoning

First aid for electric shock victims: First, disconnect the power source, then they can rest on the spot or receive emergency treatment. Once the person who has been electrocuted is separated from the power source, first aid measures should be carried out promptly, taking into account the specific conditions of that person. 1) If the person who has been electrocuted is conscious but experiences palpitations, numbness in the limbs, general weakness, or if they were unconscious at some point during the electric shock but have now regained consciousness, they should be allowed to rest quietly without moving around. Close observation is necessary, and if required, they should be taken to a hospital for treatment ； 2) If the person who has been electrocuted has lost consciousness but their heart is still beating and they are breathing, they should be moved to a place with fresh air where they can lie down quietly, with any clothing or belts that may be hindering breathing removed. If it’s cold, be careful to keep your body temperature stable and call a doctor to the scene promptly for treatment ； 3) If the person who has been electrocuted loses consciousness and stops breathing, but their heart is still beating, artificial respiration should be carried out immediately, and a doctor should be called to the scene as soon as possible ； 4) If the person who has been electrocuted has completely stopped breathing and their heart has ceased beating, artificial respiration and chest compressions should be carried out immediately, and a doctor should be called to the scene as soon as possible. When rescuing a person who has been electrocuted, the following points should be noted: 1) Before performing artificial respiration and first aid, quickly undo the victim’s buttons, tie, belt, etc., and remove any dentures, foreign objects, mucus, etc. from the mouth to keep the airway unobstructed ； 2) The prone back-pressure method is not suitable for pregnant women, the elderly or those with injured ribs ； The supine arm traction method is not suitable for those with arm fractures ； Do not let the person who has been electrocuted lie directly on a wet or cold surface during first aid ； 3) Artificial respiration should be continued continuously, and the rhythm must be maintained when changing personnel ； If the person who has been electrocuted is breathing faintly, artificial respiration should continue, but it must be done in rhythm with the victim’s breathing until normal breathing is restored ； 4) Resuscitation efforts for the person who has been electrocuted must be continued. Resuscitation can be stopped only after it is confirmed that the pupils are dilated, the body is stiff, livor mortis has appeared, and death has been diagnosed by a doctor.

First aid for electric shock: The most important thing in providing first aid for electric shock is to act quickly. Quickly and correctly disconnect the electrocuted person from the power source. 　　The first step is to remove the person who has been electrocuted from the live electrical source. In cases of low-voltage electric shock, the power supply should be turned off immediately, or an insulated stick can be used to separate the person from the current. If the victim’s clothes are dry and not tightly wrapped around their body, one hand can be used to grasp their clothes and pull them away from the live source ； However, the rescuer must not touch the electrocuted person’s skin, nor grab their shoes. 　　In the case of someone electrocuted by high-voltage electricity, the relevant authorities should be notified immediately to cut off the power supply. If it is not possible to do so promptly, a bare metal wire can be thrown to create a short circuit and ground the circuit, thereby triggering the protective devices and shutting off the power supply. Be careful: before throwing the metal wire, one end of it should be securely grounded, and then the other end should be thrown. 　　In the second step, appropriate first aid measures should be taken promptly based on the specific conditions of the person who has been electrocuted. After being electrocuted, a person usually exhibits symptoms such as nerve paralysis, interrupted breathing, and stopped heartbeats; they appear to be unconscious, but this does not mean death. 　　The main first-aid methods used at the scene of electric shock emergencies are artificial respiration and chest compressions. 　　1. Artificial respiration: Mouth-to-mouth respiration is the most effective method for performing artificial respiration. Pinch the victim’s nostrils, take a deep breath, then blow air into the victim’s mouth while keeping your mouth close to it; hold this for about 2 seconds. After blowing, immediately move away from the victim’s mouth and release their nostrils, allowing them to breathe on their own for around 3 seconds. This is done at a rate of about 12 times per minute. 　　2. External chest compression: The rescuer kneels on one side of the person who has been electrocuted or sits cross-legged on either side of their waist. The hands are placed one on top of the other, with the heels of the palms positioned above the victim’s sternum. The heels are then pressed downward with force to force the blood out of the heart; after pressing, the hands are quickly released, allowing the chest to return to its normal position and the blood to fill the heart again. This process is repeated at a rate of 60 times per minute. 　　Once breathing and heartbeats have stopped, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest compressions must be carried out simultaneously. If only one person is available to perform the rescue, these two methods can be used alternately: 2–3 breaths followed by 10–15 compressions. Resuscitation must be continued without interruption; it must not be terminated rashly, nor should it be stopped during transportation.

First aid for injuries caused by chemical hazards 　1. Gas poisoning: Quickly remove the victim from the scene and take them to a place with fresh, circulating air. Loosen the collar, tight clothing, and belts to facilitate breathing and help expel the toxins more quickly; oxygen can be administered if available. At the same time, it is necessary to keep the patient warm, have them lie still, and closely monitor any changes in their condition. 　　2. Poison burns: The victim’s contaminated clothing, shoes, and socks should be removed promptly, followed by immediate rinsing with plenty of water (for at least 15–20 minutes). A \"neutralizing agent\" (a weak acidic or weak alkaline solution) can also be used for cleaning. For some substances that can react with water, they should first be absorbed with cotton, cloth, or paper before being rinsed with water, to avoid causing further damage. 　　3. Oral non-corrosive poisons: Induce vomiting first. If the injured person is conscious and able to cooperate, try to induce vomiting first. That is, the posterior pharyngeal wall or the base of the tongue is stimulated using fingers, chicken feathers, a tongue depressor, or chopsticks to induce vomiting; thereafter, the patient is given 300–500 milliliters of warm water, and this process of inducing vomiting is repeated until the vomit consists only of water. 　　In cases of severe poisoning resulting in unconsciousness, and when heartbeat and breathing have stopped, artificial respiration and chest compressions must be performed. At the same time, send the patient to the nearest hospital for diagnosis and treatment promptly. During transportation to the hospital, rescue efforts must be continued, with close attention paid to the victim’s consciousness, pupils, breathing, pulse, and blood pressure.

Additionally: First aid for mechanical injuries 　　1. First aid for shock and coma 　　Shock and coma at the workplace are caused by trauma, severe pain, spinal cord injuries, etc. 　　(1) Lay the shock victim flat without a pillow, and elevate the legs by 30 degrees. In the case of cardiogenic shock accompanied by heart failure and shortness of breath, when the patient cannot lie flat, a semi-reclined position can be adopted. It is important to keep the patient warm and in a quiet environment, and try to avoid moving them; if movement is necessary, it should be done gently. 　　(2) Administer oxygen and keep the airway open. Oxygen is administered via nasal catheter or mask. Critically ill patients are given oxygen via nasal catheter or endotracheal intubation depending on the situation. 　　(3) Contact medical professionals immediately and seek treatment from a doctor. 　　2. First aid for fractures For those with fractured bones, proper fixation is the most important thing. 　　Methods for immobilizing a fracture at the scene: (1) Materials that can be used to fix the broken bone can be found on site; items such as sticks, branches, wooden boards, crutches, and cardboard can all serve as fixing materials. Their length should be sufficient to stabilize the joints above and below the fracture site or to prevent the broken bone from moving. 　　(2) In the case of a spinal fracture or neck fracture, unless it is a special situation such as a fire inside a building, the injured person should be left where they are until medical staff equipped with medical equipment arrive to move them. 　　(3) When lifting the injured person off the ground, multiple people should work together to lift them gently and evenly ； When transporting, wooden planks or hard materials must be used; cloth stretchers or rope beds are not allowed. A blanket can be placed on the board, but no pillow should be used. The head of a person with a cervical spine fracture must be kept in an upright position, with sandbags used on either side to hold it in place and prevent it from moving around. 　　3. First aid for severe bleeding Methods for stopping bleeding: 1. General methods for stopping bleeding: For minor wounds with bleeding, apply normal saline along with mercuric red solution, then cover it with sterilized gauze and wrap it tightly with a bandage. 　　2. In cases of severe bleeding, the tourniquet method should be used to stop the bleeding. This is the most basic, most commonly used, and most effective method for stopping bleeding. Suitable for temporary hemostasis in cases of bleeding from large arteries in the head, neck, and limbs. That is, use your fingers or palm to apply firm pressure on the artery where it beats, which is located closer to the heart than the wound (the bleeding point). As long as the correct location is identified, this method can stop bleeding immediately. 　　3. There are usually 8 effective hemostatic points on the body. Generally, the upper arm artery, femoral artery, and radial artery are commonly used. Brachial artery: Use 4 fingers to squeeze the muscles of the upper arm and press them against the humerus ； Femoral artery: Press with the base of the palm on the inner side, slightly above the center of the thigh ； Radial artery: Press with 3 fingers on the area near the base of the thumb. 　　4. Other hemostatic methods. In addition to the aforementioned compression hemostasis methods, there are various other hemostatic techniques such as tourniquet hemostasis, pressure bandaging hemostasis, and hemostasis by flexing the limb with a pad. 　　Tourniquet hemostasis is suitable for bleeding from the major blood vessels in the limbs, especially arterial bleeding. Use a tourniquet (usually a rubber tube, but gauze, cloth strips, or rope can also be used as substitutes) to wrap around the limb and tie it in place; or insert a short wooden stick inside (or beneath) the knot and rotate this stick to tighten the tourniquet until no blood flow is present. Then fix the rod to the limb. When tying and tightening a tourniquet, do not make it too tight or too loose. Too tight can cause damage to the skin and nerves, while being too loose fails to stop bleeding. 　　Using this method carries the risk of causing ischemia in the injured limb, which can lead to tissue necrosis; therefore, the following points should be noted: 1. The tourniquet must not come into direct contact with the skin – it should first be covered with gauze, cotton, or clothing. 　　2. After applying the tourniquet, transfer the patient to the hospital as soon as possible. During transfer, loosen it for 1–2 minutes every hour to temporarily restore blood circulation, and then tie it tight at another slightly higher position. 　　3. The site where the tourniquet is applied should not be too far from the bleeding point, in order to prevent further ischemia and hypoxia in the muscle tissue. The usual location for applying a tourniquet is at the upper arm or one-third up the thigh.

First aid for heatstroke Heatstroke is an acute disease caused by high temperatures and exposure to sunlight. 　　After heatstroke, symptoms such as dizziness, headache, general weakness, thirst, palpitations, nausea, and vomiting may occur; in severe cases, sudden fainting can happen. Heat stroke can be further divided into prodromal heat stroke, mild heat stroke, and severe heat stroke. 　　First aid for heat stroke: Remove the person suffering from heat stroke from the hot environment immediately, take them to a cool and well-ventilated place to rest, loosen their clothes, have them lie down flat, and encourage them to drink plenty of salty beverages. For those with pre-sunstroke, no special treatment is necessary; they can return to normal on their own. Patients with severe heatstroke should be taken to the hospital immediately for emergency treatment. 　　When a person suffering from heat stroke has an excessively high body temperature, ice packs can be placed on their head, armpits, and other areas, and their body can be wiped with ice water (or alcohol) ； Use a towel soaked in cold water with ice cubes wrapped around it to wipe the forehead and the entire body. Furthermore, the patient’s limbs should be massaged vigorously to prevent blood circulation from stagnating. A cold water bath can also be used, by immersing the patient’s body in cold water (except for the head); after 10–20 minutes, the body is dried off. While using the above methods to reduce body temperature, have the patient drink salty cooling beverages and cool boiled water, as well as take emergency remedies, Rendan, and other fever-reducing medications.

Gas leak site In the event of a gas leak, it is necessary to report it to the relevant authorities immediately. Since there are special requirements for dealing with gas leaks, as ordinary people, we should also understand some basic knowledge about handling such leaks. 　　1. If you are at a site where toxic gases have leaked, you should immediately put on protective clothing and check whether the gas masks and other protective devices have any gaps and can still provide protection. If protective clothing or gas masks are not worn (which is not allowed when working in areas with toxic substances), one should use clothes, hats, masks, etc. as quickly as possible to protect the eyes, nose, and mouth from inhaling toxic gases. 　　2. When the amount of toxic gas leaking is large and it is not possible to take measures to prevent the leak, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed areas, those present should immediately evacuate the area where the toxic gas is leaking. 　　3. Do not panic or crowd; follow the instructions. Especially when there are many people, it is even more important not to panic or shout. Stay calm and composed, and evacuate in an orderly manner. 　　4. When evacuating, it is necessary to determine the direction in which the toxic gas is moving; one should not move in the same direction as the gas flow, but rather flee in the opposite direction. 　　5. After leaving the contaminated area, one should go to a hospital for examination immediately, and receive detoxification treatment if necessary. 　　6. It should also be noted that in the event of a gas leak, one must never enter the accident site to rescue people without wearing protective gear. Because doing so will not only fail to save others but also harm oneself.